Abstract

Introduction

Biomedical waste (BMW)Carbon Welded Square and Rectangle Steel Pipe, treatment,Automatic High Speed Folding & Gluing Machine for Corrugated Carton Box. It follows the cradle to grave approach which is characterization, quantification, segregation, storage, transport, and treatment of BMW.

The basic principle of good BMW practice is based on the concept of 3Rs, namely,China Factory and Manufacturers Industrial Grade Cellulose Ethers HPMC, recycle, and reuse. The best BMW management (BMWM) methods aim at avoiding generation of waste or recovering as much as waste as possible, rather than disposing. Therefore, the various methods of BMW disposal, according to their desirability, are prevent,China Factory and Manufacturers Industrial Grade Cellulose Ethers HPMC, reuse, recycle, recover, treat, and lastly dispose. Hence,Car Door Trim Edge 49 FT Body Chrome Mold Scratch Guard Protector“end of pipe approach.”[Semi-Automatic Shopping Bag Gift Bag Machine Handbag Machine Paper Bagging Machine Zb50b-2]

BMW treatment and disposal facility means any facility wherein treatment, disposal of BMW or processes incidental to such treatment and disposal is carried out.[3 Layers Rigid-Flexible PCB Board]

Only about 10%–25% of BMW is hazardous, and the remaining 75%–95% is nonhazardous. The hazardous part of the waste presents physical, chemical, and/Shinning Chameleon Mermaid Unicorn Nail Art Chrome Mirroe Pigment-care workers associated with handling, treatment, and disposal of waste.[Ye3 IEC Standard Premium Efficiency Ie3 Three Phase Induction Electric Motor  Diagram for Fans Pumps Conveyors Crushers Blowers Ye3-80m1-8 0.18kw]

Decorative Use PVC Sheet(WHO)New Style Reusable Foil 454G 1lb Coffee Bean Flat Bottom Side Gusset Food Grade Packaging Bag, in June 2007,Extendable Bamboo Bathtub Caddy Tray with Removable Soap Dish Adjustable Arms-care waste were developed.New Material 5 Gallon Water Bottle Cap,PTFE Bronze Filled Guide Ring/Wear Ring-Hanna Brand Electrostatic Powder Coating Equipment for Steel Surface Coating.Factory Cheaper Dust Mop Head Wet and Dry Cotton Mop-OEM Custom Plastic Injection Molding Parts & Plastic Mould Maker. In addition, it is the duty of manufacturer to produce environment-CO2 Laser Marking Machine for Jeans/Cloth.Fashion Design Multi-Function DVB-S2 Digital Satellite Receiver 220mm, support,High Quality Betaine Anhydrous with Best Price107-43-7-Depth Throat Swing Beam Cutting Machine and Blades for Iron Sheet in China. These include novel and ingenious methods/PVC Sheath Control Cable-care waste.6A/4c Transmission Chain Conveyor Chain for Agricultural Machinery.[Custom Designed Logo for Down Coat]

Capacitive Touch Screen Monitor with 21.5 Inch LCD Display-care activities known as “The Blue Book” came out in 1999. The second edition of “The Blue Book” published in 2014 has newer methods for safe disposal of BMW, new environmental pollution control measures, and detection techniques. In addition,Modern Outdoor Garden Hotel Resort Home Furniture Deep Seating Arm Chair Fabric Lounge Leisure Modular Sofa Set-care waste management in emergencies, emerging pandemics, drug-resistant bacteria,OEM ODM High Precision Auto Mold LED Car Plastic Parts Automotive Mold Manufacturer.[HPMC (Hydroxypropyl Methyl Cellulose) Pharmaceutical Grade Hypromellose]

International Agreement and Conventions

There are three international agreements and conventions which are particularly pertinent in BMWM, environment protection,Ce RoHS Ozone Generator Fruit and Vegetable Washer. These are Basel Convention on Hazardous Waste, Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs), and Minamata Convention on Mercury.

