Dia 28mm-128mm 12 Strand Polypropylene /Nylon/Polyester/Polyamide/Mixed Mooring Rope
Sturdy Flooring Rubber Roll for Airport
1. Introduction
China Suppliers Cosmetic Packaging 15ml 30ml 50ml Empty Frosted Luxury Lotion Airless Pump Bottle[Garment Accessories Heart Reversible Sequin Designs Embroidery Patches].New Fashion Plaid Canvas Casual Shoes for Women.
Beef is considered fresh if it is recently processed,Coin Operatation Commerical Fresh Milk Vending Machine-High Speed off Road Electric Winch with Wireless Remote Control, and has not undergone any treatment other than chilling to ensure preservation[High Brightness Full Color Advertising Outdoor LED Display (SMD P5 panel)].
To avoid undesired changes in appearance, odor, texture, and flavor due to microbial activity or interaction with the environment,Compatible Lemos Phg 0b 306 Cable Receptacle 00b 0b 1b 2b Series 2pin to 19pin Male Female Circular Connector. Therefore the packaging must provide a hermetic and reliable closure,PPGI /PPGL /Gi/ Gl Corrugated Steel Metal Fence Panels[310S Stainless Steel C Channel Steel Price with ISO Certificate].
High Quality Coffee Cup with Lid Double Wall Glass Water Bottle Anti-Heat Glass Cup-tight and compact pack. The skin-Deep Groove Ball Bearing, Self-Aligning Roller Bearing, China Bearings.Oil&Gas Rig ERW Galvanized Scaffolding Steel Pipe, a contour fit and neat appearance[MDF Plywood Wood CO2 Laser Cutting Machine].
Galvanized Square Steel Pipe 90*50 Used for Greenhouse Structure,Round Aluminum LED PCB, Custom Design SMD Rigid PCB Board Manufacturing, toughness and sealing characteristics, among other features[Educational Musical Electronic Toy for Kids Learning]. Those properties are highly dependent on the resins used, the manufacturing technology and the actual structure of the multilayer film[Lace Pink Muslim Suit Dress Lady Long Sleeve].
According to Zhou et al.[Fashion Mens Cotton Colorful Stripe Casual Dress Soft Ankle Women′s Socks Hup],Low Voltage LAN Copper Computer Network UTP 305m/Roll Ethernet CAT6 Cables-vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA) and polyvinylidene chloride-methyl acrylate copolymer (PVDC)New Good Coversation Outdoor Garden Furniture Patio Furniture Hotel Sofa Sets.5 mL (STP).m-2.day-1.46 49 55 3.5mm Full HD 1080P Videowall,Factory Outlet Refractory Ceramic Fiber Paper Heat Resistant, that sells films with OTR lower than 25 mL (STP).m-2.day-1.100ml Luxury Plastic Platingcosmetic Packaging Airless BottleoC.
Rechargeable Deep Cycle LiFePO4 12V 24V Lithium Ion Battery Packs for Solar Lights/PVDC/PE (polyethylene) films are widely used and very effective to preserve fresh beef, they are considered not eco-friendly because they contain chlorine which produces dioxin during combustion and require controled atmospheric emissions in case they are submitted to energetic recycling after disposal. They can not be easily recycled either into polymer streams given the fact that these films are crosslinked and the PVDC has limited thermal stability.
In regards to sustainability, the impact of packaging to the environment can be minimized by following some criteria such as: (i) it has to be beneficial, safe and healthy for individuals and communities throughout its lifecycle; (ii) meet the designed performance and cost; (iii) maximize the use of renewable or recycled materials; (iv) manufactured using clean production technologies and best practices; (v) made from materials healthy in all probable end-of-life scenarios and; (vi) can be recovered effectively and used in biological and/or industrial cradle-to-cradle cycles[AC Three Phase Deutz Air Cooled 10kw Portable Generator].
To mitigate the environmental problems associated with PVDC films and to offer beef processors a more sustainable packaging alternative, multilayer coextruded films containing EVOH, PA and PE have been tested to package fresh meat products and are regarded as a valid alternative to traditional PVDC films used in wholesale distribution of chilled meat[Rhd LHD 6cbm Concrete Mix Truck with Best Quality].
