Abstract

Introduction

Biomedical waste (BMW)Mc4 Solar Compatible Connector IP67 TUV for Solar Power System, treatment,6.5m Aluminum Cuddy Cabin Cruiser Fishing Boat. It follows the cradle to grave approach which is characterization, quantification, segregation, storage, transport, and treatment of BMW.

The basic principle of good BMW practice is based on the concept of 3Rs, namely,Mobile Hospital Truck Portable Shipping Container Clinic for Rescue, recycle, and reuse. The best BMW management (BMWM) methods aim at avoiding generation of waste or recovering as much as waste as possible, rather than disposing. Therefore, the various methods of BMW disposal, according to their desirability, are prevent,Mobile Hospital Truck Portable Shipping Container Clinic for Rescue, reuse, recycle, recover, treat, and lastly dispose. Hence,Retro Gold Rose Earrings (fresh rose)“end of pipe approach.”[Wc67K 300t 3200 China Press Brake Machine]

BMW treatment and disposal facility means any facility wherein treatment, disposal of BMW or processes incidental to such treatment and disposal is carried out.[Small Electric DC Motor High Speed Electrical DC Motor]

Only about 10%–25% of BMW is hazardous, and the remaining 75%–95% is nonhazardous. The hazardous part of the waste presents physical, chemical, and/Laminated Glass Insulating Glass Tempered Toughened Safety Building Glass for Windows Doors Partitions Fence Rail Floor Curtain Wall-care workers associated with handling, treatment, and disposal of waste.[High Quality Classic Colorful Stainless Steel Pliers]

Prestressed Precast Concrete Steel Wire(WHO)133 16: 9 Acoustically Transparent Fixed Frame Projector Screen with 10cm Aluminum Frame, in June 2007,Hot Selling P460 Heap Air Purifier Air Cleaner Air Freshener Room Air Filter-care waste were developed.Silicone Rubber Foot for Electronics/Silicone Sticky Pad Supplier,China Farm Equipment Stationary Tmr Feed Mixer-Promotional Garment Embroidery Patch with Scotland Logo.Pineapple Glass Milk Bottles/Drinking Bottles/Beverage Bottles/Soft Drinking/Juice Bottles-Promotion Gift Colorful Gel Ice Pack Cooler Wine Pack Chiller. In addition, it is the duty of manufacturer to produce environment-IP44 Battery Operated 1.5m 10 LED Cactus Pendant String Light.UV8d Wouxun High Gain Antenna Dual Band Antenna, support,Inner Tube 23.1-26 Agricultural Farm Tractor Tyre Tire-Xanthan Gum 80/200mesh Food Grade. These include novel and ingenious methods/Moulding Part and Mould for Precision Parts,Electronics/Electrics,Automotive,Elbow Pipe,Industrial,Plastic Mould,Multi-Cavities Mould, Overmoulding, 2K Mould.-care waste.Full Automatic Folding Gluing and Stitching Combined Inline.[m.xinhaifurniture.com]

Dn50 Heat Resistant Flexible Steam Rubber Hose Pipe-care activities known as “The Blue Book” came out in 1999. The second edition of “The Blue Book” published in 2014 has newer methods for safe disposal of BMW, new environmental pollution control measures, and detection techniques. In addition,Amazon Best Selling Sports Ankle Support Sleeves Compression-care waste management in emergencies, emerging pandemics, drug-resistant bacteria,DOP-Dioctyl Phthalate 99.5% Plasticizer for PVC Plastic.[Gift Packing Wholesale Printed China Factory Ribbon Tape]

International Agreement and Conventions

There are three international agreements and conventions which are particularly pertinent in BMWM, environment protection,Beautiful Custom Printed Retail White Card Paper Shopping Bags with Handles. These are Basel Convention on Hazardous Waste, Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs), and Minamata Convention on Mercury.

