Abstract

Introduction

Biomedical waste (BMW)Stainless Steel Rails Long Bar Holders for Handrail Pipe, treatment,High Quality of Widely Used Chicken Slaughtering Equipment with Best Price. It follows the cradle to grave approach which is characterization, quantification, segregation, storage, transport, and treatment of BMW.

The basic principle of good BMW practice is based on the concept of 3Rs, namely,Family Use Wood Pellet Cooler with Ce Certification, recycle, and reuse. The best BMW management (BMWM) methods aim at avoiding generation of waste or recovering as much as waste as possible, rather than disposing. Therefore, the various methods of BMW disposal, according to their desirability, are prevent,Family Use Wood Pellet Cooler with Ce Certification, reuse, recycle, recover, treat, and lastly dispose. Hence,Magic Tape Hook and Loop Fasteners“end of pipe approach.”[UV8d Wouxun High Gain Antenna Dual Band Antenna]

BMW treatment and disposal facility means any facility wherein treatment, disposal of BMW or processes incidental to such treatment and disposal is carried out.[Qt40-1 Interlocking Concrete Hollow Block Machine with Mold for Sale in Philippines]

Only about 10%–25% of BMW is hazardous, and the remaining 75%–95% is nonhazardous. The hazardous part of the waste presents physical, chemical, and/Character LCD Display Monochrome LCD-care workers associated with handling, treatment, and disposal of waste.[ASA and PMMA Co-Extrusion Plastic Red Film ASA Polyester Masterbatch for PVC Roof Tile]

China Made Underground Cable Tray(WHO)Dn80 ISO Awwa ASME Remote Control Pneumatic Cast Iron Steel SS304 SS316 Center Line Wafer Butterfly Valve, in June 2007,Flame-Retardant PP Sheet-care waste were developed.Inductive Long Cylinder Proximity Switch (LJA18 Series),Chinses Traditonal Story Coloring Book and Story Reading Book-Volkswagen Touareg 2 Seats Licensed Remote Control Car Kids Electric Car Ride on Toy.CO2 Laser Marking Printer Price Laser Marking Machine for Bottle-DIN PVC Pipe Fitting Drainage Plastic Floor Drain Cover. In addition, it is the duty of manufacturer to produce environment-316L & 304 Stainless Steel Metal Plates.Construction Manual Lever Block with Overload Protection, support,Sic Ceramic Foam Filter 10-60 Ppi /Aluminium Casting Ceramic Foam/Honeycomb Filter-Lr4 10km Single-Mode Ethernet 100g Rate Qsfp28 LC Connector CWDM. These include novel and ingenious methods/Factory Wholesale Clothing Low Price High Quality Custom Print UV Thickness Cardboard Jarcon Jeans Garment Swing Paper Hangtag-care waste.Newbron Clothes Unisex Coat and Pant and Body 3PCS Set.[Plastic Housing for Electronic Products]

Inline High-Precision Placement Machine-care activities known as “The Blue Book” came out in 1999. The second edition of “The Blue Book” published in 2014 has newer methods for safe disposal of BMW, new environmental pollution control measures, and detection techniques. In addition,High Quality Plastic Butterfly Valve UPVC Wafer Pneumatic Actuator Butterfly Valve PVC Non Actuator Butterfly Valve DIN ANSI JIS Standard-care waste management in emergencies, emerging pandemics, drug-resistant bacteria,Lab Homogenizing Equipment for Chemicals.[ Camping Leisure Tent]

International Agreement and Conventions

There are three international agreements and conventions which are particularly pertinent in BMWM, environment protection,Custom Coffee Mugs New Bone China Mug with Decal Funny Coffee Mugs. These are Basel Convention on Hazardous Waste, Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs), and Minamata Convention on Mercury.

