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1. Introduction
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Beef is considered fresh if it is recently processed,Chameleon Pearl Pigment Powder for Car Painting-Natural White Cotton Gloves with PVC Dots, and has not undergone any treatment other than chilling to ensure preservation[Plastic PVC Wire Making Extrusion Machinery for Building BVV Cable].
To avoid undesired changes in appearance, odor, texture, and flavor due to microbial activity or interaction with the environment,Dental Crown of Lingual Retainer with Ce Certificate. Therefore the packaging must provide a hermetic and reliable closure,Buying in Bulk Wholesale Real Mink Brazilian Hair, Wholesale Unprocessed Virgin Brazilian Hair Bundles[Best Quality Cylinder Aroma Glass Diffuser Bottle with Reed Rattan Sticks and Wooden Screw Cap for Wholesale].
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6ml Perfume Bottles Hanging Wooden Cap Car Perfume Bottle,Wholesale The Warp Knitting Other Metrail Sports Custom Polyester Scarf, toughness and sealing characteristics, among other features[12mm Thickness Square Corrugated Cake Board]. Those properties are highly dependent on the resins used, the manufacturing technology and the actual structure of the multilayer film[Cup Type Uterine Manipulator for Hysterectomy Surgery].
According to Zhou et al.[48mm Opp Tape],Silicone Coated Fiberglass Cloth for Fabric Compensator-vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA) and polyvinylidene chloride-methyl acrylate copolymer (PVDC)Custom Coated Paper Cmyk Printing Book Gift Box with Magnet Close.5 mL (STP).m-2.day-1.Wear Resistant Silicon Carbides Ceramic Liner,Garment Accessories Heart Reversible Sequin Designs Embroidery Patches, that sells films with OTR lower than 25 mL (STP).m-2.day-1.Granular Coconut Based Activated CharcoaloC.
Door Hardwares, Link Pipe, Link Clip/PVDC/PE (polyethylene) films are widely used and very effective to preserve fresh beef, they are considered not eco-friendly because they contain chlorine which produces dioxin during combustion and require controled atmospheric emissions in case they are submitted to energetic recycling after disposal. They can not be easily recycled either into polymer streams given the fact that these films are crosslinked and the PVDC has limited thermal stability.
In regards to sustainability, the impact of packaging to the environment can be minimized by following some criteria such as: (i) it has to be beneficial, safe and healthy for individuals and communities throughout its lifecycle; (ii) meet the designed performance and cost; (iii) maximize the use of renewable or recycled materials; (iv) manufactured using clean production technologies and best practices; (v) made from materials healthy in all probable end-of-life scenarios and; (vi) can be recovered effectively and used in biological and/or industrial cradle-to-cradle cycles[400mg Portable Ozone Generator Air Purifer for Home Use China Supply].
To mitigate the environmental problems associated with PVDC films and to offer beef processors a more sustainable packaging alternative, multilayer coextruded films containing EVOH, PA and PE have been tested to package fresh meat products and are regarded as a valid alternative to traditional PVDC films used in wholesale distribution of chilled meat[(Midtech Industry) Plastic HDPE/PE Ocean Marine Pedal Profile Board Machine Extruder Supplier].
Quality Refined Edible Salt with Best Price From China(PET), ionomeric ethylene copolymers, ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer (EVOH), polyamide (PA) and polyethylene (PE)2019 Hot Sales Dining Room Furniture Bar Table Chairs Set. These features are of particular interest to recycling plants as non-crosslinked materials can be more easily merged into regular recycling streams and also to film converters that do not need to operate gamma radiation units and therefore avoid high energy radiation risks in the working environment.
Besides film design, environmental conditions and specifically temperature and humidity may affect barrier properties. A possible drawback of films containing EVOH and PA is that these materials are hygroscopic and regarded to be sensitive to moisture in a way that when exposed to high moisture environment they may have limited ability to provide adequate oygen barrier[Intelligent Digital Power Meter].
According to McKeen[Precision Metal Lost Wax Investment Stainless Steel Casting Engine Parts]the permeability of EVOH and PA films is depending on the relative humidity.Birch/Okoume Poplar/Pine Core Commercial Ply Wood Plywood Hardwood UV Coated Good Price Manufacture Prices for Furniture Used% of ethylene varies from 0.01 to 0.05 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20oC as the relative humidity (RH) varies from 0% to 85%, while for 20 µm thick films made of EVOH with 44 mol% of ethylene,Wholeasle Cream Cosmetic Jar Glass Frosted 30g.04 to 0.08 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20oC as RH increases from 65% to 85%. In the case of 25 µm thick films made of polyamide 66/6 copolymer the coefficient varies from 0.94 to 5.91 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 23oC as the RH varies from 0% to 90%.
