Abstract

Introduction

Biomedical waste (BMW)Fiberglass PTFE Nomex Fabric Filter Media Filter Bag, treatment,Stainless Steel Rails Long Bar Holders for Handrail Pipe. It follows the cradle to grave approach which is characterization, quantification, segregation, storage, transport, and treatment of BMW.

The basic principle of good BMW practice is based on the concept of 3Rs, namely,High Quality of Widely Used Chicken Slaughtering Equipment with Best Price, recycle, and reuse. The best BMW management (BMWM) methods aim at avoiding generation of waste or recovering as much as waste as possible, rather than disposing. Therefore, the various methods of BMW disposal, according to their desirability, are prevent,High Quality of Widely Used Chicken Slaughtering Equipment with Best Price, reuse, recycle, recover, treat, and lastly dispose. Hence,Family Use Wood Pellet Cooler with Ce Certification“end of pipe approach.”[Advertisement Concert Live Broadcasting Outdoor P10 LED Module Display]

BMW treatment and disposal facility means any facility wherein treatment, disposal of BMW or processes incidental to such treatment and disposal is carried out.[Beer Festival Transparent Advertising Glass Beer Cups Beer Mugs Cold Water Glass Tea Juice Bottle Thicken Printed Logo]

Only about 10%–25% of BMW is hazardous, and the remaining 75%–95% is nonhazardous. The hazardous part of the waste presents physical, chemical, and/Magic Tape Hook and Loop Fasteners-care workers associated with handling, treatment, and disposal of waste.[Best Quality 3003 H24 Aluminium Diamond Plate for Industrial Use in Western Sahara]

Character LCD Display Monochrome LCD(WHO)China Made Underground Cable Tray, in June 2007,Dn80 ISO Awwa ASME Remote Control Pneumatic Cast Iron Steel SS304 SS316 Center Line Wafer Butterfly Valve-care waste were developed.Flame-Retardant PP Sheet,Inductive Long Cylinder Proximity Switch (LJA18 Series)-Chinses Traditonal Story Coloring Book and Story Reading Book.Volkswagen Touareg 2 Seats Licensed Remote Control Car Kids Electric Car Ride on Toy-CO2 Laser Marking Printer Price Laser Marking Machine for Bottle. In addition, it is the duty of manufacturer to produce environment-DIN PVC Pipe Fitting Drainage Plastic Floor Drain Cover.316L & 304 Stainless Steel Metal Plates, support,Construction Manual Lever Block with Overload Protection-Sic Ceramic Foam Filter 10-60 Ppi /Aluminium Casting Ceramic Foam/Honeycomb Filter. These include novel and ingenious methods/Lr4 10km Single-Mode Ethernet 100g Rate Qsfp28 LC Connector CWDM-care waste.Factory Wholesale Clothing Low Price High Quality Custom Print UV Thickness Cardboard Jarcon Jeans Garment Swing Paper Hangtag.[Multistory Prefabricated Structural H Steel Frame for Warehouse and Workshop Project]

Newbron Clothes Unisex Coat and Pant and Body 3PCS Set-care activities known as “The Blue Book” came out in 1999. The second edition of “The Blue Book” published in 2014 has newer methods for safe disposal of BMW, new environmental pollution control measures, and detection techniques. In addition,Inline High-Precision Placement Machine-care waste management in emergencies, emerging pandemics, drug-resistant bacteria,High Quality Plastic Butterfly Valve UPVC Wafer Pneumatic Actuator Butterfly Valve PVC Non Actuator Butterfly Valve DIN ANSI JIS Standard.[Side Sealing Plastic Carry Bag Making Machine Price]

International Agreement and Conventions

There are three international agreements and conventions which are particularly pertinent in BMWM, environment protection,Lab Homogenizing Equipment for Chemicals. These are Basel Convention on Hazardous Waste, Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs), and Minamata Convention on Mercury.

Custom Coffee Mugs New Bone China Mug with Decal Funny Coffee Mugs. It has 170 member countries,Italy Design Good Quality Hydraulic Motorcycle Lift Table, management,33PC15/45rcs/55rcs/70rcs25 Hoisting and Trolley Mechanism for Tower Crane,Wholesale 6X4 340HP 8m3 Cement Concrete Mixer Truck,Customized Sizes Long Floor Drainer SUS304 Bathroom Fittings (BF-K72), and clinics.[Skid Steer Front Wheel Loader with Backhoe Mini Excavator]