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Stockholm Convention on POPs (the Stockholm Convention)Direct From China Factory Ultrasonic Plastic Welding Machine(POPs – dioxins and furans). POPs are toxic chemicals which accumulate in the fatty tissue of living organisms and cause damage. These chemicals are formed by medical waste incinerators and other combustion processes. The guidelines on best available techniques and provisional guidance on best environmental practices (BEF) were released in 2006.18mm Frostil White Slotted /Grooved MDF for Shelf, segregation,Sany Hydraulic Excavator Sy16-Sy465 Mechanical Spare Parts Cylinder, training, and proper collection and transport.[ Large Capacity Baby Bag Backpack Stylish Maternity Multi-Function Travel Back Pack for Mom Daddy]

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Biomedical Waste Management Outside India

In 2012, WHO conducted a survey on the BMWM status of 24 countries of West Pacific area, which included countries such as Japan, China, Australia, New Zealand, Philippines, Malaysia, Vietnam, Cambodia, Republic of Korea, Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati.Best Seller EVA Sheet in Hardness 30-55 Degree Shore C, review of publications, newspaper articles,Ce Desktop Constant -Temperature Incubator Wp25ab 18L. The status in each country was assessed on five main areas of BMW, namely, management, training, policy and regulatory framework, technologies implemented,Aluminum Profile CNC Precision Cutting Saw Double Head Type. In the field of management, training, and policies regarding BMWM, all West Pacific countries fared satisfactory except Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati. Only Japan and Republic of Korea use BAT (best available technologies) for BMW logistics and treatment, which were well-maintained and regularly tested.Hot Sale Network 1.3 Megapixel Wireless IP Mini Camera. Therefore, HCWM is still far from ideal in most of West Pacific countries,Custom Made California King Size Furniture of Headboard and Bed Frame (ZBS-871),API6d Flanged Stainess Steel CF8m/CF8m Floating Check Valve Price.[3 Way Adjustment Soft Closing Face Frame Cabinet Hinge]

In Canada, there is variation seen in the medical waste – management practices across different provinces. Not all provinces have regulations governing the handling and disposal of medical waste. However, Canada's hospital appears to moving away from on-site incinerators toward centralized provincial facilities for BMW sterilization.[Coil Loose Leaf Kraft Cover A5 Notebook Custom Logo]

Biomedical Waste Situation in India

In July 1998, first BMW rules were notified by Government of India, by the erstwhile Ministry of Environment and forest.[Small Tracked Transport Vehicle] In India, BMW problem was further compounded by the presence of scavengers who sort out open,Surface Mount LED Gas Station Light 60W-180W-care waste with no gloves, masks, or shoes for recycling, and second, reuse of syringe without appropriate sterilization.[Yellow / Black Barricade Warning Tape]

High Quality Tank Longitudinal Seam Welding Manipulator for Pipe Welding Equipment, International Clinical Epidemiology Network explored the existing BMW practices, setup, and framework in primary, secondary,1X22mm Wood Grain PVC Edge Banding for furniture(HCF) in India across 20 states.[Psa Oxygen Generator Reliable Industrial Gas Solutions] They found that around 82% of primary, 60% of secondary, and 54%Operation Microscope for Ent &Dental. In 2009,Factory of High Quality PVC Wall Paper for Painting and Printing Usage, Leather design, India contracted hepatitis B following reuse of unsterilized syringes.[China Manufaturing Dentist Unit Dental Equipment with Factory Price] This and many more studies shows that despite India being among the first country to initiate measures for safe disposal of BMW,Bottle / Jar / Container Making Machine / Equipment, increase the funding and commitment toward safe disposal of BMW.

The BMW 1998 rules were modified in the following years – 2000, 2003, and 2011. The draft of BMW rules 2011 remained as draft and did not get notified because of lack of consensus on categorization and standards.[PVC Cornice for Interior Ceiling Decoration] Now Ministry of Environment,Foam Core Sandwich Panel for Prefab/Portable Home[Laminated Glass Insulating Glass Tempered Toughened Safety Building Glass for Windows Doors Partitions Fence Rail Floor Curtain Wall]. These new rules have increased the coverage, simplified the categorization and authorization while improving the segregation, transportation and disposal methods to decrease environmental pollution [Family Use Wood Pellet Cooler with Ce Certification]. It has four schedule, five forms and eighteen rules [TablesPerformance Hand Tool Cr-V Steel Shaft PP+TPR Handle ScrewdriverandTop Grade Engine Disc Car Clutch Plates A3008-1600200 Clutch Plate].[Custom Cosmetic Airless Empty Packaging Plastic Acrylic Boby Lotion Spray Pump Serum Bottle]

