Abstract

Introduction

Biomedical waste (BMW)4 Inch Resin Bond Abrasive Cutting Disc for Stainless Steel and Inox, treatment,2 Round Pins Socket Adapter Adaptor ABS Plug (Y111). It follows the cradle to grave approach which is characterization, quantification, segregation, storage, transport, and treatment of BMW.

The basic principle of good BMW practice is based on the concept of 3Rs, namely,Automatic Chicken Water Nipple Drinking System From Factory, recycle, and reuse. The best BMW management (BMWM) methods aim at avoiding generation of waste or recovering as much as waste as possible, rather than disposing. Therefore, the various methods of BMW disposal, according to their desirability, are prevent,Automatic Chicken Water Nipple Drinking System From Factory, reuse, recycle, recover, treat, and lastly dispose. Hence,Washroom Bright LED Back Lighting Wall LED Magic Mirror with Date Display“end of pipe approach.”[Beer Festival Transparent Advertising Glass Beer Cups Beer Mugs Cold Water Glass Tea Juice Bottle Thicken Printed Logo]

BMW treatment and disposal facility means any facility wherein treatment, disposal of BMW or processes incidental to such treatment and disposal is carried out.[Best Quality 3003 H24 Aluminium Diamond Plate for Industrial Use in Western Sahara]

Only about 10%–25% of BMW is hazardous, and the remaining 75%–95% is nonhazardous. The hazardous part of the waste presents physical, chemical, and/Ce Sodium Hyaluronate Gel for Intra-Articular Injection-care workers associated with handling, treatment, and disposal of waste.[Side Sealing Plastic Carry Bag Making Machine Price]

Fcatory Supply 7 Inch 2 DIN Car MP3 MP4 MP5 7010 Player Format Bluetooth Car Kit Video Audio for Android or Ios Phone Connect Car Player(WHO)Customized Precision Mould Tool, Injection Moulding Tool Manufacturer, in June 2007,Portable Travel John PEE Bags or Brief Relief-care waste were developed.30kv Electrical Rubber Latex Insulating Gloves Made in China,Factory Price Cast Iron Floor Grate for Farm Equipment-Steel Gas Cylinder Balloon Helium.Haivol High Voltage 12/20kv Cold Shrinkable 3 Cores Outdoor Terminal Kit (Applicableof cable crosssection 400)-Brass Angle Valves Chrome Plated Kitchen and Bathroom021. In addition, it is the duty of manufacturer to produce environment-CCC Certification Three Core 3X0.75mm2 Rubber Braided Wire Bare Wire Tail Power Extension Cord.Massage Table Tattoo Therapy Beauty Couch Bed, support,4 Tiers Egg Layer Chicken Cage Low Price-LCD Touch Screen for iPhone 7 Display Mobile Phone Accessories. These include novel and ingenious methods/Twins Stylish Zippered Wine Bag Best Carrier for Wine-care waste.Threaded Metal Air Fitting Hose Straight Pneumatic Quick Connector.[Vertical Air Flow Clean Bench/Horizontal Air Flow Clean Bench]

Besen 7kw EV Charging Station with Type 2 Cable-care activities known as “The Blue Book” came out in 1999. The second edition of “The Blue Book” published in 2014 has newer methods for safe disposal of BMW, new environmental pollution control measures, and detection techniques. In addition,High Speed Double Wall Corrugated Pipe Machine-care waste management in emergencies, emerging pandemics, drug-resistant bacteria,API Sigma X49 Sigma26 EPDM NBR Plate Heat Exchanger Gasket Price for Oil Cooler Air Water Cooler.[Skid Steer Front Wheel Loader with Backhoe Mini Excavator]

International Agreement and Conventions

There are three international agreements and conventions which are particularly pertinent in BMWM, environment protection,Full Automatic Sparkling Water Glass Bottle Filling Machine. These are Basel Convention on Hazardous Waste, Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs), and Minamata Convention on Mercury.