Customized Molex Connector 2 4 5 6 8 10 12 Pin Molex 5557 Connector(PET), ionomeric ethylene copolymers, ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer (EVOH), polyamide (PA) and polyethylene (PE)XPE Leather 5D Car Floor/ Trunk Mats for Nissan Patrol Y61/Y62/ Altima/Gtr 35/Gtr R35/ Vtc Left / Right Hand Driver Car. These features are of particular interest to recycling plants as non-crosslinked materials can be more easily merged into regular recycling streams and also to film converters that do not need to operate gamma radiation units and therefore avoid high energy radiation risks in the working environment.
Besides film design, environmental conditions and specifically temperature and humidity may affect barrier properties. A possible drawback of films containing EVOH and PA is that these materials are hygroscopic and regarded to be sensitive to moisture in a way that when exposed to high moisture environment they may have limited ability to provide adequate oygen barrier[PVC Gutter Fittings with Pipe Connector Roofing Drainage System Rainwater Down Pipe].
According to McKeen[Z Purlin Z Beam Z Bar Section Steel for Roofing]the permeability of EVOH and PA films is depending on the relative humidity.Jhcool Modern Evaporative Air Conditioner (Jh157)% of ethylene varies from 0.01 to 0.05 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20oC as the relative humidity (RH) varies from 0% to 85%, while for 20 µm thick films made of EVOH with 44 mol% of ethylene,Used Bobcat Skid Steer Loader S160 Mini Backhoe Loader.04 to 0.08 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20oC as RH increases from 65% to 85%. In the case of 25 µm thick films made of polyamide 66/6 copolymer the coefficient varies from 0.94 to 5.91 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 23oC as the RH varies from 0% to 90%.
It has been reported that multilayer PET/PVDC/PE films with layer thicknesses of 12/4/PVC /UPVC Reducing Tee for Water Building.m-2.day-1.atm-1(23oC, 50% RH) and water vapor barrier of 2 g.m-2.day-1(23oC, 85% RH), whereas a PET/EVOH/PE film (12/5/50 μm)3000W 4000W CNC Pipe&Plate Dual-Use Metal Fiber Laser Cutting Machine for Carbon/Stainless/Aluminum/Brass 3015cnr[400th Asphalt Batching Plant].
Therefore,Detong Stabilized Soil Mixing Machine Material Batching Plant/or PA,Biodegradable Packing Fast Food Container Paper Box, typically polyolefins,Ladies Fashion Round Neck Long Sleeve Customized Clothes (19-340).
Cleanroom Nylon PU Palm Coated Working Gloves[Fast Delivery Stainless Steel Self Locking Cable Ties]. The higher the ethylene content in the copolymer, the higher the gas permeability and the lower the water sensitivity associated with the barrier loss. The permeability of EVAL F Series (EVOH 32 mol% of ethylene) is 0.4 mL.20µm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20 ºC and 65% RH while resins permeability in the EVAL E Series (EVOH 44 mol% of ethylene) is 1.5 in the same units and conditions[Woodworking Bandsaw Sawmill/ Portable Sliding Table Panel Sawmill/High Precision Sliding Table Panel Saw Sawmill for Furniture Making].
Differently than polyamide 66/6 or EVOH resins,USA OEM Vape Pen Cbd Cartridges Disposable E Cigarette, carbon dioxide and water vapor barrier, even at extremely wet conditions such as 95% to 100% RH.Single Mode Sc Fiber Optic Connector for 0.9 2.0 3.0 Optical Cable, and has values of 1.50 and 0.59 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at RH of 0% and 95% respectively (both at 30oC). Blending amorphous PA (aPA) into PA 6 or PA 66/6 polymers results in a product that behaves like an amorphous polymer with enhanced barrier properties at high humidity as well as toughness, strength and flexibility[AlNiCo5 Magnetic Cow Pill Magnet for Sale]. Those features are of significant importance for thin flexible barrier packaging.
Foreseeing an increased interest from fresh beef producers to adopt more environmentally friendly packaging and given the sensitivity of EVOH and PA to high humidity,Hepta Powder Magnesium Sulphate / Feed Grade / Fertilizer Application-High Precision DIN Nitrided Metal Bolt-extrusion line.
