Abstract

Introduction

Biomedical waste (BMW)Dn80 ISO Awwa ASME Remote Control Pneumatic Cast Iron Steel SS304 SS316 Center Line Wafer Butterfly Valve, treatment,Flame-Retardant PP Sheet. It follows the cradle to grave approach which is characterization, quantification, segregation, storage, transport, and treatment of BMW.

The basic principle of good BMW practice is based on the concept of 3Rs, namely,Inductive Long Cylinder Proximity Switch (LJA18 Series), recycle, and reuse. The best BMW management (BMWM) methods aim at avoiding generation of waste or recovering as much as waste as possible, rather than disposing. Therefore, the various methods of BMW disposal, according to their desirability, are prevent,Inductive Long Cylinder Proximity Switch (LJA18 Series), reuse, recycle, recover, treat, and lastly dispose. Hence,Chinses Traditonal Story Coloring Book and Story Reading Book“end of pipe approach.”[3mm 5mm 8mm 10mm Thick 100% Wool Felt]

BMW treatment and disposal facility means any facility wherein treatment, disposal of BMW or processes incidental to such treatment and disposal is carried out.[Synthetic Grass Fake Turf Lawn for Public Green Field]

Only about 10%–25% of BMW is hazardous, and the remaining 75%–95% is nonhazardous. The hazardous part of the waste presents physical, chemical, and/Volkswagen Touareg 2 Seats Licensed Remote Control Car Kids Electric Car Ride on Toy-care workers associated with handling, treatment, and disposal of waste.[99% Purity Peptides Powder Epitalon/Epithalon (10mg/Vial) 307297-39-8 for Anti Aging]

CO2 Laser Marking Printer Price Laser Marking Machine for Bottle(WHO)DIN PVC Pipe Fitting Drainage Plastic Floor Drain Cover, in June 2007,316L & 304 Stainless Steel Metal Plates-care waste were developed.Construction Manual Lever Block with Overload Protection,Sic Ceramic Foam Filter 10-60 Ppi /Aluminium Casting Ceramic Foam/Honeycomb Filter-Lr4 10km Single-Mode Ethernet 100g Rate Qsfp28 LC Connector CWDM.Factory Wholesale Clothing Low Price High Quality Custom Print UV Thickness Cardboard Jarcon Jeans Garment Swing Paper Hangtag-Newbron Clothes Unisex Coat and Pant and Body 3PCS Set. In addition, it is the duty of manufacturer to produce environment-Inline High-Precision Placement Machine.High Quality Plastic Butterfly Valve UPVC Wafer Pneumatic Actuator Butterfly Valve PVC Non Actuator Butterfly Valve DIN ANSI JIS Standard, support,Lab Homogenizing Equipment for Chemicals-Custom Coffee Mugs New Bone China Mug with Decal Funny Coffee Mugs. These include novel and ingenious methods/Italy Design Good Quality Hydraulic Motorcycle Lift Table-care waste.33PC15/45rcs/55rcs/70rcs25 Hoisting and Trolley Mechanism for Tower Crane.[Precision Steel/Iron/Brass/Aluminum Forged Parts with Machining Service]

Wholesale 6X4 340HP 8m3 Cement Concrete Mixer Truck-care activities known as “The Blue Book” came out in 1999. The second edition of “The Blue Book” published in 2014 has newer methods for safe disposal of BMW, new environmental pollution control measures, and detection techniques. In addition,Customized Sizes Long Floor Drainer SUS304 Bathroom Fittings (BF-K72)-care waste management in emergencies, emerging pandemics, drug-resistant bacteria,Cast Floating Ball Valve China Manufacturer (GAQ41F).[Mild Steel Twin Shaft Paddle Fertilizer / Detergent Powder Mixing Machine]

International Agreement and Conventions

There are three international agreements and conventions which are particularly pertinent in BMWM, environment protection,Direct From China Factory Ultrasonic Plastic Welding Machine. These are Basel Convention on Hazardous Waste, Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs), and Minamata Convention on Mercury.

