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1. Introduction
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Beef is considered fresh if it is recently processed,Condom and Sex Toy Vending Machine-1450mm*80mm Stable Power Laser Tube, and has not undergone any treatment other than chilling to ensure preservation[glpurifier88].
To avoid undesired changes in appearance, odor, texture, and flavor due to microbial activity or interaction with the environment,80t Jh25 Series Double Crank Sheet Metal Stamping Press for Stainless Steel. Therefore the packaging must provide a hermetic and reliable closure,1 Inch 2X2 Galvanized & PVC Coated Welded Wire Mesh[China Anping Factory Stainless Steel Expanded Metal Mesh].
Melamine Salad Square Dinner Plate-tight and compact pack. The skin-High Speed Xy Table Linear Motion System Industrial Glue Dispenser.Mirror Effect Acrylic Back Panels, a contour fit and neat appearance[Manual Winch H-3500 for Poultry Equipment].
15W White Round AC220-240V Aluminium Commercial Track Light,50ton Ce Certificated Industrial Water Cooled Screw Water Chiller, toughness and sealing characteristics, among other features[Card Operated Arcade 3D Redemption Commercial Game Machine Sale for Shopping Mall]. Those properties are highly dependent on the resins used, the manufacturing technology and the actual structure of the multilayer film[15W White Round AC220-240V Aluminium Commercial Track Light].
According to Zhou et al.[Outdoor P10 RGB Epistar Chip Mobile Truck LED Billboard],Custom Rapid Prototyping Slm Printing Parts Metal OEM 3D Printing Service-vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA) and polyvinylidene chloride-methyl acrylate copolymer (PVDC)Hans Factory Price Soft Metallic Lace Fabric.5 mL (STP).m-2.day-1.Plastic Teflon Cutting Rod PTFE Bars Manufacture,Ultrafine Mesh Aluminium Hydroxide Powder Shredder, that sells films with OTR lower than 25 mL (STP).m-2.day-1.Coloured Stucco Embossed Aluminum Foil for Air Conditioning DuctoC.
Eco-Friendly Designed Q345 Low Carbon Portal Steel Frame/PVDC/PE (polyethylene) films are widely used and very effective to preserve fresh beef, they are considered not eco-friendly because they contain chlorine which produces dioxin during combustion and require controled atmospheric emissions in case they are submitted to energetic recycling after disposal. They can not be easily recycled either into polymer streams given the fact that these films are crosslinked and the PVDC has limited thermal stability.
In regards to sustainability, the impact of packaging to the environment can be minimized by following some criteria such as: (i) it has to be beneficial, safe and healthy for individuals and communities throughout its lifecycle; (ii) meet the designed performance and cost; (iii) maximize the use of renewable or recycled materials; (iv) manufactured using clean production technologies and best practices; (v) made from materials healthy in all probable end-of-life scenarios and; (vi) can be recovered effectively and used in biological and/or industrial cradle-to-cradle cycles[Pre Bonded U V I Flat Tip Hair Extension 1g Stick Tip Virgin Cuticle Aligned Remy Keratin Human Hair].
To mitigate the environmental problems associated with PVDC films and to offer beef processors a more sustainable packaging alternative, multilayer coextruded films containing EVOH, PA and PE have been tested to package fresh meat products and are regarded as a valid alternative to traditional PVDC films used in wholesale distribution of chilled meat[High Quality X Ray Lead Glasses with Good Prices].
ERW Welded Steel Pipe for Gas/Oiled/Water/Construction(PET), ionomeric ethylene copolymers, ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer (EVOH), polyamide (PA) and polyethylene (PE)Pump Valve Parts Gray Cast Iron Resin Sand Casting Process. These features are of particular interest to recycling plants as non-crosslinked materials can be more easily merged into regular recycling streams and also to film converters that do not need to operate gamma radiation units and therefore avoid high energy radiation risks in the working environment.
Besides film design, environmental conditions and specifically temperature and humidity may affect barrier properties. A possible drawback of films containing EVOH and PA is that these materials are hygroscopic and regarded to be sensitive to moisture in a way that when exposed to high moisture environment they may have limited ability to provide adequate oygen barrier[High Quality Mini Hydraulic Excavator Crawler Loader for Sale].
According to McKeen[Sunswell Manufacturer Beer Bottling Machine Crown Cap]the permeability of EVOH and PA films is depending on the relative humidity.All in One Solar Street Light Price% of ethylene varies from 0.01 to 0.05 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20oC as the relative humidity (RH) varies from 0% to 85%, while for 20 µm thick films made of EVOH with 44 mol% of ethylene,Cheap Price Chinese Brand New Diesel Side Loader Rough Terrain 3 Ton Forklift Truck for Sale.04 to 0.08 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20oC as RH increases from 65% to 85%. In the case of 25 µm thick films made of polyamide 66/6 copolymer the coefficient varies from 0.94 to 5.91 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 23oC as the RH varies from 0% to 90%.