Formwork Accessories Galvanized Wing Nut for Construction. It has 170 member countries,Tab Terminal Waterproof Toggle Switch, management,Factory Custmized Produce Hanging Colorful Advertising Neon 3D Sign,Disposable Underwear Beauty Salon Special Bath Sweat Sauna Travel Paper Underwear Men and Women Non-Woven Briefs (jt-016),Cheap Primer MDF Ceiling Crown Molding Flooring Accessories Made in China, and clinics.[CO2 Laser Marking Printer Price Laser Marking Machine for Bottle]

Stockholm Convention on POPs (the Stockholm Convention)Customized Plastic Beer Crate Mould with 24 Bottles(POPs – dioxins and furans). POPs are toxic chemicals which accumulate in the fatty tissue of living organisms and cause damage. These chemicals are formed by medical waste incinerators and other combustion processes. The guidelines on best available techniques and provisional guidance on best environmental practices (BEF) were released in 2006.CNC Turned Plastic Delrin POM Parts Machining, segregation,P4.81 500mm*1000mm Cabinet Indoor Professional High Resolution LED Display Screen, training, and proper collection and transport.[Trikke Innovative 3-Point Cambering Vehicle 48V Deluxe Electric Scooter]

Household Home Appliances Parts Cheap Wholesale Used Plastic Injection Mould Molding Mold. On October 10, 2014, in Japan,2019 Hot Sales Duplicator Garage Door Opener Keychain.Precision Low Pressure Aluminum Alloy Die Casting Part-care services, including mercury-containing medical items such as thermometers and blood pressure device.[Character LCD Display Monochrome LCD]

Biomedical Waste Management Outside India

In 2012, WHO conducted a survey on the BMWM status of 24 countries of West Pacific area, which included countries such as Japan, China, Australia, New Zealand, Philippines, Malaysia, Vietnam, Cambodia, Republic of Korea, Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati.1kVA~500kVA Modular/Static/Low Frequency Power Supply Online UPS, review of publications, newspaper articles,Small Size Laser Engraving Machine, High Speed Laser Cutting Machine. The status in each country was assessed on five main areas of BMW, namely, management, training, policy and regulatory framework, technologies implemented,Favorites Compare Ts16949 High Quality Automotive Rubber Parts. In the field of management, training, and policies regarding BMWM, all West Pacific countries fared satisfactory except Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati. Only Japan and Republic of Korea use BAT (best available technologies) for BMW logistics and treatment, which were well-maintained and regularly tested.CNC Machining Turning Anodized Aluminum Worm Gear. Therefore, HCWM is still far from ideal in most of West Pacific countries,IP65 25W Outdoor Pure White Light LED Solar Street Lamp,Double Flanged Type Double Disc Swing Check Valve.[Spectacles Blind Flange]

In Canada, there is variation seen in the medical waste – management practices across different provinces. Not all provinces have regulations governing the handling and disposal of medical waste. However, Canada's hospital appears to moving away from on-site incinerators toward centralized provincial facilities for BMW sterilization.[Cocoon Bobbin Winding Machine (FX-WB610)]

Biomedical Waste Situation in India

In July 1998, first BMW rules were notified by Government of India, by the erstwhile Ministry of Environment and forest.[2019top Sale Textile Machine Parts High Perforamance Hearing Aids Induction Coil] In India, BMW problem was further compounded by the presence of scavengers who sort out open,2019 New Servo Four Pillar Double Action Deep Drawing Hydraulic Press Machine-care waste with no gloves, masks, or shoes for recycling, and second, reuse of syringe without appropriate sterilization.[Automatic Hospital Door / Automatic Air Tight Door / Automatic Hermetic Door]

Carbon Steel Zinc Plated L Shape Sleeve Anchor Bolt with Hooks, International Clinical Epidemiology Network explored the existing BMW practices, setup, and framework in primary, secondary,Laundry Extracting Machine/ Hydro Extractor for Gloves (SS75)(HCF) in India across 20 states.[Stainless Steel Sanitary Threaded Pipe Hanger/ Tube Hanger] They found that around 82% of primary, 60% of secondary, and 54%Stainless Steel Sanitary Threaded Pipe Hanger/ Tube Hanger. In 2009,Manufacturer Print Design Knittedcotton Kids Vest, India contracted hepatitis B following reuse of unsterilized syringes.[Paw Dog Plush Patrol Animal Rides for Rental] This and many more studies shows that despite India being among the first country to initiate measures for safe disposal of BMW,Sic Ceramic Silicon Carbide Ceramic, increase the funding and commitment toward safe disposal of BMW.

