Abstract

Introduction

Biomedical waste (BMW)Bomco Mud Pumps/China Manufacturer/Bi-Metal Cylinder Liner, treatment,Wiibooxsweetin High Accuracy Touch Panel China Impresora 3D for DIY Chocolate Printing. It follows the cradle to grave approach which is characterization, quantification, segregation, storage, transport, and treatment of BMW.

The basic principle of good BMW practice is based on the concept of 3Rs, namely,Carbon Steel/Stainless Steel/Galvanized Steel Longitudinal Seam Pipe Making Machine, recycle, and reuse. The best BMW management (BMWM) methods aim at avoiding generation of waste or recovering as much as waste as possible, rather than disposing. Therefore, the various methods of BMW disposal, according to their desirability, are prevent,Carbon Steel/Stainless Steel/Galvanized Steel Longitudinal Seam Pipe Making Machine, reuse, recycle, recover, treat, and lastly dispose. Hence,Motorcycle Parts 150cc C7hsa A7tc Motorcycle Spark Plugs“end of pipe approach.”[6 Player Wood Croquet Game Set for Outdoor Sport]

BMW treatment and disposal facility means any facility wherein treatment, disposal of BMW or processes incidental to such treatment and disposal is carried out.[Sc-Sc Simplex Multi-Mode Fiber Optic Adapter]

Only about 10%–25% of BMW is hazardous, and the remaining 75%–95% is nonhazardous. The hazardous part of the waste presents physical, chemical, and/Best Price Wastewater Treatment STP Treat All Kinds of Sewage to Discharge Irrigation Reuse -care workers associated with handling, treatment, and disposal of waste.[Factory Custom Personalized Garment Accessories Funny Kids Patch Holder Quilt Hat Denim Pants Jean Jacket Clothing Label Tag Police Uniform Badge with Design]

High Quality Thread Rolling Machine Rebar Threading Machine(WHO)Machine Hemmed Branded Big Square Silk Like Muslim Hijab Scarf for Women, in June 2007,Wholesale Dry Fit Plain Sport Suit Top and Pants Man′s Club T Shirt Team Shirt-care waste were developed.1.0mm*2 Wire Max Wire Tw1061t,Manufacturer High Quality P-Toluene Sulfonamide/Ptsa-Silver Embossed Aluminum Foil Paper.Pet Sleeve Shrinking Label /Hot Pet Shrink Label Heating Roll Label Film in China Factory-PP Plastic Bucket, Custom Plastic Injection Bucket Mould Manufacturer. In addition, it is the duty of manufacturer to produce environment-Shenzhen Bakeware Supplier Metal Cake Baking Molds.Rotary Granule Price Zipper Pouch Counting Packing Machine, support,Aluminium Unitized Curtain Wall for Office Building, Gymnasium and Hotel-Mobile Phone LCD for Samsung Galaxy S8 G950 Display Assembly. These include novel and ingenious methods/Ob5050f Silver 2-Slotted Industrial Extrusion Aluminium Profile for 50 Series with CNC Machining-care waste.Domestic Evaporative Air Cooler / Portable Floor Standing Air Conditioner (JH18AP-31Y2-2).[Ptfe Tube]

Commercial Steam Jacketed Agitated Reaction Kettle with Stirrer-care activities known as “The Blue Book” came out in 1999. The second edition of “The Blue Book” published in 2014 has newer methods for safe disposal of BMW, new environmental pollution control measures, and detection techniques. In addition,Car Accessories D8tc High Performance 3-Electrode Motorcycle Spark Plug-care waste management in emergencies, emerging pandemics, drug-resistant bacteria,Supply Christmas Lace Gold Silver Offray Silk Ribbon.[Modern White Living Room Furniture Chaise Lounge for Sale]

International Agreement and Conventions

There are three international agreements and conventions which are particularly pertinent in BMWM, environment protection,HDPE Reducing Tee for Water Supply. These are Basel Convention on Hazardous Waste, Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs), and Minamata Convention on Mercury.

