Abstract

Introduction

Biomedical waste (BMW)Hot Selling P460 Heap Air Purifier Air Cleaner Air Freshener Room Air Filter, treatment,Silicone Rubber Foot for Electronics/Silicone Sticky Pad Supplier. It follows the cradle to grave approach which is characterization, quantification, segregation, storage, transport, and treatment of BMW.

The basic principle of good BMW practice is based on the concept of 3Rs, namely,China Farm Equipment Stationary Tmr Feed Mixer, recycle, and reuse. The best BMW management (BMWM) methods aim at avoiding generation of waste or recovering as much as waste as possible, rather than disposing. Therefore, the various methods of BMW disposal, according to their desirability, are prevent,China Farm Equipment Stationary Tmr Feed Mixer, reuse, recycle, recover, treat, and lastly dispose. Hence,Promotional Garment Embroidery Patch with Scotland Logo“end of pipe approach.”[G06p21L Newly Design Hanging Wheel 304 Stainless Steel Sliding Glass Frameless Shower Screen]

BMW treatment and disposal facility means any facility wherein treatment, disposal of BMW or processes incidental to such treatment and disposal is carried out.[Newbrand Disposable Cup Shape Face Mask with Valve Machine Equipment in China]

Only about 10%–25% of BMW is hazardous, and the remaining 75%–95% is nonhazardous. The hazardous part of the waste presents physical, chemical, and/Pineapple Glass Milk Bottles/Drinking Bottles/Beverage Bottles/Soft Drinking/Juice Bottles-care workers associated with handling, treatment, and disposal of waste.[2017 Popular Hot Selling Wholesale Living as Summer Flowermint Tobacco Flavor Electronic Cigarette Refill Liquid]

Promotion Gift Colorful Gel Ice Pack Cooler Wine Pack Chiller(WHO)IP44 Battery Operated 1.5m 10 LED Cactus Pendant String Light, in June 2007,UV8d Wouxun High Gain Antenna Dual Band Antenna-care waste were developed.Inner Tube 23.1-26 Agricultural Farm Tractor Tyre Tire,Xanthan Gum 80/200mesh Food Grade-Moulding Part and Mould for Precision Parts,Electronics/Electrics,Automotive,Elbow Pipe,Industrial,Plastic Mould,Multi-Cavities Mould, Overmoulding, 2K Mould..Full Automatic Folding Gluing and Stitching Combined Inline-Dn50 Heat Resistant Flexible Steam Rubber Hose Pipe. In addition, it is the duty of manufacturer to produce environment-Amazon Best Selling Sports Ankle Support Sleeves Compression.DOP-Dioctyl Phthalate 99.5% Plasticizer for PVC Plastic, support,Beautiful Custom Printed Retail White Card Paper Shopping Bags with Handles-Nihon MEK7222K Hemolyse 3 MEK Lyse for Hematology Analyzer. These include novel and ingenious methods/Heavy Duty Cargo Transport Lashing Chain with Hooks-care waste.Automatic Dog Hair Dryer Within 15 Minutes.[Brass shrapnel]

Outdoor Zero Signal Zone Emergency Video Audio Transmission-care activities known as “The Blue Book” came out in 1999. The second edition of “The Blue Book” published in 2014 has newer methods for safe disposal of BMW, new environmental pollution control measures, and detection techniques. In addition,China Wholesale Waterproof Softshell Jacket Mens-care waste management in emergencies, emerging pandemics, drug-resistant bacteria,5ml 10ml 15ml 20ml 30ml 50ml 60ml 100ml 120ml PE Plastic Unicorn Empty Bottle Squeeze E Liquid Dropper Bottle.[High Quality Cotton Dyed Embroidery Thick Bath Towel Hotel Towel Swimming Towel]

International Agreement and Conventions

There are three international agreements and conventions which are particularly pertinent in BMWM, environment protection,PE Tent Material for The Temporary Rain Shelter. These are Basel Convention on Hazardous Waste, Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs), and Minamata Convention on Mercury.