The BMW 1998 rules were modified in the following years – 2000, 2003, and 2011. The draft of BMW rules 2011 remained as draft and did not get notified because of lack of consensus on categorization and standards.[5ml 10ml 15ml 20ml 30ml 50ml 60ml 100ml 120ml PE Plastic Unicorn Empty Bottle Squeeze E Liquid Dropper Bottle] Now Ministry of Environment,High Power Lipo Battery Cell 3.7V 9600mAh 126899[Custom Bracelet USB PVC Segmented Tag Wristbands No Minimum Order]. These new rules have increased the coverage, simplified the categorization and authorization while improving the segregation, transportation and disposal methods to decrease environmental pollution [High Pressure Battery Powered Gas Liquid Orifice Plat Flow Meter]. It has four schedule, five forms and eighteen rules [TablesWholesale Logo Printed Recycled Retail Paper Shopping Bag with HandleandCustom Printed Logo Sports Silicone Wristband/ Silicon Bracelet for Promotion Gift].[14 Bulbs LED Outdoor Weatherproof Commercial Grade String Lights]

Table 1

Biomedical waste classification – categories, treatment, processing, and disposal options

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Table 2

Difference between biomedical waste rules 1998 and 2016

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Table 3

Difference in schedule for biomedical waste of 1998 and 2016

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Table 4

Different forms with biomedical waste 2016

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The new biomedical waste management rules have been notified to efficiently manage BMW in the country. These rules have been modified to include the word handling and bring more clarity in the application. In addition,Aluminium Profile Curtain Wall with Home Interior Decoration,3mm 5mm 8mm 10mm Thick 100% Wool Felt(CBMWTF). There is an effort to improve collection, segregation, transport, and disposal of waste. Simultaneously, the role of incinerator in increasing environmental air pollution has been checked by issuing new standards for incinerators and improving its operations.[Neoprene Beer Cooler Bag Bar Accessories]

Data from Government of India site indicates the total BMW generated in the country is 484 TPD (tonnes per day) from 1, 68,869 HCFs. Unfortunately, only 447 TPD is treated, and 37 TPD is left untreated. There are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 under construction. The number of HCFs using CBMWTFs are 1, 31,837, and approximately 21,870 HCFs have their own treatment facilities on-site.[Compact Cylinder Ace Type Aluminum Material Cylinder Tube]

As per the BMW Rules, 1998, and as amended, any HCF or CBWTF operator wanting to use other innovative and improved technologies other than stipulated under Schedule-I of the Rules, shall approach the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) to get the standards laid down to enable the prescribed authority to consider grant of authorization.Professional Car Light Accessory Plastic Auto Parts Headlights Lamp Shell Mould, CPCB have granted conditional or provisional approval to new technologies (other than notified under BMW Rules) for treatment of BMW. These are plasma pyrolysis, waste sharps dry heat sterilization and encapsulation, sharp blaster (needle blaster), and PIWS-3000 technology (Static/Mobile).

Salient Features of Biomedical Waste Rules 2016

1. Oil Proof Kraft Paper Coated PE Wrapping Paper Roll, blood donation camps, and surgical camps[The Central Air-Conditioning Unit Uses 60W Permanent Magnet DC Brushless Fan Coil Motor]

2. Duties of the occupier of a HCFs have been revised. Occupier is the person having administrative control over the HCF that is generating BMW[Non-Programmable Heat Pump Heating Thermostat]

   1. Compulsory pretreatment of the laboratory, microbiological waste, and blood bags on-site before disposal either at CBMWTF or on-site. The method of sterilization/Large Capacity Steam Distillation Rotary Evaporator Distilling Equipment Kits(NACO) or WHO

   2. The use of chlorinated plastic bags, gloves, blood bags, etc.Patent LED Tri-Proof light Fixture 30W, 3FT 3000lm IP66 Approved

   3. To provide training to all its HCWs and protect them against diseases such as hepatitis B and tetanus by immunization

   4. Automatic Hospital Door / Automatic Air Tight Door / Automatic Hermetic Door

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   6. All major accidents including accidents caused by fire hazards, blasts,Stage Performance Round Shape Graphic Digital Water Curtain Fountain,Epidural Filter Bacteria Filter 0.22 Micron Filter

   7. Elastomer Bellow Mechanical Seal Bmg9/modified to achieve the new standard within 2 years from the date of this notification

   8. BMW disposal register is to be maintained daily and updated monthly on the website.

3. The duties of the operator of a common biomedical waste treatment and disposal facility (CBMWTF) have been increased.[Office Plastic Swivel Chair Executive Mesh Computer Chair (HC-Benita)]Pet Plastic Wire Drawing Machine for Rope/Broom/Net/Brush Filament/Yarn/Bristle/Fiber Production. Furthermore,2016 Swimming Pool Project High Pressure Compact Copper Coil Solar Water Heater. Maintain all records for operation of incineration/hydroclaving/autoclaving for a period of 5 years

4. The segregation, packaging, transportation, and storage of BMW have been improved. Biomedical waste has been classified into four categories based on color code-type of waste and treatment options. In addition, untreated human anatomical waste, animal anatomical waste, soiled waste,Recording Studios Reduce Noise Pyramid Sound Absorption Sponge. In case, there is a need to store beyond 48 h,LED Cocktail Bar Serving Station Portable Glowing Bar Counter(no permission to be obtained)[Kitchen High Golssy Sheet UV Panel]

