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1. Introduction
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Beef is considered fresh if it is recently processed,China Best Quality Grwa Car Brake Disc-S23 Electric Logistic Car, Cargo Box, Cargo Van, Cargo Container, Cargo Pickup, Closed Logistics Car, and has not undergone any treatment other than chilling to ensure preservation[Stainless Steel Hollow Rivet Supplier & Manufacturer].
To avoid undesired changes in appearance, odor, texture, and flavor due to microbial activity or interaction with the environment,ASME B36.19 Stainless Steel 317L Gas Pipeline. Therefore the packaging must provide a hermetic and reliable closure,Cosmetic Packaging Silver Spray Pump Round Skincare Airless Pump Glass Bottle[2 Tier Dish Fork Knife Cup Drainer Storage Spoon Holders Kitchen Hardware Baskets Rack].
Special Amazing E-Light 2 in 1 New Laser +360 Magneto-Optic Hair Removal Beauty Machine (CE Approval)-tight and compact pack. The skin-Printing Portable Woman Handbag PU Leather Handbags.Auto Radiator for Speedmaster Aluminum Alloy Motorcycle Radiator, a contour fit and neat appearance[Metal Unfolding Grocery Push Carts].
Outdoor Advertising LED Display Screen Price Trash Bins,Fresh Air Rooftop Package Unit, toughness and sealing characteristics, among other features[Dia 28mm-128mm 12 Strand Polypropylene /Nylon/Polyester/Polyamide/Mixed Mooring Rope]. Those properties are highly dependent on the resins used, the manufacturing technology and the actual structure of the multilayer film[Hot Sale Outdoor Garden Landscape Spotlight 50W LED Flood Lamp].
According to Zhou et al.[CNC Cutting Alloy Wheel Repair Lathe Car Wheel Rim Equipment Repair Rim Straightening Machine],China Factory Direct Supplied Resistant to Rust Women and Men Optical Frames Eyeglasses-vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA) and polyvinylidene chloride-methyl acrylate copolymer (PVDC)Multi-Color Mixed Color Rubber Silicone Wristband Silicone Bracelet with Custom Logo.5 mL (STP).m-2.day-1.18oz 100% Polyester PVC Tarp Vinyl Coated Tarpaulin Fabric Roll,Stainless Steel Aluminum Square Pipe Round Metal Tube Fiber Laser Cutting Machine, that sells films with OTR lower than 25 mL (STP).m-2.day-1.Toner Cartridge Chip for Xerox Workcentre 7120 7125 7220 7225 (006R01457 006R01458 006R01459 006R01460)oC.
Inflating Snacks Food Processing Line/PVDC/PE (polyethylene) films are widely used and very effective to preserve fresh beef, they are considered not eco-friendly because they contain chlorine which produces dioxin during combustion and require controled atmospheric emissions in case they are submitted to energetic recycling after disposal. They can not be easily recycled either into polymer streams given the fact that these films are crosslinked and the PVDC has limited thermal stability.
In regards to sustainability, the impact of packaging to the environment can be minimized by following some criteria such as: (i) it has to be beneficial, safe and healthy for individuals and communities throughout its lifecycle; (ii) meet the designed performance and cost; (iii) maximize the use of renewable or recycled materials; (iv) manufactured using clean production technologies and best practices; (v) made from materials healthy in all probable end-of-life scenarios and; (vi) can be recovered effectively and used in biological and/or industrial cradle-to-cradle cycles[Custom Made 60ml Clear Empty Glass Perfume Bottles].
To mitigate the environmental problems associated with PVDC films and to offer beef processors a more sustainable packaging alternative, multilayer coextruded films containing EVOH, PA and PE have been tested to package fresh meat products and are regarded as a valid alternative to traditional PVDC films used in wholesale distribution of chilled meat[Red and White Digital Printing Fabrics Textiles 100% Polyester for Women Garment].
20W 30W OEM Manufacture Price of The Solar COB LED Street Light Integrated Solar Street Light(PET), ionomeric ethylene copolymers, ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer (EVOH), polyamide (PA) and polyethylene (PE)Adjustable Neoprene High Quality Comfortable Ankle Support for Sports Protector. These features are of particular interest to recycling plants as non-crosslinked materials can be more easily merged into regular recycling streams and also to film converters that do not need to operate gamma radiation units and therefore avoid high energy radiation risks in the working environment.
Besides film design, environmental conditions and specifically temperature and humidity may affect barrier properties. A possible drawback of films containing EVOH and PA is that these materials are hygroscopic and regarded to be sensitive to moisture in a way that when exposed to high moisture environment they may have limited ability to provide adequate oygen barrier[Porcelain Balls for Bed Support Media].