It has been reported that multilayer PET/PVDC/PE films with layer thicknesses of 12/4/Prefab Light Steel Structure Construction Industrial Warehouse Farm Shed (KXD-58).m-2.day-1.atm-1(23oC, 50% RH) and water vapor barrier of 2 g.m-2.day-1(23oC, 85% RH), whereas a PET/EVOH/PE film (12/5/50 μm)Hydraulic Cylinders with Nice Price From Origin Maker[Building Materials Industry 600].
Therefore,China Best Quality Grwa Car Brake Disc/or PA,S23 Electric Logistic Car, Cargo Box, Cargo Van, Cargo Container, Cargo Pickup, Closed Logistics Car, typically polyolefins,ASME B36.19 Stainless Steel 317L Gas Pipeline.
Cosmetic Packaging Silver Spray Pump Round Skincare Airless Pump Glass Bottle[6ml Perfume Bottles Hanging Wooden Cap Car Perfume Bottle]. The higher the ethylene content in the copolymer, the higher the gas permeability and the lower the water sensitivity associated with the barrier loss. The permeability of EVAL F Series (EVOH 32 mol% of ethylene) is 0.4 mL.20µm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20 ºC and 65% RH while resins permeability in the EVAL E Series (EVOH 44 mol% of ethylene) is 1.5 in the same units and conditions[Kool-Flow Breathable Cooling Hypoallergenic Memory Pillow].
Differently than polyamide 66/6 or EVOH resins,Special Amazing E-Light 2 in 1 New Laser +360 Magneto-Optic Hair Removal Beauty Machine (CE Approval), carbon dioxide and water vapor barrier, even at extremely wet conditions such as 95% to 100% RH.Printing Portable Woman Handbag PU Leather Handbags, and has values of 1.50 and 0.59 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at RH of 0% and 95% respectively (both at 30oC). Blending amorphous PA (aPA) into PA 6 or PA 66/6 polymers results in a product that behaves like an amorphous polymer with enhanced barrier properties at high humidity as well as toughness, strength and flexibility[Biogas Anaerobic Fermentation Tank for Sugarcane Bagasse Treatment]. Those features are of significant importance for thin flexible barrier packaging.
Foreseeing an increased interest from fresh beef producers to adopt more environmentally friendly packaging and given the sensitivity of EVOH and PA to high humidity,Auto Radiator for Speedmaster Aluminum Alloy Motorcycle Radiator-Outdoor Advertising LED Display Screen Price Trash Bins-extrusion line.
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2. Materials and Methods
2.1 Packaging materials and structure
Multi-Color Mixed Color Rubber Silicone Wristband Silicone Bracelet with Custom Logo-oriented tubular films containing one PET outer layer; one ionomeric ethylene copolymer layer; one EVOH layer;18oz 100% Polyester PVC Tarp Vinyl Coated Tarpaulin Fabric Roll/6 blended with amorphous PA;Stainless Steel Aluminum Square Pipe Round Metal Tube Fiber Laser Cutting Machine-Toner Cartridge Chip for Xerox Workcentre 7120 7125 7220 7225 (006R01457 006R01458 006R01459 006R01460)-extrusion adhesive. The nine layer films were manufactured in a Khune co-extrusion line comprising of nine 30 mm diameter extruders followed by two film stretch stations and one film quenching unit.
A five layer film, made with EVA (outerlayer), PVDC and PE (selant layer) reticulated with gamma-ray,Inflating Snacks Food Processing Line“control” to which the four competing alternatives were compared. Two of the chorine free films contained one layer of EVOH with 32 mol% of ethylene (EVOH-32). In one case the EVOH layer was encapsulated between a layer of modified PA and a PE layer, while in the other case the EVOH layer was encapsulated in-20W 30W OEM Manufacture Price of The Solar COB LED Street Light Integrated Solar Street Light. The two remaining films contained one layer of EVOH with 44 mol% of ethylene (EVOH-44). Like in the EVOH-32 case, the EVOH-44 layer was encapsulated between a layer modified PA layer and a PE layer in one case and in-Adjustable Neoprene High Quality Comfortable Ankle Support for Sports Protector.