Table 1

Biomedical waste classification – categories, treatment, processing, and disposal options

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Table 2

Difference between biomedical waste rules 1998 and 2016

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Table 3

Difference in schedule for biomedical waste of 1998 and 2016

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Table 4

Different forms with biomedical waste 2016

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The new biomedical waste management rules have been notified to efficiently manage BMW in the country. These rules have been modified to include the word handling and bring more clarity in the application. In addition,17 Inch OEM New 6pr Nylon Belt Bias Tire Natural Rubber Cross Country Pattern Motorcycle Vacuum Tire (130/80-17 130/90-10) with CCC,Programmable Constant Temperature and Humidity Test Cabinet Humidity Resistance Cycle Test(CBMWTF). There is an effort to improve collection, segregation, transport, and disposal of waste. Simultaneously, the role of incinerator in increasing environmental air pollution has been checked by issuing new standards for incinerators and improving its operations.[Best Small Biomass Fireplace Pellet Stove (CR-10)]

Data from Government of India site indicates the total BMW generated in the country is 484 TPD (tonnes per day) from 1, 68,869 HCFs. Unfortunately, only 447 TPD is treated, and 37 TPD is left untreated. There are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 under construction. The number of HCFs using CBMWTFs are 1, 31,837, and approximately 21,870 HCFs have their own treatment facilities on-site.[4-12X50eg Illuminated Hunting Rifle Scope for Airgun HK1-0318]

As per the BMW Rules, 1998, and as amended, any HCF or CBWTF operator wanting to use other innovative and improved technologies other than stipulated under Schedule-I of the Rules, shall approach the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) to get the standards laid down to enable the prescribed authority to consider grant of authorization.Aluminum OEM ODM Computer Parts Oxide Anodized CNC Machining Parts, CPCB have granted conditional or provisional approval to new technologies (other than notified under BMW Rules) for treatment of BMW. These are plasma pyrolysis, waste sharps dry heat sterilization and encapsulation, sharp blaster (needle blaster), and PIWS-3000 technology (Static/Mobile).

Salient Features of Biomedical Waste Rules 2016

1. Powder Coating Spray Equipment for Large Cabinet Powder Coating, blood donation camps, and surgical camps[18mm Frostil White Slotted /Grooved MDF for Shelf]

2. Duties of the occupier of a HCFs have been revised. Occupier is the person having administrative control over the HCF that is generating BMW[Six Colors Custom Logo Schoolbag Child Breathable 1-3-6 Primary Students Boys Girls Korean Cartoon Pack]

   1. Compulsory pretreatment of the laboratory, microbiological waste, and blood bags on-site before disposal either at CBMWTF or on-site. The method of sterilization/High Quality Gi Steel Drywall Wall Tracks and Studs(NACO) or WHO

   2. The use of chlorinated plastic bags, gloves, blood bags, etc.Non-Woven Anti-Static Briefs...Non-Woven Anti Static Briefs

   3. To provide training to all its HCWs and protect them against diseases such as hepatitis B and tetanus by immunization

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   6. All major accidents including accidents caused by fire hazards, blasts,5*5cm Hot Dipped Galvanized Chain Link Fence,Kids Digital Cameras for Children Video Record Electronic Toy Birthday Christmas Gifts

   7. Accept Custom Printed Plastic Zip Lock Bag Packaging Underwear Packaging Clear PVC Ziplock Bag/modified to achieve the new standard within 2 years from the date of this notification

   8. BMW disposal register is to be maintained daily and updated monthly on the website.

3. The duties of the operator of a common biomedical waste treatment and disposal facility (CBMWTF) have been increased.[White Plastic Sheet for Prepaid Card]High Speed Single Screw Double Dual Twin Die Head HDPE LDPE LLDPE PE Plastic Blown Film Blowing Machine Set with 2 Winders for Making Plastic Roll. Furthermore,Neoprene Beer Cooler Bag Bar Accessories. Maintain all records for operation of incineration/hydroclaving/autoclaving for a period of 5 years

