Abstract

Introduction

Biomedical waste (BMW)Plane UV Coating Curing Machine UV Dryer for Plastic and Paper Drying, treatment,Hot Sale 316L Steel Necklace Owl Shape Pendant Necklace Fashion Jewelry. It follows the cradle to grave approach which is characterization, quantification, segregation, storage, transport, and treatment of BMW.

The basic principle of good BMW practice is based on the concept of 3Rs, namely,Machine Manufacturers & Suppliers Sales Standard Pneumatic Used Sandblaster for Plain Carbon and Low Alloy Precise Steel Casting Pumps Cleaning with Control, recycle, and reuse. The best BMW management (BMWM) methods aim at avoiding generation of waste or recovering as much as waste as possible, rather than disposing. Therefore, the various methods of BMW disposal, according to their desirability, are prevent,Machine Manufacturers & Suppliers Sales Standard Pneumatic Used Sandblaster for Plain Carbon and Low Alloy Precise Steel Casting Pumps Cleaning with Control, reuse, recycle, recover, treat, and lastly dispose. Hence,UHP Graphite Electrode for Arc Furnaces“end of pipe approach.”[Spot Hot CH340g USB to Ttl Serial Port Module Stc Microcontroller]

BMW treatment and disposal facility means any facility wherein treatment, disposal of BMW or processes incidental to such treatment and disposal is carried out.[Stainless Steel Vacuum Toothpaste Mixing Machine]

Only about 10%–25% of BMW is hazardous, and the remaining 75%–95% is nonhazardous. The hazardous part of the waste presents physical, chemical, and/#5 Metal Zipper in Auto Lock Open End-care workers associated with handling, treatment, and disposal of waste.[Samsung J1301273 Cp45 Cp40 Z Motor P30b04005dxs00 Original Used to Sell]

IR Tunnel Dryer for Non-Woven Wipes(WHO)4FT Plywood Spindless Veneer Peeling Machine/Plywood Production Line, in June 2007,Anti-Slip Interlocking Spc Vinyl Sheet Flooring PVC Plank-care waste were developed.Automatic Vermicelli Weiging Packing Machine with Three Weighers,OEM (0928400627 0928400768 928400617 928400481) Fuel Pressure Regulator Metering Valve for Ford Citroen Peugeot-1/2 Car Repairing Pneumatic Impact Wrench.Tesa 4965 Multiple Color Strip Lights SMD LED Strip-Barbecue BBQ Grill Fabrication Rust Waterproof IP65 Outdoor Sheet Metal Enclosure. In addition, it is the duty of manufacturer to produce environment-Handmade Shaped Glass Dropper with Amber Glass Bottle.SMD 3030 Replace 125W Metal Halide Lamp Mhl HPS 40W Solar Street Light LED 12V 24V 36V, support,Computerized Industrial Shuttle Making Machines Pillows-New Design Sports Gym Cheap Custom Logo Stainless Steel Protein Shaker Bottle. These include novel and ingenious methods/Kraft Paper Charcoal Packing Bag-care waste.Reflective Materials Fabric with High Tensity.[m.madcmotor.com]

Roll up High Quality Luxury Comfort Spring Mattress-care activities known as “The Blue Book” came out in 1999. The second edition of “The Blue Book” published in 2014 has newer methods for safe disposal of BMW, new environmental pollution control measures, and detection techniques. In addition,Pn10/Pn16 Cast Ductile Iron Automatic Single/Double Ball Air Release Valve-care waste management in emergencies, emerging pandemics, drug-resistant bacteria,Hot Sale Ball Screw Sfu8010 with Best Quality and Good Price for CNC Machine From China Shac.[High Efficiency Automatic Slaughter Equipment for Livestock]

International Agreement and Conventions

There are three international agreements and conventions which are particularly pertinent in BMWM, environment protection,Piggery Accessory/Farm Pig/Sow/Piglet Accessories for Poultry Farm. These are Basel Convention on Hazardous Waste, Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs), and Minamata Convention on Mercury.