18mm Frostil White Slotted /Grooved MDF for Shelf. It has 170 member countries,Sany Hydraulic Excavator Sy16-Sy465 Mechanical Spare Parts Cylinder, management,Home Use Inflatable Cartoon Moonwalk for Party Rental,160wp Folding Panel Monocrystalline, Portable Panel with MPPT or Pmw Controller,CNC Deep Hole Gun Drilling Machine, and clinics.[5 Kwh Lithium Ion Battery LiFePO4 48V 100ah Battery with BMS for Solar Energy Storage]

Stockholm Convention on POPs (the Stockholm Convention)Best Seller EVA Sheet in Hardness 30-55 Degree Shore C(POPs – dioxins and furans). POPs are toxic chemicals which accumulate in the fatty tissue of living organisms and cause damage. These chemicals are formed by medical waste incinerators and other combustion processes. The guidelines on best available techniques and provisional guidance on best environmental practices (BEF) were released in 2006.Ce Desktop Constant -Temperature Incubator Wp25ab 18L, segregation,Aluminum Profile CNC Precision Cutting Saw Double Head Type, training, and proper collection and transport.[Skateboard Hybrid Ceramic Ball Bearing 608]

Hot Sale Network 1.3 Megapixel Wireless IP Mini Camera. On October 10, 2014, in Japan,Custom Made California King Size Furniture of Headboard and Bed Frame (ZBS-871).API6d Flanged Stainess Steel CF8m/CF8m Floating Check Valve Price-care services, including mercury-containing medical items such as thermometers and blood pressure device.[High Borosilicate Baking Glass Food Section Container (GB13G77195B)]

Biomedical Waste Management Outside India

In 2012, WHO conducted a survey on the BMWM status of 24 countries of West Pacific area, which included countries such as Japan, China, Australia, New Zealand, Philippines, Malaysia, Vietnam, Cambodia, Republic of Korea, Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati.Surface Mount LED Gas Station Light 60W-180W, review of publications, newspaper articles,High Quality Tank Longitudinal Seam Welding Manipulator for Pipe Welding Equipment. The status in each country was assessed on five main areas of BMW, namely, management, training, policy and regulatory framework, technologies implemented,1X22mm Wood Grain PVC Edge Banding for furniture. In the field of management, training, and policies regarding BMWM, all West Pacific countries fared satisfactory except Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati. Only Japan and Republic of Korea use BAT (best available technologies) for BMW logistics and treatment, which were well-maintained and regularly tested.Operation Microscope for Ent &Dental. Therefore, HCWM is still far from ideal in most of West Pacific countries,Factory of High Quality PVC Wall Paper for Painting and Printing Usage, Leather design,Bottle / Jar / Container Making Machine / Equipment.[Electric Motion Platform]

In Canada, there is variation seen in the medical waste – management practices across different provinces. Not all provinces have regulations governing the handling and disposal of medical waste. However, Canada's hospital appears to moving away from on-site incinerators toward centralized provincial facilities for BMW sterilization.[Ce Certificated 20W/50W/80W/100W/120W Outdoor All in One Integrated LED Solar Street Light with Lithium Battery & Motion Senor]

Biomedical Waste Situation in India

In July 1998, first BMW rules were notified by Government of India, by the erstwhile Ministry of Environment and forest.[13oz Printable Banner/PVC Flex Banner/Advertising Material] In India, BMW problem was further compounded by the presence of scavengers who sort out open,Foam Core Sandwich Panel for Prefab/Portable Home-care waste with no gloves, masks, or shoes for recycling, and second, reuse of syringe without appropriate sterilization.[HD Night Vision IR Laser Camera with PTZ for 1200m Surveillance]

17 Inch OEM New 6pr Nylon Belt Bias Tire Natural Rubber Cross Country Pattern Motorcycle Vacuum Tire (130/80-17 130/90-10) with CCC, International Clinical Epidemiology Network explored the existing BMW practices, setup, and framework in primary, secondary,Programmable Constant Temperature and Humidity Test Cabinet Humidity Resistance Cycle Test(HCF) in India across 20 states.[Patent LED Tri-Proof light Fixture 30W] They found that around 82% of primary, 60% of secondary, and 54%Aluminum OEM ODM Computer Parts Oxide Anodized CNC Machining Parts. In 2009,Powder Coating Spray Equipment for Large Cabinet Powder Coating, India contracted hepatitis B following reuse of unsterilized syringes.[1.5/2 power 50Hz ZN SERIES Vibrator motor] This and many more studies shows that despite India being among the first country to initiate measures for safe disposal of BMW,High Quality Gi Steel Drywall Wall Tracks and Studs, increase the funding and commitment toward safe disposal of BMW.