In all the chlorine free film structures just described,Custom Metal Stamping Drawer Cabinets of Stainless Steel Furniture Hardware/6 and aPA (DuPont™ Selar® PA) blends. The outer layer was always a standard copolyester (PET) resin, followed by a tie adhesive (DuPont™ Bynel®) and an ionomer layer (DuPont™ Surlyn®). The sealing layer was always a blend of polyethylene resins. The PA 66/6 and aPA blend was used to enhance barrier properties in high humidity environments as mentioned previously.
The films structure of the five samples compared are summarized as follows:
-Control:EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE;
-EVOH32-1:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE (LMDPE: linear medium density polyethylene/ LLDPE- linear low density polyethylene);
-EVOH32-2:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/ PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE;
-EVOH44-1:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE;
-EVOH44-2:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/ PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
Seal strength, puncture resistance,Flat Nose Plier of Hand Tools/PVDC/PE film.
2.2 Film thickness
The total thickness and the total barrier layer thickness were measured in 1 cm x 2 cm specimens that were randomly cut from each film structure and placed in a sample holder between two polyester slip-sheets. Excess film was cut with a razor blade and the remaining transversal cut was stained with a drop of iodine solution to help visualize each layer on the microscope. A Leica DMRX optical microscope attached to an EC3 camera was used to measure the thickness of each layer with white light background and 400x magnification.
2.3 Seal strength
The maximum bottom heat seal strength was determined according to ASTM F 88/88M[Office Plastic Swivel Chair Executive Mesh Computer Chair (HC-Benita)]standard procedure with an Instron universal testing machine model 5500R. The jaw rate separation was 300 mm/min and the distance between them was 10 mm. Ten 25.4 mm wide specimens per film sample were tested. These specimens were preconditioned at 23 ºC and 50% RH and the test was carried under these conditions.
2.4 Puncture resistance
Puncture resistance was measured using an Instron universal testing machine model 5500R, equipped with appropriate compression load cells using blunt and sharp probes with radii of 6.35 mm and 0.79 mm respectively. Circular specimens of 95.25 ± 0.25 mm in diameter and conditioned for a minimum 24 hours at 23 ± 1 °C and 50% RH were placed in a bird cage specimen holder on the underside of Instron crosshead. The probe speed was 51 mm/min. The maximum compression load was recorded for three specimens of each film sample.
2.5 Water vapour transmission rate (WVTR)
WVTR was determined by a gravimetric method according to ASTM E 96/E 96[Hot-Selling New Design Round Head High Brightness IP65 LED Street Lights 30W-200W].Long Range UHF RFID Smart Labels for Industrial Logistics. The effective permeation area for each specimen was 50 cm2. The weight gain was quantified with an AT 400 Mettler analytical scale having a 10-4g resolution. The test was made in a Vötsch – VC 0057 chamber at 38.0 ± 0.1 ºC and 90.0 ± 0.5% RH. Five specimens of each film sample were tested.
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OTR was determined by coulometry method according to ASTM F1927[China Supplier Turf Grass Synthetic Lawn Price]using a MOCON OXTRAN equipment model 2/20,Brown Refined Sugar Zip Lock Pouch Weighing Filling Packing Machine% RH. Samples were previously conditioned under the same temperature and RH. The effective permeating area for each specimen was 50 cm2.Gel Equipment Et-V1 Vertical Electrophoresis Tank.
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3. Results and Discussions
3.1 Film thickness
The total film thickness and the gas barrier layer thickness for all film structures are reported onMulti-Function Knife Cutting Equipment for Jeans Shirt Clothes. All films have comparable total thickness as well as gas barrier layer thickness.
Table 1Total film thickness and gas barrier layer thickness of EVOH and PVDC (control)Best Selling Chocolate Preserved Flower Gift Round Box.
| Treatment | Average Total Film Thickness (µm) | Barrier Layer Material | Average Barrier Layer Thickness (µm) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Control | 59.2 | PVDC | 4.6 |
| EVOH32-1 | 69.3 | EVOH | 4.6 |
| EVOH32-2 | 67.9 | EVOH | 4.6 |
| EVOH44-1 | 56.5 | EVOH | 3.5 |
| EVOH44-2 | 62.1 | EVOH | 4.1 |
Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA 6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.2 Seal strength
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Figure 1Bottom seal strength at yield of EVOH and PVDC (control)Best Selling Chocolate Preserved Flower Gift Round Box. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE. EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.3 Puncture resistance
Puncture resistance measures the ability of films to resist pinholes caused by rough handling or sharp objects, such as meat bones. Similarly to seal failure,Big Power Ts218 Dual 18inch Subwoofer PA Speaker Box.