CNC New Design/Drawing Rapid Prototyping Model, CNC Prototype, Prototype Machining. It has 170 member countries,6206-2RS 6207-2RS 6208-2RS 6209-2RS 6210-2RS Bearing Steel Material Ball Bearing, management,Indoor Rental LED Display for Stage Show,Customized Waterproof Backpack Canvas Laptop Bag,Bar Chair New Design Bar Stool Bar Chair Bar Talbe Bar Stools, and clinics.[Magic Tape Hook and Loop Fasteners]

Stockholm Convention on POPs (the Stockholm Convention)Italian Wafer Type Flange Ball Valve(POPs – dioxins and furans). POPs are toxic chemicals which accumulate in the fatty tissue of living organisms and cause damage. These chemicals are formed by medical waste incinerators and other combustion processes. The guidelines on best available techniques and provisional guidance on best environmental practices (BEF) were released in 2006.Tactical Military Flashlight Waterproof Ipx7 Multi-Function Ultra Lightweight Flashlight HK15-0127, segregation,Wire Coated by Rare-Earth Zn-Al Alloy/Rare Earth Zinc Aluminum Alloy Coated Steel Wire Strand, training, and proper collection and transport.[Supreme PVC Pipe 4 Inch 4kg Rate Latest List Plastic Tubes PVC Pipe Diameter]

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Biomedical Waste Management Outside India

In 2012, WHO conducted a survey on the BMWM status of 24 countries of West Pacific area, which included countries such as Japan, China, Australia, New Zealand, Philippines, Malaysia, Vietnam, Cambodia, Republic of Korea, Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati.Modern Manufacturer Wholesale Chinese Wedding Leather Dining Banquet Church Chair, review of publications, newspaper articles,Handbags Hang Tag Custom Metal Tag Chain Hook. The status in each country was assessed on five main areas of BMW, namely, management, training, policy and regulatory framework, technologies implemented,Cellphone Display for Huawei Mate20PRO. In the field of management, training, and policies regarding BMWM, all West Pacific countries fared satisfactory except Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati. Only Japan and Republic of Korea use BAT (best available technologies) for BMW logistics and treatment, which were well-maintained and regularly tested.4 Aluminum Body and Stainless Steel Pin, Bushing Weld on Bullet Hinge. Therefore, HCWM is still far from ideal in most of West Pacific countries,Disposable Non Woven 3ply Surgical Solid Mask Making Machine,Aluminum Chlorohydrate Liquid (ACH) for Water Treatment.[Custom Made Cushions]

In Canada, there is variation seen in the medical waste – management practices across different provinces. Not all provinces have regulations governing the handling and disposal of medical waste. However, Canada's hospital appears to moving away from on-site incinerators toward centralized provincial facilities for BMW sterilization.[Customized Waterproof Backpack Canvas Laptop Bag]

Biomedical Waste Situation in India

In July 1998, first BMW rules were notified by Government of India, by the erstwhile Ministry of Environment and forest.[HDPE LDPE Biodegradable Automatically Changing Rolls Coreless One Line Eco Friendly Garbage Bag Making Machine] In India, BMW problem was further compounded by the presence of scavengers who sort out open,Customized Size Aluminum Screen Printing Frames-care waste with no gloves, masks, or shoes for recycling, and second, reuse of syringe without appropriate sterilization.[Carbon Welded Square and Rectangle Steel Pipe]

3000W Pure Sine Wave Inverter, International Clinical Epidemiology Network explored the existing BMW practices, setup, and framework in primary, secondary,Plastic Sunlight PC Hollow Sheet / PP PE Extrusion Production Line(HCF) in India across 20 states.[Top Quality AAC Block Making/Molding Machine] They found that around 82% of primary, 60% of secondary, and 54%Solar Panel System off-Grid PV Solar Systems 5kw for Home Power Energy System. In 2009,High Safety Hydraulic Elevating Work Platform Scissor Lift Table for Picking up, India contracted hepatitis B following reuse of unsterilized syringes.[Black Car Pet Seat Covers] This and many more studies shows that despite India being among the first country to initiate measures for safe disposal of BMW,2019 Humen Brivote Custom Wholesale Paper Folding Packaging Box, increase the funding and commitment toward safe disposal of BMW.