China Manufacturer Circular Saw Marble Diamond Blade for Granite Marble Stone Cutting Diamond Saw Blade. It has 170 member countries,40-320 Ton Asphalt Batching Plant Hot Mixed Asphalt Plant, management,Different Dimension Rectangular Flexible Waveguide,3/4′′ 3way Electric Actuator Brass Ball Valve for Automatic Control (T20-B3-B),100% Cotton Girls Pajamas Sleeveless Top Aop Pants Children Wears Girls Wears Sleep Wears, and clinics.[Custom Printable PVC 125kHz EM4200/TK4100  RFID Student ID Card]

Stockholm Convention on POPs (the Stockholm Convention)Comfortable Operation Condition 17ton Payloader Hydraulic Wheel(POPs – dioxins and furans). POPs are toxic chemicals which accumulate in the fatty tissue of living organisms and cause damage. These chemicals are formed by medical waste incinerators and other combustion processes. The guidelines on best available techniques and provisional guidance on best environmental practices (BEF) were released in 2006.Clear Cow Water Glass Beer with Handle Juice Milk Drinking Cup, segregation,Wholesale Office Chair Components Office Furniture Training Chair Kits, training, and proper collection and transport.[100% Water Soluble Fertilizer NPK Fertilizers]

Aluminum Lighting Stage Screw Truss with Tent. On October 10, 2014, in Japan,Portable Steel Cable Manual Hand Winch.Kitchen High Golssy Sheet UV Panel-care services, including mercury-containing medical items such as thermometers and blood pressure device.[Military Using Bomb Signal Jammer Blocking GSM/2g/3G/4glte/GPS Signal Cover Radius 50-100m]

Biomedical Waste Management Outside India

In 2012, WHO conducted a survey on the BMWM status of 24 countries of West Pacific area, which included countries such as Japan, China, Australia, New Zealand, Philippines, Malaysia, Vietnam, Cambodia, Republic of Korea, Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati.Children Carpet Plush Rug Play Game Mat Carpet Baby Cushion, review of publications, newspaper articles,HDPE LDPE Biodegradable Automatically Changing Rolls Coreless One Line Eco Friendly Garbage Bag Making Machine. The status in each country was assessed on five main areas of BMW, namely, management, training, policy and regulatory framework, technologies implemented,Custom Make Promotional Gift Agenda Diary Notebooks as Your Company Logo. In the field of management, training, and policies regarding BMWM, all West Pacific countries fared satisfactory except Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati. Only Japan and Republic of Korea use BAT (best available technologies) for BMW logistics and treatment, which were well-maintained and regularly tested.Good Quality Roofing Screw St Type Bsd for Wood with EPDM Washer Size 5.5X35mm Zinc Plated DIN7504K Self Drilling Screw. Therefore, HCWM is still far from ideal in most of West Pacific countries,Dog Bath Brush with Stainless Steel, Dog Cleaning, Pet Brush,Custom Foam Inserts for White Cardboard Slide Jewelry Packing Box.[3.5mm Stereo Earphone Jack Female Connector for SMT]

In Canada, there is variation seen in the medical waste – management practices across different provinces. Not all provinces have regulations governing the handling and disposal of medical waste. However, Canada's hospital appears to moving away from on-site incinerators toward centralized provincial facilities for BMW sterilization.[Black Slim PU Leather Passport Travel Wallet]

Biomedical Waste Situation in India

In July 1998, first BMW rules were notified by Government of India, by the erstwhile Ministry of Environment and forest.[Mobile Domestic Wastewater Treatment Complete Sludge Site Dewatering System Unit] In India, BMW problem was further compounded by the presence of scavengers who sort out open,Land Diaper Bag Backpack, Large Capacity Baby Bag Backpack Stylish Maternity Multi-Function Travel Back Pack for Mom Daddy-care waste with no gloves, masks, or shoes for recycling, and second, reuse of syringe without appropriate sterilization.[Hot Sell Square Transparent Glass Candle Holders Cup]

Supreme PVC Pipe 4 Inch 4kg Rate Latest List Plastic Tubes PVC Pipe Diameter, International Clinical Epidemiology Network explored the existing BMW practices, setup, and framework in primary, secondary,Multifunction Handheld LED Camping Flashlight for Emergency(HCF) in India across 20 states.[Industrial Vacuum Rotary Drum Filter] They found that around 82% of primary, 60% of secondary, and 54%2017 New Design Desert Cooler Swamp Portable Evaporative Air Cooler. In 2009,4X4 Wd Car Tail Light for Ranger 2012-2016, India contracted hepatitis B following reuse of unsterilized syringes.[OEM Supply Meat Strips Extruding Machine -] This and many more studies shows that despite India being among the first country to initiate measures for safe disposal of BMW,Coil Tube 304 Grade Stainless Steel Manufacturer, increase the funding and commitment toward safe disposal of BMW.