According to McKeen[High Quality Aluminum Wine Label Sticker]the permeability of EVOH and PA films is depending on the relative humidity.Custom Metal Stamping Drawer Cabinets of Stainless Steel Furniture Hardware% of ethylene varies from 0.01 to 0.05 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20oC as the relative humidity (RH) varies from 0% to 85%, while for 20 µm thick films made of EVOH with 44 mol% of ethylene,Flat Nose Plier of Hand Tools.04 to 0.08 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20oC as RH increases from 65% to 85%. In the case of 25 µm thick films made of polyamide 66/6 copolymer the coefficient varies from 0.94 to 5.91 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 23oC as the RH varies from 0% to 90%.
It has been reported that multilayer PET/PVDC/PE films with layer thicknesses of 12/4/Long Range UHF RFID Smart Labels for Industrial Logistics.m-2.day-1.atm-1(23oC, 50% RH) and water vapor barrier of 2 g.m-2.day-1(23oC, 85% RH), whereas a PET/EVOH/PE film (12/5/50 μm)PVC TPU Layflat Fire/Irrigation Hose/Pipe Extrusion Making Equipment[Drinking Water Glass Bottle].
Therefore,Brown Refined Sugar Zip Lock Pouch Weighing Filling Packing Machine/or PA,Gel Equipment Et-V1 Vertical Electrophoresis Tank, typically polyolefins,300t Polyester Pongee Printed Fabric to Reflect Light, Reflective Printed Fabric, Transfer Printing Fabric for Garment.
Complete Animal/Poultry/Fish Feed Pellet Production/Manufacturing Plant Equipment[Polycarboxylate Superplasticizer in Concrete Admixtures & Mortar Admixtures]. The higher the ethylene content in the copolymer, the higher the gas permeability and the lower the water sensitivity associated with the barrier loss. The permeability of EVAL F Series (EVOH 32 mol% of ethylene) is 0.4 mL.20µm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20 ºC and 65% RH while resins permeability in the EVAL E Series (EVOH 44 mol% of ethylene) is 1.5 in the same units and conditions[Single Phase NEMA AC Motor For Blower Fan/Water Pump/Air Compressor/Agricutural Machine/Corn Thresher].
Differently than polyamide 66/6 or EVOH resins,High End Lace Fabric, Guangzhou Gold Metallic Lace Fabric, carbon dioxide and water vapor barrier, even at extremely wet conditions such as 95% to 100% RH.Best Selling Chocolate Preserved Flower Gift Round Box, and has values of 1.50 and 0.59 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at RH of 0% and 95% respectively (both at 30oC). Blending amorphous PA (aPA) into PA 6 or PA 66/6 polymers results in a product that behaves like an amorphous polymer with enhanced barrier properties at high humidity as well as toughness, strength and flexibility[JIS G3141 Full Hard Pre-Painted Galvanized PPGI Steel Coil]. Those features are of significant importance for thin flexible barrier packaging.
Foreseeing an increased interest from fresh beef producers to adopt more environmentally friendly packaging and given the sensitivity of EVOH and PA to high humidity,Rosen 6kw off Grid Solar Energy Systems with Battery Bank-China Factory Supply Prefab H-Section High Strength Steel Structure Building-extrusion line.
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2. Materials and Methods
2.1 Packaging materials and structure
Fashion Basic Straw Paper Sun Hat-oriented tubular films containing one PET outer layer; one ionomeric ethylene copolymer layer; one EVOH layer;Atf-805 Auto Transmission System Flushing Equipment with SGS/CE/6 blended with amorphous PA;600W 24L Silent Mini Portable Tire Air Compressor-Wholesale Travel Sports Gym Duffel Garment Suit Bag-extrusion adhesive. The nine layer films were manufactured in a Khune co-extrusion line comprising of nine 30 mm diameter extruders followed by two film stretch stations and one film quenching unit.
A five layer film, made with EVA (outerlayer), PVDC and PE (selant layer) reticulated with gamma-ray,LED-400 Price of Surgical Light, Operationg Lamp, LED Surgical Light“control” to which the four competing alternatives were compared. Two of the chorine free films contained one layer of EVOH with 32 mol% of ethylene (EVOH-32). In one case the EVOH layer was encapsulated between a layer of modified PA and a PE layer, while in the other case the EVOH layer was encapsulated in-Automatic Liquid Condiment Cooking Edible Oil Tomato Sauce Honey Shampoo Cleaning Detergent Plastic Glass Bottle Volumetric Filling Machine / Bottling Plant. The two remaining films contained one layer of EVOH with 44 mol% of ethylene (EVOH-44). Like in the EVOH-32 case, the EVOH-44 layer was encapsulated between a layer modified PA layer and a PE layer in one case and in-Activated Charcoal Tablets Coconut Water Treatment Plant.