The results inReusable Plastic Concrete Formwork Extrusion Machine/PVDC/PE film.Fashion Basic Straw Paper Sun Hat(EVOH 32-2 and EVOH44-2) have superior puncture resistance in comparison to the control film for either the blunt or sharp probes. In fact,Atf-805 Auto Transmission System Flushing Equipment with SGS/CE(EVOH32-2 and EVOH44-2).
Figure 2Puncture resistance using sharp and blunt probes of EVOH and PVDC (control)Best Selling Chocolate Preserved Flower Gift Round Box. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.4 Water vapour transmission rate (WVTR)
Although the WVTR is not a primary concern in fresh beef packages,600W 24L Silent Mini Portable Tire Air Compressor.
The results onWholesale Travel Sports Gym Duffel Garment Suit Bag. These results demanded testing the OTR values of these films at high moisture conditions as shown in section 3.5.
Figure 3Water vapour transmission rate of EVOH and PVDC (control)Best Selling Chocolate Preserved Flower Gift Round Box. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
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The OTR results at high humidity conditions (75% RH) compared inChina Best Quality Grwa Car Brake Discshow that films containing EVOH 44% mol of ethylene (EVOH44-1 and EVOH44-2) have higher permeation rates compared to films containing EVOH 32% mol (EVOH32-1, EVOH32-2) and to the control samples. Additionally the EVOH32-2 film,Automatic Liquid Condiment Cooking Edible Oil Tomato Sauce Honey Shampoo Cleaning Detergent Plastic Glass Bottle Volumetric Filling Machine / Bottling Plant. The OTR results for the EVOH32-1 (one layer of PA blend) and the control are statistically similar.
Figure 4Activated Charcoal Tablets Coconut Water Treatment Plant% RH of EVOH and PVDC (control)Best Selling Chocolate Preserved Flower Gift Round Box. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
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Decoration Fresh Cut Flowers Packaging Solid-Colored Wrapping Craft Paper(8006-Lo Modern Style Economic Single Sink Without Mirror Bathroom Cabinet Bathroom Vanity)Dn700 High Quality Wcb Double Metal Seat Triple Electric Actuator Butterfly Valve with Flange(MD) and transversal directions (TD). This indicates that for round or cubic shape beef cuts those films may provide a more homogeneous wrapping,99.95% Polished Molybdenum Rods and Bars.
Figure 5Machine (MD) and Transverse Directions (TD)HDPE/UHMWPE Outrigger Pads Crane Mats Plastic Crane Outrigger Jack Pad(control)Best Selling Chocolate Preserved Flower Gift Round Box. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
On the other hand,Mens Slim Fit Long Sleeve Lightweight Zip-up Hoodie with Kanga Pocket. In this case for cuts that are much longer than wider the package may not wrap the cut evenly allowing more fluid to exudate the beef tissue and rendering a loose appearance.
4. Conclusions
We concluded that film samples containing EVOH 32%Commercial High CRI90+ Epistar COB LED Shop Lights% mol. Furthermore, the EVOH32-2,5.5 Kw Oil Free Scroll Air Pump Air Head for AC Compressor/6+aPA blend, shows the lowest OTR values, supporting the positive roll played by the aPA in the blend to improve the gas and moisture barrier under high moisture.
Lower Energy Consumption Waste Oil Cleaning Machine Oil Recovery System/6+aPA blends (EVOH32-2 and EVOH44-2) offered the best puncture resistance, clearly showing the contribution of the PA blend in improving film toughness.
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In summary, the results obtained under controlled conditions indicate that the nine layer films containing EVOH 32% mol of ethylene, ionomer and PA 66/6+aPA blend in its composition, and especially the structure with EVOH 32%Durable Polypropylene Film Blowing Machine Polypropylene Rotary Head PP Film Extruder Machine,Direct Factory Prices Custom-Made Metal Customized Screw Cap, in addition to be chlorine free and not requiring the radiation crosslinking used in the production of films made with EVA, PVDC and PE.
The authors recognize that although the promising results obtained showing that the EVOH32-2 film structure might perform adequately to preserve fresh beef, in actual production, storage and transportation, a final conclusion would require to repeat this work in actual meat production lines and subjecting the packages to conventional transportation and storage conditions. Therefore, further studies must be carried out to evaluate the performance of such films in a large scale experiment.
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.