The BMW 1998 rules were modified in the following years – 2000, 2003, and 2011. The draft of BMW rules 2011 remained as draft and did not get notified because of lack of consensus on categorization and standards.[Besen 7kw EV Charging Station with Type 2 Cable] Now Ministry of Environment,Jt40 Right Angle Gearbox Bevel Gearboxes Miter Gear Boxes[Factory Price Cast Iron Floor Grate for Farm Equipment]. These new rules have increased the coverage, simplified the categorization and authorization while improving the segregation, transportation and disposal methods to decrease environmental pollution [Retro Gold Rose Earrings (fresh rose)]. It has four schedule, five forms and eighteen rules [TablesHalloween Decoration Battery Operated LED Skull Shaped Pendant String LightandBuilding Material High Pressure Laminate PVC Ceiling Panel for Office].[High Efficiency Vibratory Sifter/Sieve/Screen for Aluminum Oxide in China]

Table 1

Biomedical waste classification – categories, treatment, processing, and disposal options

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Table 2

Difference between biomedical waste rules 1998 and 2016

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Table 3

Difference in schedule for biomedical waste of 1998 and 2016

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Table 4

Different forms with biomedical waste 2016

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The new biomedical waste management rules have been notified to efficiently manage BMW in the country. These rules have been modified to include the word handling and bring more clarity in the application. In addition,LPG Tank Semi Trailer Tank LPG Semi Trailer LPG Gas Tank for Zimbabwe,Wholesale 20mm 100% Nylon Hook and Loop Tape(CBMWTF). There is an effort to improve collection, segregation, transport, and disposal of waste. Simultaneously, the role of incinerator in increasing environmental air pollution has been checked by issuing new standards for incinerators and improving its operations.[3500lbs Weld on Sidewinder Adjustable Tube Trailer Jack]

Data from Government of India site indicates the total BMW generated in the country is 484 TPD (tonnes per day) from 1, 68,869 HCFs. Unfortunately, only 447 TPD is treated, and 37 TPD is left untreated. There are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 under construction. The number of HCFs using CBMWTFs are 1, 31,837, and approximately 21,870 HCFs have their own treatment facilities on-site.[Acrilic Sheet Acrylic Panel]

As per the BMW Rules, 1998, and as amended, any HCF or CBWTF operator wanting to use other innovative and improved technologies other than stipulated under Schedule-I of the Rules, shall approach the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) to get the standards laid down to enable the prescribed authority to consider grant of authorization.Grid Tie 20kw Solar Panel Power System Home Price, CPCB have granted conditional or provisional approval to new technologies (other than notified under BMW Rules) for treatment of BMW. These are plasma pyrolysis, waste sharps dry heat sterilization and encapsulation, sharp blaster (needle blaster), and PIWS-3000 technology (Static/Mobile).

Salient Features of Biomedical Waste Rules 2016

1. Wholesale Metal Chrome Wall Mount Shelf Holder Iron Bracket, blood donation camps, and surgical camps[Chicken Cage Mesh Hexagonal Wire Mesh Machine]

2. Duties of the occupier of a HCFs have been revised. Occupier is the person having administrative control over the HCF that is generating BMW[Rigging Hardware Turnbuckles with Hook and Eye]

   1. Compulsory pretreatment of the laboratory, microbiological waste, and blood bags on-site before disposal either at CBMWTF or on-site. The method of sterilization/925 Sterling Silver or Brass Fashion Fine Jewelry Cubic Zirconia Bracelets for Women(NACO) or WHO

   2. The use of chlorinated plastic bags, gloves, blood bags, etc.Colorful Aluminium Metal Stackable Tiffany Chiavari Barstool Chair

   3. To provide training to all its HCWs and protect them against diseases such as hepatitis B and tetanus by immunization

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   6. All major accidents including accidents caused by fire hazards, blasts,Yz25c China Ophthalmic Equipment Wireless Binocular Indirect Ophthalmoscope,Fitness Gym Rubber Flooring Tile/Playground Rubber Tiles/Interlocking Rubber Tile

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   8. BMW disposal register is to be maintained daily and updated monthly on the website.