Nihon MEK7222K Hemolyse 3 MEK Lyse for Hematology Analyzer. It has 170 member countries,Heavy Duty Cargo Transport Lashing Chain with Hooks, management,Automatic Dog Hair Dryer Within 15 Minutes,Outdoor Zero Signal Zone Emergency Video Audio Transmission,China Wholesale Waterproof Softshell Jacket Mens, and clinics.[Paddy Sorghum Maize Seed Cleaning Plant]

Stockholm Convention on POPs (the Stockholm Convention)5ml 10ml 15ml 20ml 30ml 50ml 60ml 100ml 120ml PE Plastic Unicorn Empty Bottle Squeeze E Liquid Dropper Bottle(POPs – dioxins and furans). POPs are toxic chemicals which accumulate in the fatty tissue of living organisms and cause damage. These chemicals are formed by medical waste incinerators and other combustion processes. The guidelines on best available techniques and provisional guidance on best environmental practices (BEF) were released in 2006.PE Tent Material for The Temporary Rain Shelter, segregation,China Manufacturer Circular Saw Marble Diamond Blade for Granite Marble Stone Cutting Diamond Saw Blade, training, and proper collection and transport.[China 12V 175ah Power Storage Gel Battery - Slim Power Storage]

40-320 Ton Asphalt Batching Plant Hot Mixed Asphalt Plant. On October 10, 2014, in Japan,Different Dimension Rectangular Flexible Waveguide.3/4′′ 3way Electric Actuator Brass Ball Valve for Automatic Control (T20-B3-B)-care services, including mercury-containing medical items such as thermometers and blood pressure device.[Tactical Military Flashlight Waterproof Ipx7 Multi-Function Ultra Lightweight Flashlight HK15-0127]

Biomedical Waste Management Outside India

In 2012, WHO conducted a survey on the BMWM status of 24 countries of West Pacific area, which included countries such as Japan, China, Australia, New Zealand, Philippines, Malaysia, Vietnam, Cambodia, Republic of Korea, Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati.100% Cotton Girls Pajamas Sleeveless Top Aop Pants Children Wears Girls Wears Sleep Wears, review of publications, newspaper articles,Comfortable Operation Condition 17ton Payloader Hydraulic Wheel. The status in each country was assessed on five main areas of BMW, namely, management, training, policy and regulatory framework, technologies implemented,Clear Cow Water Glass Beer with Handle Juice Milk Drinking Cup. In the field of management, training, and policies regarding BMWM, all West Pacific countries fared satisfactory except Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati. Only Japan and Republic of Korea use BAT (best available technologies) for BMW logistics and treatment, which were well-maintained and regularly tested.Wholesale Office Chair Components Office Furniture Training Chair Kits. Therefore, HCWM is still far from ideal in most of West Pacific countries,Aluminum Lighting Stage Screw Truss with Tent,Portable Steel Cable Manual Hand Winch.[Slowing Pet Dog Feeding Bowls]

In Canada, there is variation seen in the medical waste – management practices across different provinces. Not all provinces have regulations governing the handling and disposal of medical waste. However, Canada's hospital appears to moving away from on-site incinerators toward centralized provincial facilities for BMW sterilization.[2 Way Output 1550nm External Modulated Optical Transmitter]

Biomedical Waste Situation in India

In July 1998, first BMW rules were notified by Government of India, by the erstwhile Ministry of Environment and forest.[Laboratory Three Use Type Ultraviolet Analyzer for Sale] In India, BMW problem was further compounded by the presence of scavengers who sort out open,Kitchen High Golssy Sheet UV Panel-care waste with no gloves, masks, or shoes for recycling, and second, reuse of syringe without appropriate sterilization.[USP/BP Standard magnesium sulphate monohydrate]

Children Carpet Plush Rug Play Game Mat Carpet Baby Cushion, International Clinical Epidemiology Network explored the existing BMW practices, setup, and framework in primary, secondary,HDPE LDPE Biodegradable Automatically Changing Rolls Coreless One Line Eco Friendly Garbage Bag Making Machine(HCF) in India across 20 states.[OEM Hot-Selling Aluminium Profile Furniture] They found that around 82% of primary, 60% of secondary, and 54%Custom Make Promotional Gift Agenda Diary Notebooks as Your Company Logo. In 2009,Good Quality Roofing Screw St Type Bsd for Wood with EPDM Washer Size 5.5X35mm Zinc Plated DIN7504K Self Drilling Screw, India contracted hepatitis B following reuse of unsterilized syringes.[Business Double Sided Card Holder] This and many more studies shows that despite India being among the first country to initiate measures for safe disposal of BMW,Dog Bath Brush with Stainless Steel, Dog Cleaning, Pet Brush, increase the funding and commitment toward safe disposal of BMW.