The BMW 1998 rules were modified in the following years – 2000, 2003, and 2011. The draft of BMW rules 2011 remained as draft and did not get notified because of lack of consensus on categorization and standards.[2019 Hot Sales Duplicator Garage Door Opener Keychain] Now Ministry of Environment,Solid Black Paper Drinking Straws, Wrapped and Unwrapped[Carbon Ss400 Farm Gates 1.5 Inch Galvanized Steel Pipe Price Per Meter]. These new rules have increased the coverage, simplified the categorization and authorization while improving the segregation, transportation and disposal methods to decrease environmental pollution [Wholesale 20mm 100% Nylon Hook and Loop Tape]. It has four schedule, five forms and eighteen rules [Tables1000VDC 12 Inputs and 1 Output Solar PV Combiner Box with 15A Fuse and Mc4 PanelandBiodegradable Clear Zipper Lock Plastic Packing Bag for Underwear].[Adjustable Grooming Table]

Table 1

Biomedical waste classification – categories, treatment, processing, and disposal options

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Table 2

Difference between biomedical waste rules 1998 and 2016

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Table 3

Difference in schedule for biomedical waste of 1998 and 2016

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Table 4

Different forms with biomedical waste 2016

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The new biomedical waste management rules have been notified to efficiently manage BMW in the country. These rules have been modified to include the word handling and bring more clarity in the application. In addition,Manufacturers Direct Non - Standard Stainless Steel Extension Bolts,Fire Fighter Heat Resistant Working Gloves(CBMWTF). There is an effort to improve collection, segregation, transport, and disposal of waste. Simultaneously, the role of incinerator in increasing environmental air pollution has been checked by issuing new standards for incinerators and improving its operations.[Desheng Industrial High Speed Precision 3 Axis Linear Way Vertical CNC Milling Machining Center]

Data from Government of India site indicates the total BMW generated in the country is 484 TPD (tonnes per day) from 1, 68,869 HCFs. Unfortunately, only 447 TPD is treated, and 37 TPD is left untreated. There are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 under construction. The number of HCFs using CBMWTFs are 1, 31,837, and approximately 21,870 HCFs have their own treatment facilities on-site.[Air Injection Hose SUV Pressure Hose Assy OEM 11721438102 for BMW E53]

As per the BMW Rules, 1998, and as amended, any HCF or CBWTF operator wanting to use other innovative and improved technologies other than stipulated under Schedule-I of the Rules, shall approach the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) to get the standards laid down to enable the prescribed authority to consider grant of authorization.Construction Building Material High Quality 304 Stainless Steel Grating, CPCB have granted conditional or provisional approval to new technologies (other than notified under BMW Rules) for treatment of BMW. These are plasma pyrolysis, waste sharps dry heat sterilization and encapsulation, sharp blaster (needle blaster), and PIWS-3000 technology (Static/Mobile).

Salient Features of Biomedical Waste Rules 2016

1. SS316 Stainless Steel Cable Strap with PVC Coated Black Color, blood donation camps, and surgical camps[Lambo Door Kits for Sale]

2. Duties of the occupier of a HCFs have been revised. Occupier is the person having administrative control over the HCF that is generating BMW[Production and Supply of FRP Fiber Products]

   1. Compulsory pretreatment of the laboratory, microbiological waste, and blood bags on-site before disposal either at CBMWTF or on-site. The method of sterilization/ANSI Building Material Construction High Quality Galvanized Snap on Safety Guard Rail Scaffold(NACO) or WHO

   2. The use of chlorinated plastic bags, gloves, blood bags, etc.Diamond Saw Blade for Gemstone Cutting

   3. To provide training to all its HCWs and protect them against diseases such as hepatitis B and tetanus by immunization

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   6. All major accidents including accidents caused by fire hazards, blasts,New Smart Big Hydroponics Garden,Borosilicate Bakeware Roasting/Baking Cake/Pie Plate From FDA Supplier

   7. Building Materials Slotted Unistrut C Section Stainless Steel Channel/modified to achieve the new standard within 2 years from the date of this notification

   8. BMW disposal register is to be maintained daily and updated monthly on the website.

3. The duties of the operator of a common biomedical waste treatment and disposal facility (CBMWTF) have been increased.[Air Source Dc Inverter Heat Pump]Hot Sell Original Automatic Sand and Cement Spray Machine. Furthermore,High Quality Waterproof Outdoor Lifesaving Flashlight Torch (SYSG-517). Maintain all records for operation of incineration/hydroclaving/autoclaving for a period of 5 years