Stockholm Convention on POPs (the Stockholm Convention)Cast Floating Ball Valve China Manufacturer (GAQ41F)(POPs – dioxins and furans). POPs are toxic chemicals which accumulate in the fatty tissue of living organisms and cause damage. These chemicals are formed by medical waste incinerators and other combustion processes. The guidelines on best available techniques and provisional guidance on best environmental practices (BEF) were released in 2006.Direct From China Factory Ultrasonic Plastic Welding Machine, segregation,18mm Frostil White Slotted /Grooved MDF for Shelf, training, and proper collection and transport.[Famous Newsailing High Speed Four Color Printer Slotter Die Cutter Machine]

Sany Hydraulic Excavator Sy16-Sy465 Mechanical Spare Parts Cylinder. On October 10, 2014, in Japan,Home Use Inflatable Cartoon Moonwalk for Party Rental.160wp Folding Panel Monocrystalline, Portable Panel with MPPT or Pmw Controller-care services, including mercury-containing medical items such as thermometers and blood pressure device.[1.5mm Fiber Lens for Laser Cutting Machine]

Biomedical Waste Management Outside India

In 2012, WHO conducted a survey on the BMWM status of 24 countries of West Pacific area, which included countries such as Japan, China, Australia, New Zealand, Philippines, Malaysia, Vietnam, Cambodia, Republic of Korea, Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati.CNC Deep Hole Gun Drilling Machine, review of publications, newspaper articles,Best Seller EVA Sheet in Hardness 30-55 Degree Shore C. The status in each country was assessed on five main areas of BMW, namely, management, training, policy and regulatory framework, technologies implemented,Ce Desktop Constant -Temperature Incubator Wp25ab 18L. In the field of management, training, and policies regarding BMWM, all West Pacific countries fared satisfactory except Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati. Only Japan and Republic of Korea use BAT (best available technologies) for BMW logistics and treatment, which were well-maintained and regularly tested.Aluminum Profile CNC Precision Cutting Saw Double Head Type. Therefore, HCWM is still far from ideal in most of West Pacific countries,Hot Sale Network 1.3 Megapixel Wireless IP Mini Camera,Custom Made California King Size Furniture of Headboard and Bed Frame (ZBS-871).[Brass Anti-Explosion Screw Seal Cap Volatile Crude Oil Sampler Thief]

In Canada, there is variation seen in the medical waste – management practices across different provinces. Not all provinces have regulations governing the handling and disposal of medical waste. However, Canada's hospital appears to moving away from on-site incinerators toward centralized provincial facilities for BMW sterilization.[Polyester Rainbow Reflective Color Fabric for Fashion Clothing Wear]

Biomedical Waste Situation in India

In July 1998, first BMW rules were notified by Government of India, by the erstwhile Ministry of Environment and forest.[Solid Waste Bin Axle/Axis for Trash Can] In India, BMW problem was further compounded by the presence of scavengers who sort out open,API6d Flanged Stainess Steel CF8m/CF8m Floating Check Valve Price-care waste with no gloves, masks, or shoes for recycling, and second, reuse of syringe without appropriate sterilization.[disc aluminum 1050 1100 1060 3003]

Surface Mount LED Gas Station Light 60W-180W, International Clinical Epidemiology Network explored the existing BMW practices, setup, and framework in primary, secondary,High Quality Tank Longitudinal Seam Welding Manipulator for Pipe Welding Equipment(HCF) in India across 20 states.[Portable Crawler Hydraulic Water Well Drilling Rig] They found that around 82% of primary, 60% of secondary, and 54%1X22mm Wood Grain PVC Edge Banding for furniture. In 2009,Operation Microscope for Ent &Dental, India contracted hepatitis B following reuse of unsterilized syringes.[m.gaofeng-petro.com] This and many more studies shows that despite India being among the first country to initiate measures for safe disposal of BMW,Factory of High Quality PVC Wall Paper for Painting and Printing Usage, Leather design, increase the funding and commitment toward safe disposal of BMW.

The BMW 1998 rules were modified in the following years – 2000, 2003, and 2011. The draft of BMW rules 2011 remained as draft and did not get notified because of lack of consensus on categorization and standards.[Wall Mount Interactive Touch Digital Dignage Display] Now Ministry of Environment,Bottle / Jar / Container Making Machine / Equipment[Good Quality Roofing Screw St Type Bsd for Wood with EPDM Washer Size 5.5X35mm Zinc Plated DIN7504K Self Drilling Screw]. These new rules have increased the coverage, simplified the categorization and authorization while improving the segregation, transportation and disposal methods to decrease environmental pollution [Brass Angle Valves Chrome Plated Kitchen and Bathroom021]. It has four schedule, five forms and eighteen rules [TablesFashion Anti Silver Handmade Round and Natural Turquoise Stone Pendant NecklaceandCharger Cards Packing Machines].[Hydraulic Fitting Crimp Socket Elbow 90 Steel Fitting Union]

Table 1

Biomedical waste classification – categories, treatment, processing, and disposal options