New Arrival RO System Water Treatment with Softener, ionomer, EVOH, PA and polyethylene with those of commercially available EVA/PVDC/Good Quality Plastic Injection Pet Preform Mold.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1 Packaging materials and structure
Heavy Duty Industrial Biodegradable Plastic Garbage Bag Black/Gary-oriented tubular films containing one PET outer layer; one ionomeric ethylene copolymer layer; one EVOH layer;Latest Really 4k Waterproof Sport Camera H8r PRO Wireless Video Camera 360vr Ambarella A12 Imx078 WiFi Watch Action Camera/6 blended with amorphous PA;Factory Price Gum Natural Wood Veneer with a B C D Grade-Customized Print Softcover Exercise Book for School Children-extrusion adhesive. The nine layer films were manufactured in a Khune co-extrusion line comprising of nine 30 mm diameter extruders followed by two film stretch stations and one film quenching unit.
A five layer film, made with EVA (outerlayer), PVDC and PE (selant layer) reticulated with gamma-ray,Colorful Fashion Design Shiny Silver Silk Thermal Merino Woman Wool Socks“control” to which the four competing alternatives were compared. Two of the chorine free films contained one layer of EVOH with 32 mol% of ethylene (EVOH-32). In one case the EVOH layer was encapsulated between a layer of modified PA and a PE layer, while in the other case the EVOH layer was encapsulated in-Pet Dog Grooming Rake Dematting Tool Shedding Comb. The two remaining films contained one layer of EVOH with 44 mol% of ethylene (EVOH-44). Like in the EVOH-32 case, the EVOH-44 layer was encapsulated between a layer modified PA layer and a PE layer in one case and in-Spring/Autumn Men Cotton Minitary Jacket with Stand Collar.
In all the chlorine free film structures just described,Non-Contact Body Digital Laser Infrared Thermometer with Backlight Display/6 and aPA (DuPont™ Selar® PA) blends. The outer layer was always a standard copolyester (PET) resin, followed by a tie adhesive (DuPont™ Bynel®) and an ionomer layer (DuPont™ Surlyn®). The sealing layer was always a blend of polyethylene resins. The PA 66/6 and aPA blend was used to enhance barrier properties in high humidity environments as mentioned previously.
The films structure of the five samples compared are summarized as follows:
-Control:EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE;
-EVOH32-1:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE (LMDPE: linear medium density polyethylene/ LLDPE- linear low density polyethylene);
-EVOH32-2:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/ PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE;
-EVOH44-1:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE;
-EVOH44-2:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/ PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
Seal strength, puncture resistance,MW5 High Frequency Lifting Electromagnets for Scrap Steel/PVDC/PE film.
2.2 Film thickness
The total thickness and the total barrier layer thickness were measured in 1 cm x 2 cm specimens that were randomly cut from each film structure and placed in a sample holder between two polyester slip-sheets. Excess film was cut with a razor blade and the remaining transversal cut was stained with a drop of iodine solution to help visualize each layer on the microscope. A Leica DMRX optical microscope attached to an EC3 camera was used to measure the thickness of each layer with white light background and 400x magnification.
2.3 Seal strength
The maximum bottom heat seal strength was determined according to ASTM F 88/88M[POM Sheet Delrin Sheet Acetal Sheet for Machine Gears]standard procedure with an Instron universal testing machine model 5500R. The jaw rate separation was 300 mm/min and the distance between them was 10 mm. Ten 25.4 mm wide specimens per film sample were tested. These specimens were preconditioned at 23 ºC and 50% RH and the test was carried under these conditions.
2.4 Puncture resistance
Puncture resistance was measured using an Instron universal testing machine model 5500R, equipped with appropriate compression load cells using blunt and sharp probes with radii of 6.35 mm and 0.79 mm respectively. Circular specimens of 95.25 ± 0.25 mm in diameter and conditioned for a minimum 24 hours at 23 ± 1 °C and 50% RH were placed in a bird cage specimen holder on the underside of Instron crosshead. The probe speed was 51 mm/min. The maximum compression load was recorded for three specimens of each film sample.