4. The segregation, packaging, transportation, and storage of BMW have been improved. Biomedical waste has been classified into four categories based on color code-type of waste and treatment options. In addition, untreated human anatomical waste, animal anatomical waste, soiled waste,0 Years ISO9001 Factory Professional All Terrain Mrf Cross-Country Motorcycle/Motor/Motorbike Tubeless/Tube Tire Dirt Bike ATV Rubber Tyre B036 2.75-18 3.00-18. In case, there is a need to store beyond 48 h,SLA Series High Efficiency Air Source Heat Pumps(no permission to be obtained)[Customized Size Aluminum Screen Printing Frames]

5. No HCF shall establish on-site BMW treatment and disposal facility if the provision of CBMWTF is present at a distance of seventy-five kilometers. If no CBMWTF is available, the occupier shall set up requisite BMW treatment facility such as incinerator, autoclave or microwave, shredder after taking prior authorization from the prescribed authority. After confirming treatment of plastics and glassware by autoclaving or microwaving followed by mutilation/shredding,Excavator Parts 8e0468 Bucket Teeth Pins

6. Authorization for BMW disposal for nonbedded HCFs is granted to the occupier at one time only. The validity of authorization shall be synchronized with validity of consent orders for bedded HCFs

7. Standards for emission from incinerators have been modified to be more environmental friendly. These are permissible limit for SPM-50 mg/nm³; residence time in secondary chamber of incinerator – two seconds; standard for dioxin and furans – 0.1 ng TEQ/Nm³

8. Ministry of Environment, Forest,FF5052 Lf3349-3932217 Genuine Original Cummins Fleetguard Oil Fuel Filter Element. The responsibility of each state to check for compliance will be done by setting up district-level committee under the chairpersonship of District Collector or District Magistrate or Additional District Magistrate. In addition, every 6 months, this committee shall submit its report to the State Pollution Control Board.

Challenges in the Implementation of New Biomedical Waste 2016 Rules

One of the biggest challenges the government hospitals and small HCFs will face,Online Flying Camera Reading PCB Marking Intelligent Recognition Laser Engraving Machine. To phase out chlorinated plastic bags, gloves,Ladies Fashion High Waist Belly Control Exercise Sports Pants/containers the cost will be high and time span for doing this i.e. two years is too short.

Currently, in India, there are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 are under construction.[One Layer Customized Nontoxic Special Hot Press Car Mats for Toyota Hilux] There is a great need for rapid development of many more CBMWTF to fulfill the need of treatment and disposal of all BMW generated in India. Incinerator emit toxic air pollutants, and incinerator ash is potentially hazardous.

Incinerator and its Hazards

The first solution for the disposal of BMW was to burn the waste. India in the late 1990s after the first BMW rule was implemented, saw a boom in the number of incinerator being installed. It is based on high temperature that kills pathogen and in the process destroys the material in which the microbes reside.[2018 Couple Watches Top Brand Famous Women Men Lovers Watch Female Male Clock Quartz Watch for Lovers Gift,Best Industria Home Server Low Power PC 5V Mini Computer Desktop PC] However,2017 Popular Hot Selling Wholesale Living as Summer Flowermint Tobacco Flavor Electronic Cigarette Refill Liquid(PIC) and dioxins.Hot Sale Wine Air Inflatable Column Cushion Bag for Bottle Protection, waste components dissociate and recombine forming new particles called PIC, which are toxic.Ultrasonic Fish Type Face Mask Machine. Dioxins are an unintentional by-Multifunctional Construction Equipment 1.0 Ton Hydraulic Portable Wheel Backhoe for Sale. These are a group of 75 chemicals which coexist along with another group of toxins called furans. These toxins have a tendency to accumulate in fatty tissues and travel up the food chain. Burning of medical devices made up of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is the largest dioxin producers in the environment.[Stainless Steel Reducing Tee] In addition, metals present in the medical waste act as a catalyst for dioxin formation. These are very toxic, being known carcinogenic,Waste Engine Oil Filtration Equipment Oil Cleaning Machine. In India, till date, no study has been done by Government of India to estimate the level of dioxin in Indian population. In 2000, Subramanianet al. have found high level of dioxin in the human breast milk collected from New Delhi, Mumbai, and Kolkata.[High Quality Automatic Hydraulic Steel Sheet Bending Crimping Curving Machine] Recently, in January 2017 appreciating the importance of the presence of dioxins in the environment,Size 30 X 30 Cm Classic Microfiber Cloth for Car Cleaning 4001.[EPE Foam Extruder Best Price Polyethylene Knotless Net Extruder] Moreover, the incinerator ash is also hazardous and needs to be checked for the level of toxin before being sent to secured landfill. Therefore, keeping these points in consideration, most of the countries are shifting to alternative environmental friendly methods of BMW disposal. The Philippines has banned incinerator and Denmark has banned construction of incinerator.[Top Level Quality Brass Angle Valve for Hotel Projects A1311,Business Class Socks Fashion Airline Socks Socks Inflight]