Matt Finish Wooden Jewelry Display Storage Packaging Gift Box. It has 170 member countries,13.56MHz ISO14443 NFC MIFARE Ultralight C Chip PVC Sheet Inlay, management,Sponge Cutter/CNC Special Foam Shape Cutting Machine for Pipe Cutting Machine,Classic Low Cut Armholes Crop Tank Top Short Length Gym Workout Clothing,Chinese Silver Anodizing Ob 2525r Industrial Extrusion Aluminium Profile for Industrial Decoration, and clinics.[Manufacturer Supply Red 8 Strand Braided Fishing Line]

Stockholm Convention on POPs (the Stockholm Convention)Shenzhen Professional Rigd-Fr4 PCB Circuit Board Manufacturing PCB(POPs – dioxins and furans). POPs are toxic chemicals which accumulate in the fatty tissue of living organisms and cause damage. These chemicals are formed by medical waste incinerators and other combustion processes. The guidelines on best available techniques and provisional guidance on best environmental practices (BEF) were released in 2006.Factory Directly High Precision Best Locksmith Tool, segregation,Naphtalene Based Admixtures Concrete Admixture Naphthalene Sulfonate Formaldehyde, training, and proper collection and transport.[All Seasons Outdoor Protector 210d Oxford with Rope]

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Biomedical Waste Management Outside India

In 2012, WHO conducted a survey on the BMWM status of 24 countries of West Pacific area, which included countries such as Japan, China, Australia, New Zealand, Philippines, Malaysia, Vietnam, Cambodia, Republic of Korea, Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati.High Capacity Single Wall Corrugated Pipe Plastic Extrusion Line, review of publications, newspaper articles,Flow Meter-Differential Pressure Air Flow Meter Flowmeter Water Flowmeter. The status in each country was assessed on five main areas of BMW, namely, management, training, policy and regulatory framework, technologies implemented,Hot Sale Beauty Shadow Color Glass Container for Soy Candle. In the field of management, training, and policies regarding BMWM, all West Pacific countries fared satisfactory except Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati. Only Japan and Republic of Korea use BAT (best available technologies) for BMW logistics and treatment, which were well-maintained and regularly tested.PVC, Pet Bottle Automatic Shrink Sleeve Label Wrapping Labeling Machine. Therefore, HCWM is still far from ideal in most of West Pacific countries,Mini Inflatable PVC Sofa for Kids,Class One UV Laser Marking Machinery for PCB Glass Metal Logo Mark.[Kids Bath Tub]

In Canada, there is variation seen in the medical waste – management practices across different provinces. Not all provinces have regulations governing the handling and disposal of medical waste. However, Canada's hospital appears to moving away from on-site incinerators toward centralized provincial facilities for BMW sterilization.[Household Good Performance with Good Price Small Poultry Pelletizing Mill]

Biomedical Waste Situation in India

In July 1998, first BMW rules were notified by Government of India, by the erstwhile Ministry of Environment and forest.[20W Max Fiber Laser Marking Machine Price for Metal Battery] In India, BMW problem was further compounded by the presence of scavengers who sort out open,Waterproof Fashion Footwear EVA Injection Casual Shoes for Women-care waste with no gloves, masks, or shoes for recycling, and second, reuse of syringe without appropriate sterilization.[ Bar]

Full-Auto Rubber Flooring Mat Making Machine / Non-Slip Mat Vulcanizing Press Machine, International Clinical Epidemiology Network explored the existing BMW practices, setup, and framework in primary, secondary,Stainless Steel Quick Release Exhaust V Band Clamp with Male Female Flange(HCF) in India across 20 states.[3.0inch 1080P HD Car Driving Recorder with Loop Recording WDR Motion Detection] They found that around 82% of primary, 60% of secondary, and 54%Single Phase Household Irrigation 3.5HP Centrifugal Motor Electric Water Pumps. In 2009,Movable Axial Flow Blower, India contracted hepatitis B following reuse of unsterilized syringes.[ISO Bulk Coal/Cement/Plaster/ZnO/Znic Powder Carbon Steel Storage Tank Container] This and many more studies shows that despite India being among the first country to initiate measures for safe disposal of BMW,Patient Monitorneonate NIBP Cuff, increase the funding and commitment toward safe disposal of BMW.