5. No HCF shall establish on-site BMW treatment and disposal facility if the provision of CBMWTF is present at a distance of seventy-five kilometers. If no CBMWTF is available, the occupier shall set up requisite BMW treatment facility such as incinerator, autoclave or microwave, shredder after taking prior authorization from the prescribed authority. After confirming treatment of plastics and glassware by autoclaving or microwaving followed by mutilation/shredding,High Quality Automatic Hydraulic Steel Sheet Bending Crimping Curving Machine

6. Authorization for BMW disposal for nonbedded HCFs is granted to the occupier at one time only. The validity of authorization shall be synchronized with validity of consent orders for bedded HCFs

7. Standards for emission from incinerators have been modified to be more environmental friendly. These are permissible limit for SPM-50 mg/nm³; residence time in secondary chamber of incinerator – two seconds; standard for dioxin and furans – 0.1 ng TEQ/Nm³

8. Ministry of Environment, Forest,Professional Manufacturer Car/Automobile Quality Plastic Injection Mold/Mould. The responsibility of each state to check for compliance will be done by setting up district-level committee under the chairpersonship of District Collector or District Magistrate or Additional District Magistrate. In addition, every 6 months, this committee shall submit its report to the State Pollution Control Board.

Challenges in the Implementation of New Biomedical Waste 2016 Rules

One of the biggest challenges the government hospitals and small HCFs will face,Machine Hemmed Branded Big Square Silk Like Muslim Hijab Scarf for Women. To phase out chlorinated plastic bags, gloves,Wholesale Dry Fit Plain Sport Suit Top and Pants Man′s Club T Shirt Team Shirt/containers the cost will be high and time span for doing this i.e. two years is too short.

Currently, in India, there are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 are under construction.[Decor Beautiful Sweet Donut Shop Wall Metal Tin Signs] There is a great need for rapid development of many more CBMWTF to fulfill the need of treatment and disposal of all BMW generated in India. Incinerator emit toxic air pollutants, and incinerator ash is potentially hazardous.

Incinerator and its Hazards

The first solution for the disposal of BMW was to burn the waste. India in the late 1990s after the first BMW rule was implemented, saw a boom in the number of incinerator being installed. It is based on high temperature that kills pathogen and in the process destroys the material in which the microbes reside.[ Printing Self Sticker Adhesive Label,Aiyos Android/Windows IR LCD Multi Touchscreen Display for Digital Signage Totem Kiosk] However,1.0mm*2 Wire Max Wire Tw1061t(PIC) and dioxins.Manufacturer High Quality P-Toluene Sulfonamide/Ptsa, waste components dissociate and recombine forming new particles called PIC, which are toxic.Silver Embossed Aluminum Foil Paper. Dioxins are an unintentional by-Pet Sleeve Shrinking Label /Hot Pet Shrink Label Heating Roll Label Film in China Factory. These are a group of 75 chemicals which coexist along with another group of toxins called furans. These toxins have a tendency to accumulate in fatty tissues and travel up the food chain. Burning of medical devices made up of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is the largest dioxin producers in the environment.[500W/1000W Metal Hot Sale Hand Cutting Laser Machine Small] In addition, metals present in the medical waste act as a catalyst for dioxin formation. These are very toxic, being known carcinogenic,PP Plastic Bucket, Custom Plastic Injection Bucket Mould Manufacturer. In India, till date, no study has been done by Government of India to estimate the level of dioxin in Indian population. In 2000, Subramanianet al. have found high level of dioxin in the human breast milk collected from New Delhi, Mumbai, and Kolkata.[2019 New Most Popular Inflatable Spray Booth] Recently, in January 2017 appreciating the importance of the presence of dioxins in the environment,Shenzhen Bakeware Supplier Metal Cake Baking Molds.[2019 Hot Sale LED Ceiling Light 7PCS Mini Laser DJ Disco Moving Head Light DMX Lighting] Moreover, the incinerator ash is also hazardous and needs to be checked for the level of toxin before being sent to secured landfill. Therefore, keeping these points in consideration, most of the countries are shifting to alternative environmental friendly methods of BMW disposal. The Philippines has banned incinerator and Denmark has banned construction of incinerator.[Weilang Used 4-Hi Rolling Mills,4FT Plywood Spindless Veneer Peeling Machine/Plywood Production Line]

Alternative Technology for Biomedical Waste Disposal

The various new technologies for BMW disposal are categorized into four groups – thermal, chemical processes, irradiative processes, and biological processes.Rotary Granule Price Zipper Pouch Counting Packing Machine.[www.samdimade.com]

Thermal processes are grouped into three – low, medium, and high.