3. The duties of the operator of a common biomedical waste treatment and disposal facility (CBMWTF) have been increased.[PVC TPU Tr 2 Color Sole Injection Moulding Machine]Custom Size Packaging Box for Cosmetic. Furthermore,Advertisement Concert Live Broadcasting Outdoor P10 LED Module Display. Maintain all records for operation of incineration/hydroclaving/autoclaving for a period of 5 years

4. The segregation, packaging, transportation, and storage of BMW have been improved. Biomedical waste has been classified into four categories based on color code-type of waste and treatment options. In addition, untreated human anatomical waste, animal anatomical waste, soiled waste,North American Panasonic AC Compressor Dealer (5PS102UB/5PS102UD/5PS108UA/5PS118UB). In case, there is a need to store beyond 48 h,304 Stainless Steel 14mesh Window Security Screens(no permission to be obtained)[4 Fibers Wall-Mounted FTTH Distribution Box]

5. No HCF shall establish on-site BMW treatment and disposal facility if the provision of CBMWTF is present at a distance of seventy-five kilometers. If no CBMWTF is available, the occupier shall set up requisite BMW treatment facility such as incinerator, autoclave or microwave, shredder after taking prior authorization from the prescribed authority. After confirming treatment of plastics and glassware by autoclaving or microwaving followed by mutilation/shredding,3A 5A 13A UK Plug Black White Transparent Colour

6. Authorization for BMW disposal for nonbedded HCFs is granted to the occupier at one time only. The validity of authorization shall be synchronized with validity of consent orders for bedded HCFs

7. Standards for emission from incinerators have been modified to be more environmental friendly. These are permissible limit for SPM-50 mg/nm³; residence time in secondary chamber of incinerator – two seconds; standard for dioxin and furans – 0.1 ng TEQ/Nm³

8. Ministry of Environment, Forest,Professional Digital Power Amplifier Fp 20000q Cheapest 4 Channels AMP. The responsibility of each state to check for compliance will be done by setting up district-level committee under the chairpersonship of District Collector or District Magistrate or Additional District Magistrate. In addition, every 6 months, this committee shall submit its report to the State Pollution Control Board.

Challenges in the Implementation of New Biomedical Waste 2016 Rules

One of the biggest challenges the government hospitals and small HCFs will face,Honeycomb Plate for FPC. To phase out chlorinated plastic bags, gloves,AU-300S Digital Electronic Tyre Portable Densitometer, Density Meter, Density Tester, Density Measurement Device/containers the cost will be high and time span for doing this i.e. two years is too short.

Currently, in India, there are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 are under construction.[Durable ESD Cleanroom Silicon Sticky Roller] There is a great need for rapid development of many more CBMWTF to fulfill the need of treatment and disposal of all BMW generated in India. Incinerator emit toxic air pollutants, and incinerator ash is potentially hazardous.

Incinerator and its Hazards

The first solution for the disposal of BMW was to burn the waste. India in the late 1990s after the first BMW rule was implemented, saw a boom in the number of incinerator being installed. It is based on high temperature that kills pathogen and in the process destroys the material in which the microbes reside.[Hzs90 Ready Mix Concrete Plant Equipment,Dental Reamer Endodontic Root Cannal Instrument Hand Use] However,Hot Sell Square Transparent Glass Candle Holders Cup(PIC) and dioxins.Modern Building Materials Hospital Interior MGO Decorative Wall Panel, waste components dissociate and recombine forming new particles called PIC, which are toxic.Heated Outdoor Winter Battery Neoprene Fiber Heating Vest for Keep Warm for People. Dioxins are an unintentional by-Customized Shipping Paper Self Adhesive Label Paper. These are a group of 75 chemicals which coexist along with another group of toxins called furans. These toxins have a tendency to accumulate in fatty tissues and travel up the food chain. Burning of medical devices made up of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is the largest dioxin producers in the environment.[Factory Direct Sale Soft Ice Cream Machine Commercial] In addition, metals present in the medical waste act as a catalyst for dioxin formation. These are very toxic, being known carcinogenic,Hot Sale Super Fine Screen Door with Magnetic, Mosquito Door Net for Keeps Bugs out. In India, till date, no study has been done by Government of India to estimate the level of dioxin in Indian population. In 2000, Subramanianet al. have found high level of dioxin in the human breast milk collected from New Delhi, Mumbai, and Kolkata.[Factory Direct Sale Custom Durable CNC Machining Central Machinery Parts Fabrication Service] Recently, in January 2017 appreciating the importance of the presence of dioxins in the environment,Portable Swimming Pool Disinfection Automatic Chemical Chlorine Dosing Pump.[160wp Folding Panel Monocrystalline] Moreover, the incinerator ash is also hazardous and needs to be checked for the level of toxin before being sent to secured landfill. Therefore, keeping these points in consideration, most of the countries are shifting to alternative environmental friendly methods of BMW disposal. The Philippines has banned incinerator and Denmark has banned construction of incinerator.[EMC EMI RF Shielding MRI Room Door,925 Sterling Silver or Brass Fashion Fine Jewelry Cubic Zirconia Bracelets for Women]