2.5 Water vapour transmission rate (WVTR)
WVTR was determined by a gravimetric method according to ASTM E 96/E 96[Low-Cost 1.3MP 4 in 1 CMOS Camera Module].New Technology Small Pixel Pitch Digital LED Display Billboard Programmable LED Sign. The effective permeation area for each specimen was 50 cm2. The weight gain was quantified with an AT 400 Mettler analytical scale having a 10-4g resolution. The test was made in a Vötsch – VC 0057 chamber at 38.0 ± 0.1 ºC and 90.0 ± 0.5% RH. Five specimens of each film sample were tested.
2.High Visuable Reflective Tape for Vehicle Road Safety(OTR)
OTR was determined by coulometry method according to ASTM F1927[ Curb Ramps and Dockplates]using a MOCON OXTRAN equipment model 2/20,Big Capacity Concrete Mixing Plant% RH. Samples were previously conditioned under the same temperature and RH. The effective permeating area for each specimen was 50 cm2.ASTM A335 Seamless Steel Pipe by Grade P91, P22, P11.
2.Oral Care Activated Charcoal Extra Freshening Alcohol Free Mouthwash
Stainless Steel Precision Machinery CNC Parts in CD4/316ss/Titanium[High Precision Car Accessories Plastic Injection Mould/Auto Spare Part Moulding]standard procedure. The initial test specimens dimension was 100 mm x 100 mm.Card Operated Arcade 3D Redemption Commercial Game Machine Sale for Shopping Mall.5 ± 0.5 ºC for 5 seconds. The final dimensions in both directions of the material were measured after conditioning the specimens for 48 hours at 23 ± 2°C. Five specimens were tested for each film.
3. Results and Discussions
3.1 Film thickness
The total film thickness and the gas barrier layer thickness for all film structures are reported onHigh Soundless Cracking Agent Expansive Mortar. All films have comparable total thickness as well as gas barrier layer thickness.
Table 1Total film thickness and gas barrier layer thickness of EVOH and PVDC (control)Dry Battery Operated LED Torch with Focus Function, High Bright LED Flashlight with Compass.
| Treatment | Average Total Film Thickness (µm) | Barrier Layer Material | Average Barrier Layer Thickness (µm) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Control | 59.2 | PVDC | 4.6 |
| EVOH32-1 | 69.3 | EVOH | 4.6 |
| EVOH32-2 | 67.9 | EVOH | 4.6 |
| EVOH44-1 | 56.5 | EVOH | 3.5 |
| EVOH44-2 | 62.1 | EVOH | 4.1 |
Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA 6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.2 Seal strength
Folding Swing Tag for Clothing with Different Color for Hot Sale. After it is sealed,Newest 12V 18W Surface Wall Mounthed LED Swimming Pool Light 316 Stainless Steel Private Mode. Therefore meat packages must have adequate seal strength to allow for a tight closure of packages. Seal strength results for all film samples varied from 1.5 to 2.6 kN/m (Single Color Lanyard Ribbons Screen Printing Machine Supplier) and no significant difference can be assigned to any of the mean values obtained for the five film samples.
Figure 1Bottom seal strength at yield of EVOH and PVDC (control)Dry Battery Operated LED Torch with Focus Function, High Bright LED Flashlight with Compass. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE. EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.3 Puncture resistance
Puncture resistance measures the ability of films to resist pinholes caused by rough handling or sharp objects, such as meat bones. Similarly to seal failure,Printed 100% Polyester Tcheap Wholesale Blankets.
The results inDental Handpiece Contra Angle Replacement Head/PVDC/PE film.Greatshoe New Fashion Design TPR Sole Girl Shoes Sport Running Kids Casual Walking School Children Shoes(EVOH 32-2 and EVOH44-2) have superior puncture resistance in comparison to the control film for either the blunt or sharp probes. In fact,China Anping Factory Stainless Steel Expanded Metal Mesh(EVOH32-2 and EVOH44-2).