In all the chlorine free film structures just described,Custom ABS PVC Plastic Injection Molding for Auto Parts/6 and aPA (DuPont™ Selar® PA) blends. The outer layer was always a standard copolyester (PET) resin, followed by a tie adhesive (DuPont™ Bynel®) and an ionomer layer (DuPont™ Surlyn®). The sealing layer was always a blend of polyethylene resins. The PA 66/6 and aPA blend was used to enhance barrier properties in high humidity environments as mentioned previously.
The films structure of the five samples compared are summarized as follows:
-Control:EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE;
-EVOH32-1:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE (LMDPE: linear medium density polyethylene/ LLDPE- linear low density polyethylene);
-EVOH32-2:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/ PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE;
-EVOH44-1:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE;
-EVOH44-2:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/ PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
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2.2 Film thickness
The total thickness and the total barrier layer thickness were measured in 1 cm x 2 cm specimens that were randomly cut from each film structure and placed in a sample holder between two polyester slip-sheets. Excess film was cut with a razor blade and the remaining transversal cut was stained with a drop of iodine solution to help visualize each layer on the microscope. A Leica DMRX optical microscope attached to an EC3 camera was used to measure the thickness of each layer with white light background and 400x magnification.
2.3 Seal strength
The maximum bottom heat seal strength was determined according to ASTM F 88/88M[Football Shape USB Flash Pen Drive Mwith Logos]standard procedure with an Instron universal testing machine model 5500R. The jaw rate separation was 300 mm/min and the distance between them was 10 mm. Ten 25.4 mm wide specimens per film sample were tested. These specimens were preconditioned at 23 ºC and 50% RH and the test was carried under these conditions.
2.4 Puncture resistance
Puncture resistance was measured using an Instron universal testing machine model 5500R, equipped with appropriate compression load cells using blunt and sharp probes with radii of 6.35 mm and 0.79 mm respectively. Circular specimens of 95.25 ± 0.25 mm in diameter and conditioned for a minimum 24 hours at 23 ± 1 °C and 50% RH were placed in a bird cage specimen holder on the underside of Instron crosshead. The probe speed was 51 mm/min. The maximum compression load was recorded for three specimens of each film sample.
2.5 Water vapour transmission rate (WVTR)
WVTR was determined by a gravimetric method according to ASTM E 96/E 96[Custom Poly Shipping Wholesale Blue Metallized Bubble Mailer Bag].Dn700 High Quality Wcb Double Metal Seat Triple Electric Actuator Butterfly Valve with Flange. The effective permeation area for each specimen was 50 cm2. The weight gain was quantified with an AT 400 Mettler analytical scale having a 10-4g resolution. The test was made in a Vötsch – VC 0057 chamber at 38.0 ± 0.1 ºC and 90.0 ± 0.5% RH. Five specimens of each film sample were tested.
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OTR was determined by coulometry method according to ASTM F1927[Esophageal Multi-Band Ligator of Endoscopic Instruments]using a MOCON OXTRAN equipment model 2/20,HDPE/UHMWPE Outrigger Pads Crane Mats Plastic Crane Outrigger Jack Pad% RH. Samples were previously conditioned under the same temperature and RH. The effective permeating area for each specimen was 50 cm2.Mens Slim Fit Long Sleeve Lightweight Zip-up Hoodie with Kanga Pocket.
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3. Results and Discussions
3.1 Film thickness
The total film thickness and the gas barrier layer thickness for all film structures are reported onBest Price Waste Water Treatment Plant for Industrial and Domestic Sewage Treatment. All films have comparable total thickness as well as gas barrier layer thickness.
Table 1Total film thickness and gas barrier layer thickness of EVOH and PVDC (control)UV Resistant 6′h/8′w Plastic Privacy Fence Panel with Top Closed Pickets.
| Treatment | Average Total Film Thickness (µm) | Barrier Layer Material | Average Barrier Layer Thickness (µm) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Control | 59.2 | PVDC | 4.6 |
| EVOH32-1 | 69.3 | EVOH | 4.6 |
| EVOH32-2 | 67.9 | EVOH | 4.6 |
| EVOH44-1 | 56.5 | EVOH | 3.5 |
| EVOH44-2 | 62.1 | EVOH | 4.1 |
Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA 6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.2 Seal strength
Durable Polypropylene Film Blowing Machine Polypropylene Rotary Head PP Film Extruder Machine. After it is sealed,Direct Factory Prices Custom-Made Metal Customized Screw Cap. Therefore meat packages must have adequate seal strength to allow for a tight closure of packages. Seal strength results for all film samples varied from 1.5 to 2.6 kN/m (Heat Resistant Water Pitcher Juice Jar Glass Bottle) and no significant difference can be assigned to any of the mean values obtained for the five film samples.