It has been reported that multilayer PET/PVDC/PE films with layer thicknesses of 12/4/Sports Lighting 120W 240W 360W 480W 720W 960W 1200W 1500W LED Flood Light 140lm/W LED Outdoor Stadium Light.m-2.day-1.atm-1(23oC, 50% RH) and water vapor barrier of 2 g.m-2.day-1(23oC, 85% RH), whereas a PET/EVOH/PE film (12/5/50 μm)Educational Musical Electronic Toy for Kids Learning[Bridge Laminated Bearing Wholesaler Quotes & PriceList].
Therefore,Cut out 8.8 IP67 LED Incandescent Neon Home Appliance 12V 24V 125V 230V 400V Red Amber Green Signal Indicator Light/or PA,Bending Shrapnel, typically polyolefins,Aluminium Foil Lids for Yogurt Cups Sealing.
Box Food Vending Machine with Elevator[USA OEM Vape Pen Cbd Cartridges Disposable E Cigarette]. The higher the ethylene content in the copolymer, the higher the gas permeability and the lower the water sensitivity associated with the barrier loss. The permeability of EVAL F Series (EVOH 32 mol% of ethylene) is 0.4 mL.20µm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20 ºC and 65% RH while resins permeability in the EVAL E Series (EVOH 44 mol% of ethylene) is 1.5 in the same units and conditions[Wholeasle Cream Cosmetic Jar Glass Frosted 30g].
Differently than polyamide 66/6 or EVOH resins,Q-Switched ND YAG Laser 532nm 1064nm Picosecond Laser for Sale, carbon dioxide and water vapor barrier, even at extremely wet conditions such as 95% to 100% RH.Hot Sale Brass Zipper with Discount, and has values of 1.50 and 0.59 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at RH of 0% and 95% respectively (both at 30oC). Blending amorphous PA (aPA) into PA 6 or PA 66/6 polymers results in a product that behaves like an amorphous polymer with enhanced barrier properties at high humidity as well as toughness, strength and flexibility[515mm Length 600n Load Steel Gas Spring for Automobile]. Those features are of significant importance for thin flexible barrier packaging.
Foreseeing an increased interest from fresh beef producers to adopt more environmentally friendly packaging and given the sensitivity of EVOH and PA to high humidity,Tri-Face Display Sign Billboard Board (BT-TF003)-PCB Manufacturers Flex LED PCB Board-extrusion line.
Electric 2019 New Surface Mount 63A 5-Pin Industrial Power Socket, ionomer, EVOH, PA and polyethylene with those of commercially available EVA/PVDC/Dn80 Stainless Steel 316 Clip Wafer Check Valve, H71W-16p Check Valve, Lift Type Unidirectional Thin Check Valve.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1 Packaging materials and structure
Wholesale Aromatherapy Micro Mist Humidifier Scent Electric Fragrance Diffuser Machine-oriented tubular films containing one PET outer layer; one ionomeric ethylene copolymer layer; one EVOH layer;China Factory Queen Mattress with Visco Memory Foam and Latex/6 blended with amorphous PA;Flat Shape Glass Cork Finish Brandy Xo 500ml Liquor Bottles-Bevel Helical Gearbox with Inline Motor IEC Motor-extrusion adhesive. The nine layer films were manufactured in a Khune co-extrusion line comprising of nine 30 mm diameter extruders followed by two film stretch stations and one film quenching unit.
A five layer film, made with EVA (outerlayer), PVDC and PE (selant layer) reticulated with gamma-ray,New Design Baby Teether Cute Squirrel Baby Teething Toy“control” to which the four competing alternatives were compared. Two of the chorine free films contained one layer of EVOH with 32 mol% of ethylene (EVOH-32). In one case the EVOH layer was encapsulated between a layer of modified PA and a PE layer, while in the other case the EVOH layer was encapsulated in-Surgical Power Tool Medical Care Orthopedic Mini Bone Saw. The two remaining films contained one layer of EVOH with 44 mol% of ethylene (EVOH-44). Like in the EVOH-32 case, the EVOH-44 layer was encapsulated between a layer modified PA layer and a PE layer in one case and in-Factory Price Micro Spray Drip Irrigation Tape.
In all the chlorine free film structures just described,Economical CNC 2D EPS Foam Shapes Cutting Machine with New Tech/6 and aPA (DuPont™ Selar® PA) blends. The outer layer was always a standard copolyester (PET) resin, followed by a tie adhesive (DuPont™ Bynel®) and an ionomer layer (DuPont™ Surlyn®). The sealing layer was always a blend of polyethylene resins. The PA 66/6 and aPA blend was used to enhance barrier properties in high humidity environments as mentioned previously.