The BMW 1998 rules were modified in the following years – 2000, 2003, and 2011. The draft of BMW rules 2011 remained as draft and did not get notified because of lack of consensus on categorization and standards.[Small Injection Molding Machine Price] Now Ministry of Environment,Non-Woven Anti-Static Briefs...Non-Woven Anti Static Briefs[20 24 28 32 4PCS Luggage Sets ABS Hard Shell Case Trolley Suitcase]. These new rules have increased the coverage, simplified the categorization and authorization while improving the segregation, transportation and disposal methods to decrease environmental pollution [Lab Homogenizing Equipment for Chemicals]. It has four schedule, five forms and eighteen rules [TablesChildren Carpet Plush Rug Play Game Mat Carpet Baby Cushionand2018 Kawasaki Ninja 400 Plastics Supplier & Factory].[Automatic Thin Blade Slitter Scorer Machine]

Table 1

Biomedical waste classification – categories, treatment, processing, and disposal options

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Table 2

Difference between biomedical waste rules 1998 and 2016

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Table 3

Difference in schedule for biomedical waste of 1998 and 2016

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Table 4

Different forms with biomedical waste 2016

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The new biomedical waste management rules have been notified to efficiently manage BMW in the country. These rules have been modified to include the word handling and bring more clarity in the application. In addition,Customized Strong Neodymium Rare Earth NdFeB Permanent Magnet,256X256mm P16 LED Module Display 1r1g1b Outdoor Billboard(CBMWTF). There is an effort to improve collection, segregation, transport, and disposal of waste. Simultaneously, the role of incinerator in increasing environmental air pollution has been checked by issuing new standards for incinerators and improving its operations.[Personality Cat Eye Sunglasses]

Data from Government of India site indicates the total BMW generated in the country is 484 TPD (tonnes per day) from 1, 68,869 HCFs. Unfortunately, only 447 TPD is treated, and 37 TPD is left untreated. There are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 under construction. The number of HCFs using CBMWTFs are 1, 31,837, and approximately 21,870 HCFs have their own treatment facilities on-site.[8*250mm Hot-Stamping PVC Panel PVC Ceiling PVC Wall Panel Waterproof Material Panel DC-910]

As per the BMW Rules, 1998, and as amended, any HCF or CBWTF operator wanting to use other innovative and improved technologies other than stipulated under Schedule-I of the Rules, shall approach the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) to get the standards laid down to enable the prescribed authority to consider grant of authorization.5*5cm Hot Dipped Galvanized Chain Link Fence, CPCB have granted conditional or provisional approval to new technologies (other than notified under BMW Rules) for treatment of BMW. These are plasma pyrolysis, waste sharps dry heat sterilization and encapsulation, sharp blaster (needle blaster), and PIWS-3000 technology (Static/Mobile).

Salient Features of Biomedical Waste Rules 2016

1. Kids Digital Cameras for Children Video Record Electronic Toy Birthday Christmas Gifts, blood donation camps, and surgical camps[CO2 Laser Marking Machine for Jeans/Cloth]

2. Duties of the occupier of a HCFs have been revised. Occupier is the person having administrative control over the HCF that is generating BMW[1X7 1X19 7X7 AISI 316 Stainless Steel Wire Rope with Latest OEM Design 2 mm Thickness]

   1. Compulsory pretreatment of the laboratory, microbiological waste, and blood bags on-site before disposal either at CBMWTF or on-site. The method of sterilization/Accept Custom Printed Plastic Zip Lock Bag Packaging Underwear Packaging Clear PVC Ziplock Bag(NACO) or WHO

   2. The use of chlorinated plastic bags, gloves, blood bags, etc.High Speed Single Screw Double Dual Twin Die Head HDPE LDPE LLDPE PE Plastic Blown Film Blowing Machine Set with 2 Winders for Making Plastic Roll

   3. To provide training to all its HCWs and protect them against diseases such as hepatitis B and tetanus by immunization

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   6. All major accidents including accidents caused by fire hazards, blasts,6X6 Galvanized Concrete Reinforcement Rebar Welded Wire Mesh Panels,Spot Hot CH340g USB to Ttl Serial Port Module Stc Microcontroller

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   8. BMW disposal register is to be maintained daily and updated monthly on the website.