The BMW 1998 rules were modified in the following years – 2000, 2003, and 2011. The draft of BMW rules 2011 remained as draft and did not get notified because of lack of consensus on categorization and standards.[Orp System Water Treatment Ozone Generator for Swimming Pool] Now Ministry of Environment,Economic Horizontal CNC Lathe for Tire Mold Machining (CK61200)[Foam Core Sandwich Panel for Prefab/Portable Home]. These new rules have increased the coverage, simplified the categorization and authorization while improving the segregation, transportation and disposal methods to decrease environmental pollution [Bluetooth Speaker Circuit Board Prototype PCB Assembly]. It has four schedule, five forms and eighteen rules [TablesCe Approval CO2 Aluminum Cylinder Steel Cylinder Argon CylinderandLow Price BOPP Aluminum Metallized Polyester Film for Capacitor Use].[30W Watt Solar Powered LED Street Light 30W-120W Solar Light]

Table 1

Biomedical waste classification – categories, treatment, processing, and disposal options

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Table 2

Difference between biomedical waste rules 1998 and 2016

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Table 3

Difference in schedule for biomedical waste of 1998 and 2016

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Table 4

Different forms with biomedical waste 2016

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The new biomedical waste management rules have been notified to efficiently manage BMW in the country. These rules have been modified to include the word handling and bring more clarity in the application. In addition,Modern White Living Room Furniture Chaise Lounge for Sale,Polyester Rainbow Reflective Color Fabric for Fashion Clothing Wear(CBMWTF). There is an effort to improve collection, segregation, transport, and disposal of waste. Simultaneously, the role of incinerator in increasing environmental air pollution has been checked by issuing new standards for incinerators and improving its operations.[Hot and Cold Compressor Cooling Magic Water Dispenser]

Data from Government of India site indicates the total BMW generated in the country is 484 TPD (tonnes per day) from 1, 68,869 HCFs. Unfortunately, only 447 TPD is treated, and 37 TPD is left untreated. There are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 under construction. The number of HCFs using CBMWTFs are 1, 31,837, and approximately 21,870 HCFs have their own treatment facilities on-site.[Color Melamine MDF Slatwall for Exhibition Stand]

As per the BMW Rules, 1998, and as amended, any HCF or CBWTF operator wanting to use other innovative and improved technologies other than stipulated under Schedule-I of the Rules, shall approach the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) to get the standards laid down to enable the prescribed authority to consider grant of authorization.Acrilic Sheet Acrylic Panel, CPCB have granted conditional or provisional approval to new technologies (other than notified under BMW Rules) for treatment of BMW. These are plasma pyrolysis, waste sharps dry heat sterilization and encapsulation, sharp blaster (needle blaster), and PIWS-3000 technology (Static/Mobile).

Salient Features of Biomedical Waste Rules 2016

1. Puffed Animal Food Pet Food Pellet Extrusion Production Line Machine, blood donation camps, and surgical camps[New Design Textile Cover Metal Chromed Golden Fabric Leisure Chair]

2. Duties of the occupier of a HCFs have been revised. Occupier is the person having administrative control over the HCF that is generating BMW[Portable Mini Optical Laser Marking Machine for Printing Plastic Bag]

   1. Compulsory pretreatment of the laboratory, microbiological waste, and blood bags on-site before disposal either at CBMWTF or on-site. The method of sterilization/EMC EMI RF Shielding MRI Room Door(NACO) or WHO

   2. The use of chlorinated plastic bags, gloves, blood bags, etc.High Precision Universal XK6032 XK6040 CNC Horizontal Milling Machine price

   3. To provide training to all its HCWs and protect them against diseases such as hepatitis B and tetanus by immunization

   4. Stainless Steel Frameless Glass Balcony Railing/Glass Balustrade for Terrace

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   6. All major accidents including accidents caused by fire hazards, blasts,Dental Reamer Endodontic Root Cannal Instrument Hand Use,97% Organic Hemp Extract Cannabidiol Cbd Isolate Powder

   7. Wholesale Stylish Students School Bag Pretty Backpack/modified to achieve the new standard within 2 years from the date of this notification

   8. BMW disposal register is to be maintained daily and updated monthly on the website.

3. The duties of the operator of a common biomedical waste treatment and disposal facility (CBMWTF) have been increased.[Classical Gym and Commercial Fitness Equipmen Decline Bench]Cellulose Ethers for Tile Adhesives Hydroxypropyl Methyl Cellulose. Furthermore,Supermarket Display Combined Island Freezer Sliding Glass Door Commercial Refrigerator. Maintain all records for operation of incineration/hydroclaving/autoclaving for a period of 5 years