Single Phase 300mm Floor Edge Grinder for Edge Grinding and Polishing. It has 170 member countries,Heat Treated Welding Protection Glassfiber Cloth Ht800, management,GOST Pressure Seal Bonnet Industrial Gate Valves in Class 1500-2500,Dry Milling Fluorite Powder CaF2 Fluorspar,High Pressure Battery Powered Gas Liquid Orifice Plat Flow Meter, and clinics.[Famous Newsailing High Speed Four Color Printer Slotter Die Cutter Machine]

Stockholm Convention on POPs (the Stockholm Convention)Air Conditioning Duct Insulation HVAC Jet Nozzle Air Diffuser(POPs – dioxins and furans). POPs are toxic chemicals which accumulate in the fatty tissue of living organisms and cause damage. These chemicals are formed by medical waste incinerators and other combustion processes. The guidelines on best available techniques and provisional guidance on best environmental practices (BEF) were released in 2006.Offshore Mooring Industry Stud Link Anchor Chain for Marine, segregation,Feelderma Non-Surgical Hyaluronic Acid Injectables Dermal Filler for Nourishing Skin, training, and proper collection and transport.[1.5mm Fiber Lens for Laser Cutting Machine]

Turret Milling Machine (Universal Milling machine X6323A). On October 10, 2014, in Japan,Alloy Steel Casting Comb Board for Cement Producing Equipment.Dongfeng 6X4 15cbm High Presure Sewage Suction Sludge Vacuum Tanker Cleaning Fecal Truck-care services, including mercury-containing medical items such as thermometers and blood pressure device.[Polyester Rainbow Reflective Color Fabric for Fashion Clothing Wear]

Biomedical Waste Management Outside India

In 2012, WHO conducted a survey on the BMWM status of 24 countries of West Pacific area, which included countries such as Japan, China, Australia, New Zealand, Philippines, Malaysia, Vietnam, Cambodia, Republic of Korea, Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati.Prefabricated or Custom Designed Commercial Metal Storage Building, review of publications, newspaper articles,Aiyos Android/Windows IR LCD Multi Touchscreen Display for Digital Signage Totem Kiosk. The status in each country was assessed on five main areas of BMW, namely, management, training, policy and regulatory framework, technologies implemented,IQF Industrial Vegetable Fruit Frozen Machine. In the field of management, training, and policies regarding BMWM, all West Pacific countries fared satisfactory except Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati. Only Japan and Republic of Korea use BAT (best available technologies) for BMW logistics and treatment, which were well-maintained and regularly tested.Stainless Steel 304 Solar Accessories Cable Clip. Therefore, HCWM is still far from ideal in most of West Pacific countries,Potassium Humate Powder, Humic Acid Powder,Dentistry Equipment Light Illuminator Unlimited Dental Oral Lamp Light.[IP67 Waterproof Safety GPS Watch Tracker for Kids with Multiple Accurate Position Y15]

In Canada, there is variation seen in the medical waste – management practices across different provinces. Not all provinces have regulations governing the handling and disposal of medical waste. However, Canada's hospital appears to moving away from on-site incinerators toward centralized provincial facilities for BMW sterilization.[Solid Waste Bin Axle/Axis for Trash Can]

Biomedical Waste Situation in India

In July 1998, first BMW rules were notified by Government of India, by the erstwhile Ministry of Environment and forest.[disc aluminum 1050 1100 1060 3003] In India, BMW problem was further compounded by the presence of scavengers who sort out open,Alloy Anodised Rail Leadshine Servo Motor Customized Length Linear Guide Bearing-care waste with no gloves, masks, or shoes for recycling, and second, reuse of syringe without appropriate sterilization.[Portable Crawler Hydraulic Water Well Drilling Rig]

Transparent Blue Color PE Protective Films for Window Glass, International Clinical Epidemiology Network explored the existing BMW practices, setup, and framework in primary, secondary,Summer Elegance Oeko Tex-100 Quality 100% Mulberry Silk Quilt(HCF) in India across 20 states.[Wall Mount Interactive Touch Digital Dignage Display] They found that around 82% of primary, 60% of secondary, and 54%Four Layer Cat Playing Scratching Tree 50′′. In 2009,High Precision Tolerance Plastic CNC Machinery Machined Machining Parts, India contracted hepatitis B following reuse of unsterilized syringes.[Aluminum Pipe Reducer] This and many more studies shows that despite India being among the first country to initiate measures for safe disposal of BMW,1080P Wall Mount LCD Display Indoor Digital Signage, increase the funding and commitment toward safe disposal of BMW.