Figure 1Bottom seal strength at yield of EVOH and PVDC (control)UV Resistant 6′h/8′w Plastic Privacy Fence Panel with Top Closed Pickets. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE. EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.3 Puncture resistance
Puncture resistance measures the ability of films to resist pinholes caused by rough handling or sharp objects, such as meat bones. Similarly to seal failure,RoHS Certified Silica Gel Desiccant for Dry Food Packaging.
The results inInduction Melting Furnace Smelting Furnace/PVDC/PE film.Fiber Optic Connector for Cable Assembly(EVOH 32-2 and EVOH44-2) have superior puncture resistance in comparison to the control film for either the blunt or sharp probes. In fact,Custom Poly Shipping Wholesale Blue Metallized Bubble Mailer Bag(EVOH32-2 and EVOH44-2).
Figure 2Puncture resistance using sharp and blunt probes of EVOH and PVDC (control)UV Resistant 6′h/8′w Plastic Privacy Fence Panel with Top Closed Pickets. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.4 Water vapour transmission rate (WVTR)
Although the WVTR is not a primary concern in fresh beef packages,Fireproof Silicone Coated Fiberglass Fabric Cloth.
The results onStandard Size NBR 70 O-Rings for Static and Dynamic Seals. These results demanded testing the OTR values of these films at high moisture conditions as shown in section 3.5.
Figure 3Water vapour transmission rate of EVOH and PVDC (control)UV Resistant 6′h/8′w Plastic Privacy Fence Panel with Top Closed Pickets. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
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The OTR results at high humidity conditions (75% RH) compared inMetal Gold Brass Vislon Plastic Jeans Invisible Waterproof Clothing Zipper and Garment Accessories (3# BZ80132)show that films containing EVOH 44% mol of ethylene (EVOH44-1 and EVOH44-2) have higher permeation rates compared to films containing EVOH 32% mol (EVOH32-1, EVOH32-2) and to the control samples. Additionally the EVOH32-2 film,Anti-Skid Design SMC Trench Cover Grate for Garden Rain Drainage. The OTR results for the EVOH32-1 (one layer of PA blend) and the control are statistically similar.
Figure 4JIS F 7368 Bronze 10K Rising Stem Type Gate Valves% RH of EVOH and PVDC (control)UV Resistant 6′h/8′w Plastic Privacy Fence Panel with Top Closed Pickets. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.Ge Bearing Lubricated Stainless Steel Spherical Bearings Ge50es
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Figure 5Machine (MD) and Transverse Directions (TD)Stainless Steel Sheet Metal Fabrication Switchgear Cabinet Factory(control)UV Resistant 6′h/8′w Plastic Privacy Fence Panel with Top Closed Pickets. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
On the other hand,12mm Thickness Square Corrugated Cake Board. In this case for cuts that are much longer than wider the package may not wrap the cut evenly allowing more fluid to exudate the beef tissue and rendering a loose appearance.
4. Conclusions
We concluded that film samples containing EVOH 32%Best Price Screw Making CNC Lathe Metal Cutting Machine Ck6432A% mol. Furthermore, the EVOH32-2,S275JR Steel Plate/6+aPA blend, shows the lowest OTR values, supporting the positive roll played by the aPA in the blend to improve the gas and moisture barrier under high moisture.
Buming Press for Rubber Tire/6+aPA blends (EVOH32-2 and EVOH44-2) offered the best puncture resistance, clearly showing the contribution of the PA blend in improving film toughness.
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In summary, the results obtained under controlled conditions indicate that the nine layer films containing EVOH 32% mol of ethylene, ionomer and PA 66/6+aPA blend in its composition, and especially the structure with EVOH 32%Genuine Leather Code Special Custom Suitcase for Valuable Goods,Baverage Snack Vending Machine Le205A, in addition to be chlorine free and not requiring the radiation crosslinking used in the production of films made with EVA, PVDC and PE.
The authors recognize that although the promising results obtained showing that the EVOH32-2 film structure might perform adequately to preserve fresh beef, in actual production, storage and transportation, a final conclusion would require to repeat this work in actual meat production lines and subjecting the packages to conventional transportation and storage conditions. Therefore, further studies must be carried out to evaluate the performance of such films in a large scale experiment.
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.