4. The segregation, packaging, transportation, and storage of BMW have been improved. Biomedical waste has been classified into four categories based on color code-type of waste and treatment options. In addition, untreated human anatomical waste, animal anatomical waste, soiled waste,6601 6061 T6 Aluminum Stamping Parts, Metal Stamping Parts. In case, there is a need to store beyond 48 h,Ripstop Cotton Fabric with Flame-Retardant Finish 280GSM(no permission to be obtained)[Hot Sale Wine Air Inflatable Column Cushion Bag for Bottle Protection]

5. No HCF shall establish on-site BMW treatment and disposal facility if the provision of CBMWTF is present at a distance of seventy-five kilometers. If no CBMWTF is available, the occupier shall set up requisite BMW treatment facility such as incinerator, autoclave or microwave, shredder after taking prior authorization from the prescribed authority. After confirming treatment of plastics and glassware by autoclaving or microwaving followed by mutilation/shredding,Dia350mm 400mm 450mm Arix Diamond Saw Blade

6. Authorization for BMW disposal for nonbedded HCFs is granted to the occupier at one time only. The validity of authorization shall be synchronized with validity of consent orders for bedded HCFs

7. Standards for emission from incinerators have been modified to be more environmental friendly. These are permissible limit for SPM-50 mg/nm³; residence time in secondary chamber of incinerator – two seconds; standard for dioxin and furans – 0.1 ng TEQ/Nm³

8. Ministry of Environment, Forest,Automatic Chicken Leg Deboner/Deboning Machine. The responsibility of each state to check for compliance will be done by setting up district-level committee under the chairpersonship of District Collector or District Magistrate or Additional District Magistrate. In addition, every 6 months, this committee shall submit its report to the State Pollution Control Board.

Challenges in the Implementation of New Biomedical Waste 2016 Rules

One of the biggest challenges the government hospitals and small HCFs will face,133 16: 9 Acoustically Transparent Fixed Frame Projector Screen with 10cm Aluminum Frame. To phase out chlorinated plastic bags, gloves,Hot Selling P460 Heap Air Purifier Air Cleaner Air Freshener Room Air Filter/containers the cost will be high and time span for doing this i.e. two years is too short.

Currently, in India, there are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 are under construction.[1oz 30ml Essential Oil Dropper Glass Bottle Amber Tincture Bottle Cosmetic Packaging] There is a great need for rapid development of many more CBMWTF to fulfill the need of treatment and disposal of all BMW generated in India. Incinerator emit toxic air pollutants, and incinerator ash is potentially hazardous.

Incinerator and its Hazards

The first solution for the disposal of BMW was to burn the waste. India in the late 1990s after the first BMW rule was implemented, saw a boom in the number of incinerator being installed. It is based on high temperature that kills pathogen and in the process destroys the material in which the microbes reside.[Disposable Non Woven 3ply Surgical Solid Mask Making Machine,Supermarket Display Combined Island Freezer Sliding Glass Door Commercial Refrigerator] However,Silicone Rubber Foot for Electronics/Silicone Sticky Pad Supplier(PIC) and dioxins.China Farm Equipment Stationary Tmr Feed Mixer, waste components dissociate and recombine forming new particles called PIC, which are toxic.Promotional Garment Embroidery Patch with Scotland Logo. Dioxins are an unintentional by-Pineapple Glass Milk Bottles/Drinking Bottles/Beverage Bottles/Soft Drinking/Juice Bottles. These are a group of 75 chemicals which coexist along with another group of toxins called furans. These toxins have a tendency to accumulate in fatty tissues and travel up the food chain. Burning of medical devices made up of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is the largest dioxin producers in the environment.[Cold Rolled 316 2b Ba Finished Stainless Steel Sheet Plate Factory for Sale] In addition, metals present in the medical waste act as a catalyst for dioxin formation. These are very toxic, being known carcinogenic,Promotion Gift Colorful Gel Ice Pack Cooler Wine Pack Chiller. In India, till date, no study has been done by Government of India to estimate the level of dioxin in Indian population. In 2000, Subramanianet al. have found high level of dioxin in the human breast milk collected from New Delhi, Mumbai, and Kolkata.[Movable Axial Flow Blower] Recently, in January 2017 appreciating the importance of the presence of dioxins in the environment,IP44 Battery Operated 1.5m 10 LED Cactus Pendant String Light.[Laparoscopic Instruments Trocar Laparoscopy Endoscopy Spiral Thoracic] Moreover, the incinerator ash is also hazardous and needs to be checked for the level of toxin before being sent to secured landfill. Therefore, keeping these points in consideration, most of the countries are shifting to alternative environmental friendly methods of BMW disposal. The Philippines has banned incinerator and Denmark has banned construction of incinerator.[New Product 4X2 Road Rescue Truck 2t 3t Road Wrecker Truck,Medical Neonate Disposable Hme Filter]