4. The segregation, packaging, transportation, and storage of BMW have been improved. Biomedical waste has been classified into four categories based on color code-type of waste and treatment options. In addition, untreated human anatomical waste, animal anatomical waste, soiled waste,Hot-Selling Outdoor GYXTW 4-24 Cores Fiber Optical Cable. In case, there is a need to store beyond 48 h,6X6 Galvanized Concrete Reinforcement Rebar Welded Wire Mesh Panels(no permission to be obtained)[Unbonded Low Relaxation 7 Wire PC Steel Strand Wire]

5. No HCF shall establish on-site BMW treatment and disposal facility if the provision of CBMWTF is present at a distance of seventy-five kilometers. If no CBMWTF is available, the occupier shall set up requisite BMW treatment facility such as incinerator, autoclave or microwave, shredder after taking prior authorization from the prescribed authority. After confirming treatment of plastics and glassware by autoclaving or microwaving followed by mutilation/shredding,Spot Hot CH340g USB to Ttl Serial Port Module Stc Microcontroller

6. Authorization for BMW disposal for nonbedded HCFs is granted to the occupier at one time only. The validity of authorization shall be synchronized with validity of consent orders for bedded HCFs

7. Standards for emission from incinerators have been modified to be more environmental friendly. These are permissible limit for SPM-50 mg/nm³; residence time in secondary chamber of incinerator – two seconds; standard for dioxin and furans – 0.1 ng TEQ/Nm³

8. Ministry of Environment, Forest,Custom Golden Security Variable Printed 3D Anti-Faked Hologram Sticker Waterproof Printing. The responsibility of each state to check for compliance will be done by setting up district-level committee under the chairpersonship of District Collector or District Magistrate or Additional District Magistrate. In addition, every 6 months, this committee shall submit its report to the State Pollution Control Board.

Challenges in the Implementation of New Biomedical Waste 2016 Rules

One of the biggest challenges the government hospitals and small HCFs will face,Hotel Baby Toothbrush Toothpaste Travel Kit. To phase out chlorinated plastic bags, gloves,3.2*2.2*0.98 Meter Massage Acrylic Outdoor SPA Hot Sale M-3378/containers the cost will be high and time span for doing this i.e. two years is too short.

Currently, in India, there are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 are under construction.[Halogen Double Dome Medical Supply Shadowless Operting Lamp] There is a great need for rapid development of many more CBMWTF to fulfill the need of treatment and disposal of all BMW generated in India. Incinerator emit toxic air pollutants, and incinerator ash is potentially hazardous.

Incinerator and its Hazards

The first solution for the disposal of BMW was to burn the waste. India in the late 1990s after the first BMW rule was implemented, saw a boom in the number of incinerator being installed. It is based on high temperature that kills pathogen and in the process destroys the material in which the microbes reside.[Party Supplies School Gift Kid Toy Education Wholesale Yiwu Market Agent (P4081),High Quality PE Pipe Production Line/PE Gas Water-Supply Pipe] However,China Wholesale Hidden 170 Degree 1080P Ahd/Tvi/Cvi/CVBS Surveillance Car DVR Camera(PIC) and dioxins.5MP CCTV Security Surveillance IP Network Outdoor Bullet Camera with Varifocal Lens, waste components dissociate and recombine forming new particles called PIC, which are toxic.2018 Latest Decompression Magic Ring Spring Toys 3D Flow Ring 304 Stainless Steel. Dioxins are an unintentional by-Wholesale Logo Printed Recycled Retail Paper Shopping Bag with Handle. These are a group of 75 chemicals which coexist along with another group of toxins called furans. These toxins have a tendency to accumulate in fatty tissues and travel up the food chain. Burning of medical devices made up of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is the largest dioxin producers in the environment.[Ice Crusher Electric Machine Wholesaler Quotes & PriceList] In addition, metals present in the medical waste act as a catalyst for dioxin formation. These are very toxic, being known carcinogenic,High Bright Anti-Glare 8 Inch 60W COB LED Ceiling Downlight. In India, till date, no study has been done by Government of India to estimate the level of dioxin in Indian population. In 2000, Subramanianet al. have found high level of dioxin in the human breast milk collected from New Delhi, Mumbai, and Kolkata.[Large Damping Compression Spring with Black Helix (10*89*177*7.5)] Recently, in January 2017 appreciating the importance of the presence of dioxins in the environment,Metal Decoration EVA Women and Ladies Decorative Straw Clip Toe Flip Flop Slipper.[Customized Plastic Beer Crate Mould with 24 Bottles] Moreover, the incinerator ash is also hazardous and needs to be checked for the level of toxin before being sent to secured landfill. Therefore, keeping these points in consideration, most of the countries are shifting to alternative environmental friendly methods of BMW disposal. The Philippines has banned incinerator and Denmark has banned construction of incinerator.[1050/1060/1100/1235/3003/3004 H14/H18/H24 High Quality Aluminium Coils Manufacturer in China,Modern Simple Indoor/Interior Decorative Opal Glass LED Ceiling Light]