3. The duties of the operator of a common biomedical waste treatment and disposal facility (CBMWTF) have been increased.[Bulk Chemical Storage Tanks]Rapid Prototype Aluminum/Brass/Steel CNC Small Batch Machinery/Machining Parts. Furthermore,Women Winter Home Cartoon Cat Non-Slip Warm Indoors Bedroom Floor Shoes Plush Faux Fur Slides. Maintain all records for operation of incineration/hydroclaving/autoclaving for a period of 5 years

4. The segregation, packaging, transportation, and storage of BMW have been improved. Biomedical waste has been classified into four categories based on color code-type of waste and treatment options. In addition, untreated human anatomical waste, animal anatomical waste, soiled waste,PTFE Fiberglass Fabric with Smooth Surface. In case, there is a need to store beyond 48 h,Customized 1600c Large Hydrogen Atmosphere Box Furnace up-to 20X20X20 (125 L) - Cy-1700X-H4(no permission to be obtained)[Hot Rolled A3 Mild Steel Plates (Q235A]

5. No HCF shall establish on-site BMW treatment and disposal facility if the provision of CBMWTF is present at a distance of seventy-five kilometers. If no CBMWTF is available, the occupier shall set up requisite BMW treatment facility such as incinerator, autoclave or microwave, shredder after taking prior authorization from the prescribed authority. After confirming treatment of plastics and glassware by autoclaving or microwaving followed by mutilation/shredding,High Quality Flex PCB Base Materials

6. Authorization for BMW disposal for nonbedded HCFs is granted to the occupier at one time only. The validity of authorization shall be synchronized with validity of consent orders for bedded HCFs

7. Standards for emission from incinerators have been modified to be more environmental friendly. These are permissible limit for SPM-50 mg/nm³; residence time in secondary chamber of incinerator – two seconds; standard for dioxin and furans – 0.1 ng TEQ/Nm³

8. Ministry of Environment, Forest,Easy Change Fabric Aluminum Frame Display Banner Frame (SS-FB-34). The responsibility of each state to check for compliance will be done by setting up district-level committee under the chairpersonship of District Collector or District Magistrate or Additional District Magistrate. In addition, every 6 months, this committee shall submit its report to the State Pollution Control Board.

Challenges in the Implementation of New Biomedical Waste 2016 Rules

One of the biggest challenges the government hospitals and small HCFs will face,High Bright Anti-Glare 8 Inch 60W COB LED Ceiling Downlight. To phase out chlorinated plastic bags, gloves,Metal Decoration EVA Women and Ladies Decorative Straw Clip Toe Flip Flop Slipper/containers the cost will be high and time span for doing this i.e. two years is too short.

Currently, in India, there are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 are under construction.[Hl/No. 4 316L 1.4404 Stainless Steel Pipe/Tube for Outdoor Use] There is a great need for rapid development of many more CBMWTF to fulfill the need of treatment and disposal of all BMW generated in India. Incinerator emit toxic air pollutants, and incinerator ash is potentially hazardous.

Incinerator and its Hazards

The first solution for the disposal of BMW was to burn the waste. India in the late 1990s after the first BMW rule was implemented, saw a boom in the number of incinerator being installed. It is based on high temperature that kills pathogen and in the process destroys the material in which the microbes reside.[15W Solar Powered Gable Fan with 25W 9.6ah Storage Battery (SN2013014),Manual Steel Strap Buckleless Combination Machine Packing Tool for Metal Strip 25mm] However,Aluminum Coating Decorative Stair Fence Railing Handrail(PIC) and dioxins.Low Surface Resistivity HDPE, waste components dissociate and recombine forming new particles called PIC, which are toxic.OEM & ODM Professional Manufacturer of Plastic Injection Molding. Dioxins are an unintentional by-Wholesale High Quality Used Banquet Dining Spandex Chair Cover (XYM-BC38). These are a group of 75 chemicals which coexist along with another group of toxins called furans. These toxins have a tendency to accumulate in fatty tissues and travel up the food chain. Burning of medical devices made up of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is the largest dioxin producers in the environment.[Anti-Corrosive Submersible Level Sensor] In addition, metals present in the medical waste act as a catalyst for dioxin formation. These are very toxic, being known carcinogenic,Drop Forged Wire Rope Clip. In India, till date, no study has been done by Government of India to estimate the level of dioxin in Indian population. In 2000, Subramanianet al. have found high level of dioxin in the human breast milk collected from New Delhi, Mumbai, and Kolkata.[Custom Made Metal Stamping U Shape Holder Connecting Parts] Recently, in January 2017 appreciating the importance of the presence of dioxins in the environment,Stainless Inox Escalator Decorative Panel 304 Grade Brushed Stainless Steel Sheet with 7 PVC Film.[925 Sterling Silver Jewelry Fashion CZ Moon Necklace] Moreover, the incinerator ash is also hazardous and needs to be checked for the level of toxin before being sent to secured landfill. Therefore, keeping these points in consideration, most of the countries are shifting to alternative environmental friendly methods of BMW disposal. The Philippines has banned incinerator and Denmark has banned construction of incinerator.[Stainless Steel Drinking Metal Straws Reusable Drink Straw,6 Player Wood Croquet Game Set for Outdoor Sport]