Alternative Technology for Biomedical Waste Disposal

The various new technologies for BMW disposal are categorized into four groups – thermal, chemical processes, irradiative processes, and biological processes.UV8d Wouxun High Gain Antenna Dual Band Antenna.[Hot Selling Customized Zinc Alloy Metal Cheap Glitter Medal for Souvenir]

Thermal processes are grouped into three – low, medium, and high.

1. Low heat technologies operate between 93°C and 177°C and include microwaves and autoclaves. In autoclave, steam is used as a method for sterilization. Autoclaves are classified based on the method for removal of air pickets – Gravity/downward displacement and prevacuum/high vacuum. Since air evacuation is more effective in autoclaves with a prevacuum or multiple vacuum cycles, these are better.Inner Tube 23.1-26 Agricultural Farm Tractor Tyre Tire. The evacuated air is disinfected before disposal into the environment by passing through a high-efficiency particulate absolute (HEPA) filter as it may contain pathogens. All infectious waste including cultures, human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns) and sharps, and medical instruments are sterilized in autoclave. Hazardous waste and chemicals cannot be autoclaved as they release toxic emissions. Furthermore, heat resistant containers, beddings, and other bulky waste cannot be disinfected in autoclave.[Drinking Mineral Water Filling Machine/Water Bottling Plant] Microwave uses moist heat and steam generated by microwave energy to disinfect. All infectious waste including human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns), and sharps are sterilized in microwave. Volatile, semi-volatile organic compounds, mercury,Xanthan Gum 80/200mesh Food Grade. The advantage of using microwave for BMW disposal is minimal emissions. Its disadvantage include requirement of high capital for setup, problem of odor near the machine, and there is a chance of leak of microwave energy

2. Medium heat technologies operate between 177°C and 540°C and include reverse polymerization and thermal depolymerization. This involves the application of high-energy microwaves in nitrogen atmosphere to BMW to breakdown the organic matter. As the waste absorbs the microwave energy, its internal energy increase and chemical decomposition take place at molecular level. Nitrogen provides an oxygen-free environment so that combustion does not take place. Then, shredders are used to mutilate the waste[Fine Tuning Butterfly Valve with Adjustable Handwheel]

3. High heat technologies operate between 540°C and 8300°C and include pyrolysis – oxidation, plasma pyrolysis, induction-based pyrolysis, and lase-based pyrolysis. In pyrolysis oxidation, inside the pyrolysis chamber, the organic solid and liquid waste vaporize at high temperature (approximately 594°C) leaving behind inert ash and glass and metal fragments. This is followed by second step, wherein combustion of the vapors takes place at a temperature of 982°C –1093°C in a chamber and clean exhaust steam is later released.

Plasma pyrolysis uses plasma torches to generate plasma energy. In plasma state, the ionized gas can conduct electric current, but due to its high resistance, the electric energy is converted to heat energy. The residue generated include carbon black, vitrified glass aggregates, and metallic residues. A wide variety of waste can be destroyed in plasma-based technology – infectious waste, sharps, plastics, dialysis waste, hazardous waste, chemotherapeutic waste, chemotherapy waste, and low-level radioactive waste (Moulding Part and Mould for Precision Parts,Electronics/Electrics,Automotive,Elbow Pipe,Industrial,Plastic Mould,Multi-Cavities Mould, Overmoulding, 2K Mould.).Full Automatic Folding Gluing and Stitching Combined Inline, waste residue is inert and sterile, i.e., environment friendly,Dn50 Heat Resistant Flexible Steam Rubber Hose Pipe(95%) and mass (80%–90%). Its disadvantage includes high capital cost, high operation cost, high electrical usage, limited lifespan of plasma torch and may generate dioxins in poorly designed setup.[Shacman F3000 6X4 LNG Tractor Truck/Prime Mover]

Conclusions

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References