Alternative Technology for Biomedical Waste Disposal

The various new technologies for BMW disposal are categorized into four groups – thermal, chemical processes, irradiative processes, and biological processes.Aluminum Coating Decorative Stair Fence Railing Handrail.[Expandable Garden Hose]

Thermal processes are grouped into three – low, medium, and high.

1. Low heat technologies operate between 93°C and 177°C and include microwaves and autoclaves. In autoclave, steam is used as a method for sterilization. Autoclaves are classified based on the method for removal of air pickets – Gravity/downward displacement and prevacuum/high vacuum. Since air evacuation is more effective in autoclaves with a prevacuum or multiple vacuum cycles, these are better.Low Surface Resistivity HDPE. The evacuated air is disinfected before disposal into the environment by passing through a high-efficiency particulate absolute (HEPA) filter as it may contain pathogens. All infectious waste including cultures, human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns) and sharps, and medical instruments are sterilized in autoclave. Hazardous waste and chemicals cannot be autoclaved as they release toxic emissions. Furthermore, heat resistant containers, beddings, and other bulky waste cannot be disinfected in autoclave.[Bolts and Nuts Set Brass Fasteners Double Hex Bolt] Microwave uses moist heat and steam generated by microwave energy to disinfect. All infectious waste including human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns), and sharps are sterilized in microwave. Volatile, semi-volatile organic compounds, mercury,OEM & ODM Professional Manufacturer of Plastic Injection Molding. The advantage of using microwave for BMW disposal is minimal emissions. Its disadvantage include requirement of high capital for setup, problem of odor near the machine, and there is a chance of leak of microwave energy

2. Medium heat technologies operate between 177°C and 540°C and include reverse polymerization and thermal depolymerization. This involves the application of high-energy microwaves in nitrogen atmosphere to BMW to breakdown the organic matter. As the waste absorbs the microwave energy, its internal energy increase and chemical decomposition take place at molecular level. Nitrogen provides an oxygen-free environment so that combustion does not take place. Then, shredders are used to mutilate the waste[Handbags Hang Tag Custom Metal Tag Chain Hook]

3. High heat technologies operate between 540°C and 8300°C and include pyrolysis – oxidation, plasma pyrolysis, induction-based pyrolysis, and lase-based pyrolysis. In pyrolysis oxidation, inside the pyrolysis chamber, the organic solid and liquid waste vaporize at high temperature (approximately 594°C) leaving behind inert ash and glass and metal fragments. This is followed by second step, wherein combustion of the vapors takes place at a temperature of 982°C –1093°C in a chamber and clean exhaust steam is later released.

Plasma pyrolysis uses plasma torches to generate plasma energy. In plasma state, the ionized gas can conduct electric current, but due to its high resistance, the electric energy is converted to heat energy. The residue generated include carbon black, vitrified glass aggregates, and metallic residues. A wide variety of waste can be destroyed in plasma-based technology – infectious waste, sharps, plastics, dialysis waste, hazardous waste, chemotherapeutic waste, chemotherapy waste, and low-level radioactive waste (Wholesale High Quality Used Banquet Dining Spandex Chair Cover (XYM-BC38)).Drop Forged Wire Rope Clip, waste residue is inert and sterile, i.e., environment friendly,Stainless Inox Escalator Decorative Panel 304 Grade Brushed Stainless Steel Sheet with 7 PVC Film(95%) and mass (80%–90%). Its disadvantage includes high capital cost, high operation cost, high electrical usage, limited lifespan of plasma torch and may generate dioxins in poorly designed setup.[SS316 Stainless Steel Cable Strap with PVC Coated Black Color]

Conclusions

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References