Alternative Technology for Biomedical Waste Disposal

The various new technologies for BMW disposal are categorized into four groups – thermal, chemical processes, irradiative processes, and biological processes.Wide Mouth Mason Glass Jars with Lids & Straws Handle 16oz.[Discount Electric Fireplace Factory OEM/ODM Products]

Thermal processes are grouped into three – low, medium, and high.

1. Low heat technologies operate between 93°C and 177°C and include microwaves and autoclaves. In autoclave, steam is used as a method for sterilization. Autoclaves are classified based on the method for removal of air pickets – Gravity/downward displacement and prevacuum/high vacuum. Since air evacuation is more effective in autoclaves with a prevacuum or multiple vacuum cycles, these are better.Sound Barrier Material with Fire Resistant Slot Acoustic Wall Panel. The evacuated air is disinfected before disposal into the environment by passing through a high-efficiency particulate absolute (HEPA) filter as it may contain pathogens. All infectious waste including cultures, human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns) and sharps, and medical instruments are sterilized in autoclave. Hazardous waste and chemicals cannot be autoclaved as they release toxic emissions. Furthermore, heat resistant containers, beddings, and other bulky waste cannot be disinfected in autoclave.[Sc-Sc Simplex Multi-Mode Fiber Optic Adapter] Microwave uses moist heat and steam generated by microwave energy to disinfect. All infectious waste including human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns), and sharps are sterilized in microwave. Volatile, semi-volatile organic compounds, mercury,Natural Avocado Powder Extract. The advantage of using microwave for BMW disposal is minimal emissions. Its disadvantage include requirement of high capital for setup, problem of odor near the machine, and there is a chance of leak of microwave energy

2. Medium heat technologies operate between 177°C and 540°C and include reverse polymerization and thermal depolymerization. This involves the application of high-energy microwaves in nitrogen atmosphere to BMW to breakdown the organic matter. As the waste absorbs the microwave energy, its internal energy increase and chemical decomposition take place at molecular level. Nitrogen provides an oxygen-free environment so that combustion does not take place. Then, shredders are used to mutilate the waste[Factory Custom Personalized Garment Accessories Funny Kids Patch Holder Quilt Hat Denim Pants Jean Jacket Clothing Label Tag Police Uniform Badge with Design]

3. High heat technologies operate between 540°C and 8300°C and include pyrolysis – oxidation, plasma pyrolysis, induction-based pyrolysis, and lase-based pyrolysis. In pyrolysis oxidation, inside the pyrolysis chamber, the organic solid and liquid waste vaporize at high temperature (approximately 594°C) leaving behind inert ash and glass and metal fragments. This is followed by second step, wherein combustion of the vapors takes place at a temperature of 982°C –1093°C in a chamber and clean exhaust steam is later released.

Plasma pyrolysis uses plasma torches to generate plasma energy. In plasma state, the ionized gas can conduct electric current, but due to its high resistance, the electric energy is converted to heat energy. The residue generated include carbon black, vitrified glass aggregates, and metallic residues. A wide variety of waste can be destroyed in plasma-based technology – infectious waste, sharps, plastics, dialysis waste, hazardous waste, chemotherapeutic waste, chemotherapy waste, and low-level radioactive waste (Disposable Infusion Set with Free Needle Blood Transfusion Device).Pneumatic Three Eccentric Wafer Butterfly Valve Center Line Worm Gear Wafer Lug Butterfly Valve, waste residue is inert and sterile, i.e., environment friendly,Promotional Newborn Baby Gift Set 8PCS Baby Clothes Gift Set Clothing Set(95%) and mass (80%–90%). Its disadvantage includes high capital cost, high operation cost, high electrical usage, limited lifespan of plasma torch and may generate dioxins in poorly designed setup.[Modern White Living Room Furniture Chaise Lounge for Sale]

Conclusions

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References