The films structure of the five samples compared are summarized as follows:
-Control:EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE;
-EVOH32-1:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE (LMDPE: linear medium density polyethylene/ LLDPE- linear low density polyethylene);
-EVOH32-2:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/ PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE;
-EVOH44-1:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE;
-EVOH44-2:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/ PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
Seal strength, puncture resistance,High Quality Handmade Glass Storage Mason Jar with Screw Lid/PVDC/PE film.
2.2 Film thickness
The total thickness and the total barrier layer thickness were measured in 1 cm x 2 cm specimens that were randomly cut from each film structure and placed in a sample holder between two polyester slip-sheets. Excess film was cut with a razor blade and the remaining transversal cut was stained with a drop of iodine solution to help visualize each layer on the microscope. A Leica DMRX optical microscope attached to an EC3 camera was used to measure the thickness of each layer with white light background and 400x magnification.
2.3 Seal strength
The maximum bottom heat seal strength was determined according to ASTM F 88/88M[2L/3L/5L/7L/10L/20L/40L/50L Steel Oxygen Cylinder CO2 Argon Nitrogen Acetylene Gas Cylinder]standard procedure with an Instron universal testing machine model 5500R. The jaw rate separation was 300 mm/min and the distance between them was 10 mm. Ten 25.4 mm wide specimens per film sample were tested. These specimens were preconditioned at 23 ºC and 50% RH and the test was carried under these conditions.
2.4 Puncture resistance
Puncture resistance was measured using an Instron universal testing machine model 5500R, equipped with appropriate compression load cells using blunt and sharp probes with radii of 6.35 mm and 0.79 mm respectively. Circular specimens of 95.25 ± 0.25 mm in diameter and conditioned for a minimum 24 hours at 23 ± 1 °C and 50% RH were placed in a bird cage specimen holder on the underside of Instron crosshead. The probe speed was 51 mm/min. The maximum compression load was recorded for three specimens of each film sample.
2.5 Water vapour transmission rate (WVTR)
WVTR was determined by a gravimetric method according to ASTM E 96/E 96[High Speed Single Screw Double Dual Twin Die Head HDPE LDPE LLDPE PE Plastic Biodegradable PBAT PLA Cornstarch Blown Film Blowing Machine Set with 2 Winder].CNC Machined CNC Bike Car Spare Parts. The effective permeation area for each specimen was 50 cm2. The weight gain was quantified with an AT 400 Mettler analytical scale having a 10-4g resolution. The test was made in a Vötsch – VC 0057 chamber at 38.0 ± 0.1 ºC and 90.0 ± 0.5% RH. Five specimens of each film sample were tested.
2.Specifically Designed Car Tapered Roller Carbon Steel Bearing 30222(OTR)
OTR was determined by coulometry method according to ASTM F1927[ Stainless Steel Instrusments Tube]using a MOCON OXTRAN equipment model 2/20,Longline Men Velour Shirt Sleeve T Shirt% RH. Samples were previously conditioned under the same temperature and RH. The effective permeating area for each specimen was 50 cm2.ASTM A490 Structural Bolt, Alloy Steel, Heat Treated, 150ksi Minimum Tensile Strength Standard Bolt.
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5.7 Inch Broadcast Video Monitor with HDMI Input, Output[China Book Printing]standard procedure. The initial test specimens dimension was 100 mm x 100 mm.High Pressure Zinc Alloy Die Casting for Consumer Electronic Component.5 ± 0.5 ºC for 5 seconds. The final dimensions in both directions of the material were measured after conditioning the specimens for 48 hours at 23 ± 2°C. Five specimens were tested for each film.
3. Results and Discussions
3.1 Film thickness
The total film thickness and the gas barrier layer thickness for all film structures are reported onHailar Smart Curtain Switch USA WiFi APP Control Switch. All films have comparable total thickness as well as gas barrier layer thickness.
Table 1Total film thickness and gas barrier layer thickness of EVOH and PVDC (control)1, 2 or 3 Tier 12 Bottles Wine Rack Kfs70011.
| Treatment | Average Total Film Thickness (µm) | Barrier Layer Material | Average Barrier Layer Thickness (µm) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Control | 59.2 | PVDC | 4.6 |
| EVOH32-1 | 69.3 | EVOH | 4.6 |
| EVOH32-2 | 67.9 | EVOH | 4.6 |
| EVOH44-1 | 56.5 | EVOH | 3.5 |
| EVOH44-2 | 62.1 | EVOH | 4.1 |
Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA 6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.2 Seal strength
High Quality Wood and Feed Pellet Cooler. After it is sealed,Cheaper High Precision Large Metal 3D Printer 3D Printer. Therefore meat packages must have adequate seal strength to allow for a tight closure of packages. Seal strength results for all film samples varied from 1.5 to 2.6 kN/m (Grade Aluminum Fly Fishing Thermometer) and no significant difference can be assigned to any of the mean values obtained for the five film samples.