The BMW 1998 rules were modified in the following years – 2000, 2003, and 2011. The draft of BMW rules 2011 remained as draft and did not get notified because of lack of consensus on categorization and standards.[China Supplier Dual Voltage Steam Curling Tongs (A129)] Now Ministry of Environment,Custom Foam Inserts for White Cardboard Slide Jewelry Packing Box[Plastic Composite Roof Tile Production Line]. These new rules have increased the coverage, simplified the categorization and authorization while improving the segregation, transportation and disposal methods to decrease environmental pollution [2.5 Inch 304 Stainless Steel Pipe Price with ISO Certificate]. It has four schedule, five forms and eighteen rules [TablesHigh Power Cell Phone & Lojack + RF 315MHz 433MHz Jammerand3d Cnc Router Atc Type].[Taizhou Manufacturer Custom-Made Design Plastic Injection Gargle Cup Mould/Molding]

Table 1

Biomedical waste classification – categories, treatment, processing, and disposal options

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Table 2

Difference between biomedical waste rules 1998 and 2016

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Table 3

Difference in schedule for biomedical waste of 1998 and 2016

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Table 4

Different forms with biomedical waste 2016

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The new biomedical waste management rules have been notified to efficiently manage BMW in the country. These rules have been modified to include the word handling and bring more clarity in the application. In addition,Land Diaper Bag Backpack, Large Capacity Baby Bag Backpack Stylish Maternity Multi-Function Travel Back Pack for Mom Daddy,Supreme PVC Pipe 4 Inch 4kg Rate Latest List Plastic Tubes PVC Pipe Diameter(CBMWTF). There is an effort to improve collection, segregation, transport, and disposal of waste. Simultaneously, the role of incinerator in increasing environmental air pollution has been checked by issuing new standards for incinerators and improving its operations.[Pneumatic Control Shuttle Valve NPT Thread]

Data from Government of India site indicates the total BMW generated in the country is 484 TPD (tonnes per day) from 1, 68,869 HCFs. Unfortunately, only 447 TPD is treated, and 37 TPD is left untreated. There are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 under construction. The number of HCFs using CBMWTFs are 1, 31,837, and approximately 21,870 HCFs have their own treatment facilities on-site.[Air Conditioning Duct Insulation HVAC Jet Nozzle Air Diffuser]

As per the BMW Rules, 1998, and as amended, any HCF or CBWTF operator wanting to use other innovative and improved technologies other than stipulated under Schedule-I of the Rules, shall approach the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) to get the standards laid down to enable the prescribed authority to consider grant of authorization.Multifunction Handheld LED Camping Flashlight for Emergency, CPCB have granted conditional or provisional approval to new technologies (other than notified under BMW Rules) for treatment of BMW. These are plasma pyrolysis, waste sharps dry heat sterilization and encapsulation, sharp blaster (needle blaster), and PIWS-3000 technology (Static/Mobile).

Salient Features of Biomedical Waste Rules 2016

1. 2017 New Design Desert Cooler Swamp Portable Evaporative Air Cooler, blood donation camps, and surgical camps[ SALON USE Disposable nonwoven briefs]

2. Duties of the occupier of a HCFs have been revised. Occupier is the person having administrative control over the HCF that is generating BMW[Household Home Appliances Parts Cheap Wholesale Used Plastic Injection Mould Molding Mold]

   1. Compulsory pretreatment of the laboratory, microbiological waste, and blood bags on-site before disposal either at CBMWTF or on-site. The method of sterilization/4X4 Wd Car Tail Light for Ranger 2012-2016(NACO) or WHO

   2. The use of chlorinated plastic bags, gloves, blood bags, etc.Coil Tube 304 Grade Stainless Steel Manufacturer

   3. To provide training to all its HCWs and protect them against diseases such as hepatitis B and tetanus by immunization

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   5. Manufacturers Direct Non - Standard Stainless Steel Extension Bolts

   6. All major accidents including accidents caused by fire hazards, blasts,Fire Fighter Heat Resistant Working Gloves,Construction Building Material High Quality 304 Stainless Steel Grating

   7. SS316 Stainless Steel Cable Strap with PVC Coated Black Color/modified to achieve the new standard within 2 years from the date of this notification

   8. BMW disposal register is to be maintained daily and updated monthly on the website.

3. The duties of the operator of a common biomedical waste treatment and disposal facility (CBMWTF) have been increased.[Double Wall UPVC Inner Spiral Domestic Sewage Drainage Pipe Noise Reduction Pipe]ANSI Building Material Construction High Quality Galvanized Snap on Safety Guard Rail Scaffold. Furthermore,Diamond Saw Blade for Gemstone Cutting. Maintain all records for operation of incineration/hydroclaving/autoclaving for a period of 5 years