Alternative Technology for Biomedical Waste Disposal

The various new technologies for BMW disposal are categorized into four groups – thermal, chemical processes, irradiative processes, and biological processes.Refurbished Used Mobile Phone for Huawei Honor 8X Unlocked Original Mobile Phone with Boxes and Accessories.[Dc To Dc Power Supply Pcba Factory & Manufacturer]

Thermal processes are grouped into three – low, medium, and high.

1. Low heat technologies operate between 93°C and 177°C and include microwaves and autoclaves. In autoclave, steam is used as a method for sterilization. Autoclaves are classified based on the method for removal of air pickets – Gravity/downward displacement and prevacuum/high vacuum. Since air evacuation is more effective in autoclaves with a prevacuum or multiple vacuum cycles, these are better.Plastic Composite Roof Tile Production Line. The evacuated air is disinfected before disposal into the environment by passing through a high-efficiency particulate absolute (HEPA) filter as it may contain pathogens. All infectious waste including cultures, human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns) and sharps, and medical instruments are sterilized in autoclave. Hazardous waste and chemicals cannot be autoclaved as they release toxic emissions. Furthermore, heat resistant containers, beddings, and other bulky waste cannot be disinfected in autoclave.[Toko Brand Stainless Steel Welding Electrode E312] Microwave uses moist heat and steam generated by microwave energy to disinfect. All infectious waste including human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns), and sharps are sterilized in microwave. Volatile, semi-volatile organic compounds, mercury,2~24, 24~288 Cores Singlemode G652D Duct Air Blown Micro Fiber Optic Cable. The advantage of using microwave for BMW disposal is minimal emissions. Its disadvantage include requirement of high capital for setup, problem of odor near the machine, and there is a chance of leak of microwave energy

2. Medium heat technologies operate between 177°C and 540°C and include reverse polymerization and thermal depolymerization. This involves the application of high-energy microwaves in nitrogen atmosphere to BMW to breakdown the organic matter. As the waste absorbs the microwave energy, its internal energy increase and chemical decomposition take place at molecular level. Nitrogen provides an oxygen-free environment so that combustion does not take place. Then, shredders are used to mutilate the waste[Hot Sell Original Automatic Sand and Cement Spray Machine]

3. High heat technologies operate between 540°C and 8300°C and include pyrolysis – oxidation, plasma pyrolysis, induction-based pyrolysis, and lase-based pyrolysis. In pyrolysis oxidation, inside the pyrolysis chamber, the organic solid and liquid waste vaporize at high temperature (approximately 594°C) leaving behind inert ash and glass and metal fragments. This is followed by second step, wherein combustion of the vapors takes place at a temperature of 982°C –1093°C in a chamber and clean exhaust steam is later released.

Plasma pyrolysis uses plasma torches to generate plasma energy. In plasma state, the ionized gas can conduct electric current, but due to its high resistance, the electric energy is converted to heat energy. The residue generated include carbon black, vitrified glass aggregates, and metallic residues. A wide variety of waste can be destroyed in plasma-based technology – infectious waste, sharps, plastics, dialysis waste, hazardous waste, chemotherapeutic waste, chemotherapy waste, and low-level radioactive waste (Custmoized High- Quality Decoration Mirror Stainless Steel Curtain Wall).Plastic Injection Mould Tooling Manufacturer for Vehicle Accessories, waste residue is inert and sterile, i.e., environment friendly,Food Tray Crates Washer Equipment Plastic Milk Box Washing Machine(95%) and mass (80%–90%). Its disadvantage includes high capital cost, high operation cost, high electrical usage, limited lifespan of plasma torch and may generate dioxins in poorly designed setup.[Cog 128*64 Display Graphic Type FSTN Positive Monochrome LCD]

Conclusions

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References