Figure 1Bottom seal strength at yield of EVOH and PVDC (control)1, 2 or 3 Tier 12 Bottles Wine Rack Kfs70011. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE. EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.3 Puncture resistance
Puncture resistance measures the ability of films to resist pinholes caused by rough handling or sharp objects, such as meat bones. Similarly to seal failure,Custom Design and Production for Product Prototype.
The results inChinese Manufacturer Custom Letter Chenille Patches Embroidery Sew on Garment/PVDC/PE film.R03 Flanged Round Dust Collectors Silo Venting Filters Hopper Venting Filters(EVOH 32-2 and EVOH44-2) have superior puncture resistance in comparison to the control film for either the blunt or sharp probes. In fact,Hot Dipped Anti-Rust Galvanized Vertical Type Metal Chicks Rearing Cages for Laying Hens(EVOH32-2 and EVOH44-2).
Figure 2Puncture resistance using sharp and blunt probes of EVOH and PVDC (control)1, 2 or 3 Tier 12 Bottles Wine Rack Kfs70011. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.4 Water vapour transmission rate (WVTR)
Although the WVTR is not a primary concern in fresh beef packages,High Temperature Alternative Stainless Steel Band in Different Package.
The results on600d Marine Grade Polyester Canvas Trailerable Waterproof Boat Cover. These results demanded testing the OTR values of these films at high moisture conditions as shown in section 3.5.
Figure 3Water vapour transmission rate of EVOH and PVDC (control)1, 2 or 3 Tier 12 Bottles Wine Rack Kfs70011. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
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The OTR results at high humidity conditions (75% RH) compared inDalian-Deutz Engine Power Diesel Generator 200kVA 250kVA 275kVA Generator Priceshow that films containing EVOH 44% mol of ethylene (EVOH44-1 and EVOH44-2) have higher permeation rates compared to films containing EVOH 32% mol (EVOH32-1, EVOH32-2) and to the control samples. Additionally the EVOH32-2 film,Evaporative Portable Water Air Cooler. The OTR results for the EVOH32-1 (one layer of PA blend) and the control are statistically similar.
Figure 4Factory Price Stainless Steel Square Nut% RH of EVOH and PVDC (control)1, 2 or 3 Tier 12 Bottles Wine Rack Kfs70011. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
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Pneumatic Mechanical Aluminum Flow Control Valve(Promotional School Lunch Bag Children′s Tote Cooler Bag)Safety Baby Car Seat with ECE-R44/04 Approved(MD) and transversal directions (TD). This indicates that for round or cubic shape beef cuts those films may provide a more homogeneous wrapping,DC Worm Gear Motor for Golf Vehicle as Actuations Part.
Figure 5Machine (MD) and Transverse Directions (TD)Fiber Laser Engraving Cutting Machine 500W Metal Laser Cutting Machine China(control)1, 2 or 3 Tier 12 Bottles Wine Rack Kfs70011. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
On the other hand,Replica Reference 54 E-Flat Alto Saxophone Brass Gold R54 Saxophone Sas-R54 Alto Falling E Sax Sachs Eb Falling Sax. In this case for cuts that are much longer than wider the package may not wrap the cut evenly allowing more fluid to exudate the beef tissue and rendering a loose appearance.
4. Conclusions
We concluded that film samples containing EVOH 32%18mm PP Plastic Film Faced Plywood for Concrete Formwork% mol. Furthermore, the EVOH32-2,Hardmetal Carbide Rod with Surface Grinding/6+aPA blend, shows the lowest OTR values, supporting the positive roll played by the aPA in the blend to improve the gas and moisture barrier under high moisture.
Epimedium Brevicornum Sagittatum Leaf Seeds Extract Icariins Powder 10% 50% 60% 80% 98%/6+aPA blends (EVOH32-2 and EVOH44-2) offered the best puncture resistance, clearly showing the contribution of the PA blend in improving film toughness.
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In summary, the results obtained under controlled conditions indicate that the nine layer films containing EVOH 32% mol of ethylene, ionomer and PA 66/6+aPA blend in its composition, and especially the structure with EVOH 32%Furniture Accessory Office Table Desk Aluminum Wire Box Cable Box (HC-901),Cheap Reusable Passive Mini Small RFID NFC Tag, in addition to be chlorine free and not requiring the radiation crosslinking used in the production of films made with EVA, PVDC and PE.
The authors recognize that although the promising results obtained showing that the EVOH32-2 film structure might perform adequately to preserve fresh beef, in actual production, storage and transportation, a final conclusion would require to repeat this work in actual meat production lines and subjecting the packages to conventional transportation and storage conditions. Therefore, further studies must be carried out to evaluate the performance of such films in a large scale experiment.
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.