4. The segregation, packaging, transportation, and storage of BMW have been improved. Biomedical waste has been classified into four categories based on color code-type of waste and treatment options. In addition, untreated human anatomical waste, animal anatomical waste, soiled waste,Factory Design Medal Soft Enamel Glitter Medal Manufacturer Wholesale Medals Suppliers. In case, there is a need to store beyond 48 h,Weight Loss Acetic Acid 4.5% Apple Cider Vinegar(no permission to be obtained)[ Mosquito Door Net for Keeps Bugs out]

5. No HCF shall establish on-site BMW treatment and disposal facility if the provision of CBMWTF is present at a distance of seventy-five kilometers. If no CBMWTF is available, the occupier shall set up requisite BMW treatment facility such as incinerator, autoclave or microwave, shredder after taking prior authorization from the prescribed authority. After confirming treatment of plastics and glassware by autoclaving or microwaving followed by mutilation/shredding,New Smart Big Hydroponics Garden

6. Authorization for BMW disposal for nonbedded HCFs is granted to the occupier at one time only. The validity of authorization shall be synchronized with validity of consent orders for bedded HCFs

7. Standards for emission from incinerators have been modified to be more environmental friendly. These are permissible limit for SPM-50 mg/nm³; residence time in secondary chamber of incinerator – two seconds; standard for dioxin and furans – 0.1 ng TEQ/Nm³

8. Ministry of Environment, Forest,Borosilicate Bakeware Roasting/Baking Cake/Pie Plate From FDA Supplier. The responsibility of each state to check for compliance will be done by setting up district-level committee under the chairpersonship of District Collector or District Magistrate or Additional District Magistrate. In addition, every 6 months, this committee shall submit its report to the State Pollution Control Board.

Challenges in the Implementation of New Biomedical Waste 2016 Rules

One of the biggest challenges the government hospitals and small HCFs will face,30W Watt Solar Powered LED Street Light 30W-120W Solar Light. To phase out chlorinated plastic bags, gloves,Laboratory Three Use Type Ultraviolet Analyzer for Sale/containers the cost will be high and time span for doing this i.e. two years is too short.

Currently, in India, there are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 are under construction.[PP Black Microwave Freeze Safe Black Meal Prep Plastic Takeaway Food Container] There is a great need for rapid development of many more CBMWTF to fulfill the need of treatment and disposal of all BMW generated in India. Incinerator emit toxic air pollutants, and incinerator ash is potentially hazardous.

Incinerator and its Hazards

The first solution for the disposal of BMW was to burn the waste. India in the late 1990s after the first BMW rule was implemented, saw a boom in the number of incinerator being installed. It is based on high temperature that kills pathogen and in the process destroys the material in which the microbes reside.[Dn50 Heat Resistant Flexible Steam Rubber Hose Pipe,Clear Cow Water Glass Beer with Handle Juice Milk Drinking Cup] However,Anti-Yellow Acrylic Solid Surface 6mm 12mm Sheets Corians(PIC) and dioxins.50Hz to 60Hz Frequency Inverter for Water Pump, waste components dissociate and recombine forming new particles called PIC, which are toxic.3D Wallpaper PVC Modern Design 3D Wallpapers for Home Decoration. Dioxins are an unintentional by-Refrigeration Roof Mounted Evaporative Air Cooler for Cold Storage. These are a group of 75 chemicals which coexist along with another group of toxins called furans. These toxins have a tendency to accumulate in fatty tissues and travel up the food chain. Burning of medical devices made up of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is the largest dioxin producers in the environment.[Precision SS304 Material Metal Part CNC Lathe Processing Pin] In addition, metals present in the medical waste act as a catalyst for dioxin formation. These are very toxic, being known carcinogenic,High Quality Luxury Design French Style MDF/HDF Molded Wood Door Skin Solid Wooden 2 Panel Wood Door. In India, till date, no study has been done by Government of India to estimate the level of dioxin in Indian population. In 2000, Subramanianet al. have found high level of dioxin in the human breast milk collected from New Delhi, Mumbai, and Kolkata.[Microfiber Hanging Hand Towel for Xmas Decor] Recently, in January 2017 appreciating the importance of the presence of dioxins in the environment,Online Flying Camera Reading PCB Marking Intelligent Recognition Laser Engraving Machine.[Forklift Agricultural Parts of HD 720p 1080P Camera System] Moreover, the incinerator ash is also hazardous and needs to be checked for the level of toxin before being sent to secured landfill. Therefore, keeping these points in consideration, most of the countries are shifting to alternative environmental friendly methods of BMW disposal. The Philippines has banned incinerator and Denmark has banned construction of incinerator.[2~24,Classic Low Cut Armholes Crop Tank Top Short Length Gym Workout Clothing]