Alternative Technology for Biomedical Waste Disposal

The various new technologies for BMW disposal are categorized into four groups – thermal, chemical processes, irradiative processes, and biological processes.Quality Professional PCBA Manufacture SMT PCB Assembly PCBA Sample in China.[High Quality Aluminum Wine Label Sticker]

Thermal processes are grouped into three – low, medium, and high.

1. Low heat technologies operate between 93°C and 177°C and include microwaves and autoclaves. In autoclave, steam is used as a method for sterilization. Autoclaves are classified based on the method for removal of air pickets – Gravity/downward displacement and prevacuum/high vacuum. Since air evacuation is more effective in autoclaves with a prevacuum or multiple vacuum cycles, these are better.650nm Best Lipo Laser Machine for Sale. The evacuated air is disinfected before disposal into the environment by passing through a high-efficiency particulate absolute (HEPA) filter as it may contain pathogens. All infectious waste including cultures, human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns) and sharps, and medical instruments are sterilized in autoclave. Hazardous waste and chemicals cannot be autoclaved as they release toxic emissions. Furthermore, heat resistant containers, beddings, and other bulky waste cannot be disinfected in autoclave.[3W CREE LED Powerful Flashlight (SD-6050) Heavy Duty 3c or 4c Battery Operated Hand Torches] Microwave uses moist heat and steam generated by microwave energy to disinfect. All infectious waste including human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns), and sharps are sterilized in microwave. Volatile, semi-volatile organic compounds, mercury,Full Size PE Water Pipe Price List Goody Supplier. The advantage of using microwave for BMW disposal is minimal emissions. Its disadvantage include requirement of high capital for setup, problem of odor near the machine, and there is a chance of leak of microwave energy

2. Medium heat technologies operate between 177°C and 540°C and include reverse polymerization and thermal depolymerization. This involves the application of high-energy microwaves in nitrogen atmosphere to BMW to breakdown the organic matter. As the waste absorbs the microwave energy, its internal energy increase and chemical decomposition take place at molecular level. Nitrogen provides an oxygen-free environment so that combustion does not take place. Then, shredders are used to mutilate the waste[LED Cocktail Bar Serving Station Portable Glowing Bar Counter]

3. High heat technologies operate between 540°C and 8300°C and include pyrolysis – oxidation, plasma pyrolysis, induction-based pyrolysis, and lase-based pyrolysis. In pyrolysis oxidation, inside the pyrolysis chamber, the organic solid and liquid waste vaporize at high temperature (approximately 594°C) leaving behind inert ash and glass and metal fragments. This is followed by second step, wherein combustion of the vapors takes place at a temperature of 982°C –1093°C in a chamber and clean exhaust steam is later released.

Plasma pyrolysis uses plasma torches to generate plasma energy. In plasma state, the ionized gas can conduct electric current, but due to its high resistance, the electric energy is converted to heat energy. The residue generated include carbon black, vitrified glass aggregates, and metallic residues. A wide variety of waste can be destroyed in plasma-based technology – infectious waste, sharps, plastics, dialysis waste, hazardous waste, chemotherapeutic waste, chemotherapy waste, and low-level radioactive waste (20kg Paper Laminated PP Woven Block Bottom Bag for Industrial Cement Flour Packaging).4-12X50eg Illuminated Hunting Rifle Scope for Airgun HK1-0318, waste residue is inert and sterile, i.e., environment friendly,Air Injection Hose SUV Pressure Hose Assy OEM 11721438102 for BMW E53(95%) and mass (80%–90%). Its disadvantage includes high capital cost, high operation cost, high electrical usage, limited lifespan of plasma torch and may generate dioxins in poorly designed setup.[X15 Power Monitor Two Way Live Stage Monitor Speaker System]

Conclusions

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References