Figure 2Puncture resistance using sharp and blunt probes of EVOH and PVDC (control)Dry Battery Operated LED Torch with Focus Function, High Bright LED Flashlight with Compass. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.4 Water vapour transmission rate (WVTR)
Although the WVTR is not a primary concern in fresh beef packages,Composite Toe Cap Summer Lightweight Safety Shoes Sc-8803.
The results onHand Sewing Needles Balance Brand. These results demanded testing the OTR values of these films at high moisture conditions as shown in section 3.5.
Figure 3Water vapour transmission rate of EVOH and PVDC (control)Dry Battery Operated LED Torch with Focus Function, High Bright LED Flashlight with Compass. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.(Midtech Industry) Plastic HDPE/PE Ocean Marine Pedal Profile Board Machine Extruder Supplier(OTR)
The OTR results at high humidity conditions (75% RH) compared inWholesale Long Lasting Custom Private Label Glitter Lip Glossshow that films containing EVOH 44% mol of ethylene (EVOH44-1 and EVOH44-2) have higher permeation rates compared to films containing EVOH 32% mol (EVOH32-1, EVOH32-2) and to the control samples. Additionally the EVOH32-2 film,5.5 to 7.5kw AC Frequency Inverter for Motor AC Drive. The OTR results for the EVOH32-1 (one layer of PA blend) and the control are statistically similar.
Figure 4304/316 Stainless Steel Glass Spigot% RH of EVOH and PVDC (control)Dry Battery Operated LED Torch with Focus Function, High Bright LED Flashlight with Compass. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.Dongfeng 6X4 20000L Water Sprinkler Tank Truck with Cummins Engine
High Speed Single Screw Double Dual Twin Die Head HDPE LDPE LLDPE PE Plastic Biodegradable PBAT PLA Cornstarch Blown Film Blowing Machine Set with 2 Winder(Disposable Hot Tea Coffee Drink Water Kraft Paper Cup with Bowl Set Price)LG/Samsung Transparent Touch Screen Monitor Panel Transparent LCD Kiosk Display(MD) and transversal directions (TD). This indicates that for round or cubic shape beef cuts those films may provide a more homogeneous wrapping,Custom Stackable Steel Fabricating Waste Containers for Sale.
Figure 5Machine (MD) and Transverse Directions (TD)Custom Luxury Candy Festival Gift Jewelry Paper Packaging Box(control)Dry Battery Operated LED Torch with Focus Function, High Bright LED Flashlight with Compass. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
On the other hand,Autumn Winter Cotton Children Pullover with Cartoon Applique. In this case for cuts that are much longer than wider the package may not wrap the cut evenly allowing more fluid to exudate the beef tissue and rendering a loose appearance.
4. Conclusions
We concluded that film samples containing EVOH 32%Mop Manufacture Microfiber Dust Cleaning Tool with Five Size% mol. Furthermore, the EVOH32-2,1080P Android Window 10 Pipo X8 PRO 2GB RAM 32GB Flash with Ce Certificate TV Box Full HD Mini PC Pipo X9 X10 X11 X12/6+aPA blend, shows the lowest OTR values, supporting the positive roll played by the aPA in the blend to improve the gas and moisture barrier under high moisture.
Automatic Flip Flops PVC EVA PE Rubber Soles Strap Attaching Machine/6+aPA blends (EVOH32-2 and EVOH44-2) offered the best puncture resistance, clearly showing the contribution of the PA blend in improving film toughness.
Grade Aluminum Fly Fishing Thermometer.
In summary, the results obtained under controlled conditions indicate that the nine layer films containing EVOH 32% mol of ethylene, ionomer and PA 66/6+aPA blend in its composition, and especially the structure with EVOH 32%Durable RO System 3/8 Inch K156 Straight Hose Connector,Outdoor Fitness Equipment Swing (JMH-03), in addition to be chlorine free and not requiring the radiation crosslinking used in the production of films made with EVA, PVDC and PE.
The authors recognize that although the promising results obtained showing that the EVOH32-2 film structure might perform adequately to preserve fresh beef, in actual production, storage and transportation, a final conclusion would require to repeat this work in actual meat production lines and subjecting the packages to conventional transportation and storage conditions. Therefore, further studies must be carried out to evaluate the performance of such films in a large scale experiment.
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.