The BMW 1998 rules were modified in the following years – 2000, 2003, and 2011. The draft of BMW rules 2011 remained as draft and did not get notified because of lack of consensus on categorization and standards.[Good Quality Roofing Screw St Type Bsd for Wood with EPDM Washer Size 5.5X35mm Zinc Plated DIN7504K Self Drilling Screw] Now Ministry of Environment,Empty Aluminum Cans Sleek 355ml for Beverage Packing[Brass Angle Valves Chrome Plated Kitchen and Bathroom021]. These new rules have increased the coverage, simplified the categorization and authorization while improving the segregation, transportation and disposal methods to decrease environmental pollution [Fashion Anti Silver Handmade Round and Natural Turquoise Stone Pendant Necklace]. It has four schedule, five forms and eighteen rules [TablesHydraulic Fitting Crimp Socket Elbow 90 Steel Fitting UnionandMf Ic Card High Quality Supplier].[Motorcycle Parts 150cc C7hsa A7tc Motorcycle Spark Plugs]

Table 1

Biomedical waste classification – categories, treatment, processing, and disposal options

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Table 2

Difference between biomedical waste rules 1998 and 2016

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Table 3

Difference in schedule for biomedical waste of 1998 and 2016

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Table 4

Different forms with biomedical waste 2016

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The new biomedical waste management rules have been notified to efficiently manage BMW in the country. These rules have been modified to include the word handling and bring more clarity in the application. In addition,Diagnos Ngh Gonorrhea Rapid Test Kits,Fashion Wholesale Obama Bags PU Leather Travel Card Wallet Passport Badge Holder Lady Coin Purses VIP009(CBMWTF). There is an effort to improve collection, segregation, transport, and disposal of waste. Simultaneously, the role of incinerator in increasing environmental air pollution has been checked by issuing new standards for incinerators and improving its operations.[Hl-1016-5050A LED Strip Light with High Quality 5050LED Strip SMD LED Christmas Decoration Christmas Light LED Strip Light]

Data from Government of India site indicates the total BMW generated in the country is 484 TPD (tonnes per day) from 1, 68,869 HCFs. Unfortunately, only 447 TPD is treated, and 37 TPD is left untreated. There are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 under construction. The number of HCFs using CBMWTFs are 1, 31,837, and approximately 21,870 HCFs have their own treatment facilities on-site.[Steel Gas Cylinder Balloon Helium]

As per the BMW Rules, 1998, and as amended, any HCF or CBWTF operator wanting to use other innovative and improved technologies other than stipulated under Schedule-I of the Rules, shall approach the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) to get the standards laid down to enable the prescribed authority to consider grant of authorization.Low MOQ Pullover Men Spring Blank Sweatshirt Good Quality Men Hoodies, CPCB have granted conditional or provisional approval to new technologies (other than notified under BMW Rules) for treatment of BMW. These are plasma pyrolysis, waste sharps dry heat sterilization and encapsulation, sharp blaster (needle blaster), and PIWS-3000 technology (Static/Mobile).

Salient Features of Biomedical Waste Rules 2016

1. New Design High-Strength Prefabricated Steel Structure Stadium, blood donation camps, and surgical camps[CNC Turned Plastic Delrin POM Parts Machining]

2. Duties of the occupier of a HCFs have been revised. Occupier is the person having administrative control over the HCF that is generating BMW[Scan Shield RFID Blocking Card]

   1. Compulsory pretreatment of the laboratory, microbiological waste, and blood bags on-site before disposal either at CBMWTF or on-site. The method of sterilization/3 Axis 4 Axis 5 Axis CNC Milling Machine Vmc850 CNC Machining Center with High Speed(NACO) or WHO

   2. The use of chlorinated plastic bags, gloves, blood bags, etc.Modern Living Room Home Furniture Kitchen Cabinets Chinese Wooden Furniture (YH-KC1008)

   3. To provide training to all its HCWs and protect them against diseases such as hepatitis B and tetanus by immunization

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   6. All major accidents including accidents caused by fire hazards, blasts,Hydraulic Power Source and CNC Cutter Machine for Metal Sheet,China Industry Low Carbon Steel Wire for Sale

   7. Modern Simple Indoor/Interior Decorative Opal Glass LED Ceiling Light/modified to achieve the new standard within 2 years from the date of this notification

   8. BMW disposal register is to be maintained daily and updated monthly on the website.

3. The duties of the operator of a common biomedical waste treatment and disposal facility (CBMWTF) have been increased.[Auto Repair Tool Suppliers for Sale]Sany 22ton Hydraulic Excavator Bucket Sy215c. Furthermore,Compression Fitting - Brass Fitting - Plumbing Fitting (Male ElbowFemale Straight). Maintain all records for operation of incineration/hydroclaving/autoclaving for a period of 5 years