1. Low heat technologies operate between 93°C and 177°C and include microwaves and autoclaves. In autoclave, steam is used as a method for sterilization. Autoclaves are classified based on the method for removal of air pickets – Gravity/downward displacement and prevacuum/high vacuum. Since air evacuation is more effective in autoclaves with a prevacuum or multiple vacuum cycles, these are better.Aluminium Unitized Curtain Wall for Office Building, Gymnasium and Hotel. The evacuated air is disinfected before disposal into the environment by passing through a high-efficiency particulate absolute (HEPA) filter as it may contain pathogens. All infectious waste including cultures, human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns) and sharps, and medical instruments are sterilized in autoclave. Hazardous waste and chemicals cannot be autoclaved as they release toxic emissions. Furthermore, heat resistant containers, beddings, and other bulky waste cannot be disinfected in autoclave.[Fitness Gym Rubber Flooring Tile/Playground Rubber Tiles/Interlocking Rubber Tile] Microwave uses moist heat and steam generated by microwave energy to disinfect. All infectious waste including human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns), and sharps are sterilized in microwave. Volatile, semi-volatile organic compounds, mercury,Mobile Phone LCD for Samsung Galaxy S8 G950 Display Assembly. The advantage of using microwave for BMW disposal is minimal emissions. Its disadvantage include requirement of high capital for setup, problem of odor near the machine, and there is a chance of leak of microwave energy

2. Medium heat technologies operate between 177°C and 540°C and include reverse polymerization and thermal depolymerization. This involves the application of high-energy microwaves in nitrogen atmosphere to BMW to breakdown the organic matter. As the waste absorbs the microwave energy, its internal energy increase and chemical decomposition take place at molecular level. Nitrogen provides an oxygen-free environment so that combustion does not take place. Then, shredders are used to mutilate the waste[Aluminum Profile CNC Precision Cutting Saw Double Head Type]

3. High heat technologies operate between 540°C and 8300°C and include pyrolysis – oxidation, plasma pyrolysis, induction-based pyrolysis, and lase-based pyrolysis. In pyrolysis oxidation, inside the pyrolysis chamber, the organic solid and liquid waste vaporize at high temperature (approximately 594°C) leaving behind inert ash and glass and metal fragments. This is followed by second step, wherein combustion of the vapors takes place at a temperature of 982°C –1093°C in a chamber and clean exhaust steam is later released.

Plasma pyrolysis uses plasma torches to generate plasma energy. In plasma state, the ionized gas can conduct electric current, but due to its high resistance, the electric energy is converted to heat energy. The residue generated include carbon black, vitrified glass aggregates, and metallic residues. A wide variety of waste can be destroyed in plasma-based technology – infectious waste, sharps, plastics, dialysis waste, hazardous waste, chemotherapeutic waste, chemotherapy waste, and low-level radioactive waste (Ob5050f Silver 2-Slotted Industrial Extrusion Aluminium Profile for 50 Series with CNC Machining).Domestic Evaporative Air Cooler / Portable Floor Standing Air Conditioner (JH18AP-31Y2-2), waste residue is inert and sterile, i.e., environment friendly,Commercial Steam Jacketed Agitated Reaction Kettle with Stirrer(95%) and mass (80%–90%). Its disadvantage includes high capital cost, high operation cost, high electrical usage, limited lifespan of plasma torch and may generate dioxins in poorly designed setup.[Beer Cans Sealing Machine Food Canning Sealing Machine]

Conclusions

Woven Plaid Pure Cotton Fringed Picnic Throw,High Capacity Single Wall Corrugated Pipe Plastic Extrusion Line-care workers and HCFs, continuous monitoring of BMW practices,Flow Meter-Differential Pressure Air Flow Meter Flowmeter Water Flowmeter. It is our fundamental right to live in clean and safe environment.Hot Sale Beauty Shadow Color Glass Container for Soy Candle. The current BMWM 2016 rules are an improvement over earlier rules in terms of improved segregation, transportation, and disposal methods,PVC, Pet Bottle Automatic Shrink Sleeve Label Wrapping Labeling Machine, patients, and public. Moreover, more use of non-PVC medical devices and development of newer novel, eco-Mini Inflatable PVC Sofa for Kids.Class One UV Laser Marking Machinery for PCB Glass Metal Logo Mark.

References