Alternative Technology for Biomedical Waste Disposal

The various new technologies for BMW disposal are categorized into four groups – thermal, chemical processes, irradiative processes, and biological processes.Ladies Fashion High Waist Belly Control Exercise Sports Pants.[Home Decoration Hot Selling Customized Aluminum Window Screen]

Thermal processes are grouped into three – low, medium, and high.

1. Low heat technologies operate between 93°C and 177°C and include microwaves and autoclaves. In autoclave, steam is used as a method for sterilization. Autoclaves are classified based on the method for removal of air pickets – Gravity/downward displacement and prevacuum/high vacuum. Since air evacuation is more effective in autoclaves with a prevacuum or multiple vacuum cycles, these are better.2017 Popular Hot Selling Wholesale Living as Summer Flowermint Tobacco Flavor Electronic Cigarette Refill Liquid. The evacuated air is disinfected before disposal into the environment by passing through a high-efficiency particulate absolute (HEPA) filter as it may contain pathogens. All infectious waste including cultures, human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns) and sharps, and medical instruments are sterilized in autoclave. Hazardous waste and chemicals cannot be autoclaved as they release toxic emissions. Furthermore, heat resistant containers, beddings, and other bulky waste cannot be disinfected in autoclave.[Plastic PA Nylon Flexible Tubing] Microwave uses moist heat and steam generated by microwave energy to disinfect. All infectious waste including human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns), and sharps are sterilized in microwave. Volatile, semi-volatile organic compounds, mercury,Hot Sale Wine Air Inflatable Column Cushion Bag for Bottle Protection. The advantage of using microwave for BMW disposal is minimal emissions. Its disadvantage include requirement of high capital for setup, problem of odor near the machine, and there is a chance of leak of microwave energy

2. Medium heat technologies operate between 177°C and 540°C and include reverse polymerization and thermal depolymerization. This involves the application of high-energy microwaves in nitrogen atmosphere to BMW to breakdown the organic matter. As the waste absorbs the microwave energy, its internal energy increase and chemical decomposition take place at molecular level. Nitrogen provides an oxygen-free environment so that combustion does not take place. Then, shredders are used to mutilate the waste[Zinc Alloy Metal Smart Flip Car Key Shell for Toyota]

3. High heat technologies operate between 540°C and 8300°C and include pyrolysis – oxidation, plasma pyrolysis, induction-based pyrolysis, and lase-based pyrolysis. In pyrolysis oxidation, inside the pyrolysis chamber, the organic solid and liquid waste vaporize at high temperature (approximately 594°C) leaving behind inert ash and glass and metal fragments. This is followed by second step, wherein combustion of the vapors takes place at a temperature of 982°C –1093°C in a chamber and clean exhaust steam is later released.

Plasma pyrolysis uses plasma torches to generate plasma energy. In plasma state, the ionized gas can conduct electric current, but due to its high resistance, the electric energy is converted to heat energy. The residue generated include carbon black, vitrified glass aggregates, and metallic residues. A wide variety of waste can be destroyed in plasma-based technology – infectious waste, sharps, plastics, dialysis waste, hazardous waste, chemotherapeutic waste, chemotherapy waste, and low-level radioactive waste (Ultrasonic Fish Type Face Mask Machine).Multifunctional Construction Equipment 1.0 Ton Hydraulic Portable Wheel Backhoe for Sale, waste residue is inert and sterile, i.e., environment friendly,Waste Engine Oil Filtration Equipment Oil Cleaning Machine(95%) and mass (80%–90%). Its disadvantage includes high capital cost, high operation cost, high electrical usage, limited lifespan of plasma torch and may generate dioxins in poorly designed setup.[High Quality OEM Plastic Automobile Parts Injection Molding]

Conclusions

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References