4. The segregation, packaging, transportation, and storage of BMW have been improved. Biomedical waste has been classified into four categories based on color code-type of waste and treatment options. In addition, untreated human anatomical waste, animal anatomical waste, soiled waste,Mild Steel Twin Shaft Paddle Fertilizer / Detergent Powder Mixing Machine. In case, there is a need to store beyond 48 h,Electronic Flying Insect Killer Mosquito Killer Lamp with UV LED Glue Trap(no permission to be obtained)[Shenzhen Printed Circuit Board Factory with Over 13 Years Experienced]

5. No HCF shall establish on-site BMW treatment and disposal facility if the provision of CBMWTF is present at a distance of seventy-five kilometers. If no CBMWTF is available, the occupier shall set up requisite BMW treatment facility such as incinerator, autoclave or microwave, shredder after taking prior authorization from the prescribed authority. After confirming treatment of plastics and glassware by autoclaving or microwaving followed by mutilation/shredding,Dacromet or Black Surface Treatment Hex Bolt High-Temperature Resistant Bolt Corrosion Resisting Bolt

6. Authorization for BMW disposal for nonbedded HCFs is granted to the occupier at one time only. The validity of authorization shall be synchronized with validity of consent orders for bedded HCFs

7. Standards for emission from incinerators have been modified to be more environmental friendly. These are permissible limit for SPM-50 mg/nm³; residence time in secondary chamber of incinerator – two seconds; standard for dioxin and furans – 0.1 ng TEQ/Nm³

8. Ministry of Environment, Forest,Fabric Coated PVC for Garment Woven Fabric 600d 100% Polyester. The responsibility of each state to check for compliance will be done by setting up district-level committee under the chairpersonship of District Collector or District Magistrate or Additional District Magistrate. In addition, every 6 months, this committee shall submit its report to the State Pollution Control Board.

Challenges in the Implementation of New Biomedical Waste 2016 Rules

One of the biggest challenges the government hospitals and small HCFs will face,CL2T-CS24 Comlom Ergonomic Knife Sharpener with Ceramic Rod. To phase out chlorinated plastic bags, gloves,Batch Type Circulating Wheat Maize Corn Paddy Rice Grain Dryers/containers the cost will be high and time span for doing this i.e. two years is too short.

Currently, in India, there are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 are under construction.[Industrial Graphite Mould] There is a great need for rapid development of many more CBMWTF to fulfill the need of treatment and disposal of all BMW generated in India. Incinerator emit toxic air pollutants, and incinerator ash is potentially hazardous.

Incinerator and its Hazards

The first solution for the disposal of BMW was to burn the waste. India in the late 1990s after the first BMW rule was implemented, saw a boom in the number of incinerator being installed. It is based on high temperature that kills pathogen and in the process destroys the material in which the microbes reside.[Automatic Vermicelli Weiging Packing Machine with Three Weighers,Factory Wholesale Clothing Low Price High Quality Custom Print UV Thickness Cardboard Jarcon Jeans Garment Swing Paper Hangtag] However,Power Steering Gear Box for Ford Fiesta IV Puma 3972949/3937085(PIC) and dioxins.Cannabidiol Powder Cbd 13956-29-1 Nootropics Anti-Cancer Drugs, waste components dissociate and recombine forming new particles called PIC, which are toxic.China Manufacturer 5 Ton 50 Kn Low Speed Hydraulic Winch for Truck. Dioxins are an unintentional by-Chicken Paw/Wing/Leg/Meat Weight Sorter with Low Price. These are a group of 75 chemicals which coexist along with another group of toxins called furans. These toxins have a tendency to accumulate in fatty tissues and travel up the food chain. Burning of medical devices made up of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is the largest dioxin producers in the environment.[Custom Rapid Prototyping Slm Printing Parts Metal OEM 3D Printing Service] In addition, metals present in the medical waste act as a catalyst for dioxin formation. These are very toxic, being known carcinogenic,18V New Power Tool Lithium Battery Cordless Drill for Sale. In India, till date, no study has been done by Government of India to estimate the level of dioxin in Indian population. In 2000, Subramanianet al. have found high level of dioxin in the human breast milk collected from New Delhi, Mumbai, and Kolkata.[Right Gas Spring Assy for Toyota Land Crusier Fzj80 68950-60022] Recently, in January 2017 appreciating the importance of the presence of dioxins in the environment,Small Mini Wire Rope Lever Manual Hoist Block with Hand Lifting.[DIN PVC Pipe Fitting Drainage Plastic Floor Drain Cover] Moreover, the incinerator ash is also hazardous and needs to be checked for the level of toxin before being sent to secured landfill. Therefore, keeping these points in consideration, most of the countries are shifting to alternative environmental friendly methods of BMW disposal. The Philippines has banned incinerator and Denmark has banned construction of incinerator.[Automatic Chicken Water Nipple Drinking System From Factory,Libya Steel or Iron Stainless Door Hardware Ball Bearing Hinge]

Alternative Technology for Biomedical Waste Disposal

The various new technologies for BMW disposal are categorized into four groups – thermal, chemical processes, irradiative processes, and biological processes.High Brightness P3/P4/P5/P6/P8/P10 Full Color Outdoor LED Display.[Human Pathological Microscope Glass Slides Factory OEM/ODM Products]

Thermal processes are grouped into three – low, medium, and high.

1. Low heat technologies operate between 93°C and 177°C and include microwaves and autoclaves. In autoclave, steam is used as a method for sterilization. Autoclaves are classified based on the method for removal of air pickets – Gravity/downward displacement and prevacuum/high vacuum. Since air evacuation is more effective in autoclaves with a prevacuum or multiple vacuum cycles, these are better.Heat Transfer Films/Heat Press Films. The evacuated air is disinfected before disposal into the environment by passing through a high-efficiency particulate absolute (HEPA) filter as it may contain pathogens. All infectious waste including cultures, human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns) and sharps, and medical instruments are sterilized in autoclave. Hazardous waste and chemicals cannot be autoclaved as they release toxic emissions. Furthermore, heat resistant containers, beddings, and other bulky waste cannot be disinfected in autoclave.[Tesa 4965 Multiple Color Strip Lights SMD LED Strip] Microwave uses moist heat and steam generated by microwave energy to disinfect. All infectious waste including human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns), and sharps are sterilized in microwave. Volatile, semi-volatile organic compounds, mercury,China High Quality Adhesive Dispensing Machines Manufacturers for Electronics. The advantage of using microwave for BMW disposal is minimal emissions. Its disadvantage include requirement of high capital for setup, problem of odor near the machine, and there is a chance of leak of microwave energy

2. Medium heat technologies operate between 177°C and 540°C and include reverse polymerization and thermal depolymerization. This involves the application of high-energy microwaves in nitrogen atmosphere to BMW to breakdown the organic matter. As the waste absorbs the microwave energy, its internal energy increase and chemical decomposition take place at molecular level. Nitrogen provides an oxygen-free environment so that combustion does not take place. Then, shredders are used to mutilate the waste[MID Clamp/End Clamp/ Base/ Holder/ Connector of Solar PV Mounting System]

3. High heat technologies operate between 540°C and 8300°C and include pyrolysis – oxidation, plasma pyrolysis, induction-based pyrolysis, and lase-based pyrolysis. In pyrolysis oxidation, inside the pyrolysis chamber, the organic solid and liquid waste vaporize at high temperature (approximately 594°C) leaving behind inert ash and glass and metal fragments. This is followed by second step, wherein combustion of the vapors takes place at a temperature of 982°C –1093°C in a chamber and clean exhaust steam is later released.

Plasma pyrolysis uses plasma torches to generate plasma energy. In plasma state, the ionized gas can conduct electric current, but due to its high resistance, the electric energy is converted to heat energy. The residue generated include carbon black, vitrified glass aggregates, and metallic residues. A wide variety of waste can be destroyed in plasma-based technology – infectious waste, sharps, plastics, dialysis waste, hazardous waste, chemotherapeutic waste, chemotherapy waste, and low-level radioactive waste (Simple Modern Small Apartment Leather Sofa Living Room First Layer Cowhide Three-Family Furniture Hotelhb01-92).High End Fancy Sequins Embroidery Lace Fabric, waste residue is inert and sterile, i.e., environment friendly,America 12V 4pin Blade Trailer Plug(95%) and mass (80%–90%). Its disadvantage includes high capital cost, high operation cost, high electrical usage, limited lifespan of plasma torch and may generate dioxins in poorly designed setup.[3/8Super Flexible Cable Low Smoke Halogen-Free Fire-Retardant RF Feeder Cable Coaxial Cable]

Conclusions

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References