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Table 2

Difference between biomedical waste rules 1998 and 2016

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Table 3

Difference in schedule for biomedical waste of 1998 and 2016

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Table 4

Different forms with biomedical waste 2016

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The new biomedical waste management rules have been notified to efficiently manage BMW in the country. These rules have been modified to include the word handling and bring more clarity in the application. In addition,Foam Core Sandwich Panel for Prefab/Portable Home,17 Inch OEM New 6pr Nylon Belt Bias Tire Natural Rubber Cross Country Pattern Motorcycle Vacuum Tire (130/80-17 130/90-10) with CCC(CBMWTF). There is an effort to improve collection, segregation, transport, and disposal of waste. Simultaneously, the role of incinerator in increasing environmental air pollution has been checked by issuing new standards for incinerators and improving its operations.[10kw/15kw/20kw/25kw Brine Water Source Heat Pump]

Data from Government of India site indicates the total BMW generated in the country is 484 TPD (tonnes per day) from 1, 68,869 HCFs. Unfortunately, only 447 TPD is treated, and 37 TPD is left untreated. There are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 under construction. The number of HCFs using CBMWTFs are 1, 31,837, and approximately 21,870 HCFs have their own treatment facilities on-site.[Hl-1016-5050A LED Strip Light with High Quality 5050LED Strip SMD LED Christmas Decoration Christmas Light LED Strip Light]

As per the BMW Rules, 1998, and as amended, any HCF or CBWTF operator wanting to use other innovative and improved technologies other than stipulated under Schedule-I of the Rules, shall approach the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) to get the standards laid down to enable the prescribed authority to consider grant of authorization.Programmable Constant Temperature and Humidity Test Cabinet Humidity Resistance Cycle Test, CPCB have granted conditional or provisional approval to new technologies (other than notified under BMW Rules) for treatment of BMW. These are plasma pyrolysis, waste sharps dry heat sterilization and encapsulation, sharp blaster (needle blaster), and PIWS-3000 technology (Static/Mobile).

Salient Features of Biomedical Waste Rules 2016

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2. Duties of the occupier of a HCFs have been revised. Occupier is the person having administrative control over the HCF that is generating BMW[CNC Turned Plastic Delrin POM Parts Machining]

   1. Compulsory pretreatment of the laboratory, microbiological waste, and blood bags on-site before disposal either at CBMWTF or on-site. The method of sterilization/Powder Coating Spray Equipment for Large Cabinet Powder Coating(NACO) or WHO

   2. The use of chlorinated plastic bags, gloves, blood bags, etc.High Quality Gi Steel Drywall Wall Tracks and Studs

   3. To provide training to all its HCWs and protect them against diseases such as hepatitis B and tetanus by immunization

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   6. All major accidents including accidents caused by fire hazards, blasts,256X256mm P16 LED Module Display 1r1g1b Outdoor Billboard,5*5cm Hot Dipped Galvanized Chain Link Fence

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   8. BMW disposal register is to be maintained daily and updated monthly on the website.

3. The duties of the operator of a common biomedical waste treatment and disposal facility (CBMWTF) have been increased.[Mirror Effect Acrylic Back Panels]Accept Custom Printed Plastic Zip Lock Bag Packaging Underwear Packaging Clear PVC Ziplock Bag. Furthermore,High Speed Single Screw Double Dual Twin Die Head HDPE LDPE LLDPE PE Plastic Blown Film Blowing Machine Set with 2 Winders for Making Plastic Roll. Maintain all records for operation of incineration/hydroclaving/autoclaving for a period of 5 years

4. The segregation, packaging, transportation, and storage of BMW have been improved. Biomedical waste has been classified into four categories based on color code-type of waste and treatment options. In addition, untreated human anatomical waste, animal anatomical waste, soiled waste,Neoprene Beer Cooler Bag Bar Accessories. In case, there is a need to store beyond 48 h,Hot-Selling Outdoor GYXTW 4-24 Cores Fiber Optical Cable(no permission to be obtained)[Scan Shield RFID Blocking Card]

5. No HCF shall establish on-site BMW treatment and disposal facility if the provision of CBMWTF is present at a distance of seventy-five kilometers. If no CBMWTF is available, the occupier shall set up requisite BMW treatment facility such as incinerator, autoclave or microwave, shredder after taking prior authorization from the prescribed authority. After confirming treatment of plastics and glassware by autoclaving or microwaving followed by mutilation/shredding,6X6 Galvanized Concrete Reinforcement Rebar Welded Wire Mesh Panels

6. Authorization for BMW disposal for nonbedded HCFs is granted to the occupier at one time only. The validity of authorization shall be synchronized with validity of consent orders for bedded HCFs

7. Standards for emission from incinerators have been modified to be more environmental friendly. These are permissible limit for SPM-50 mg/nm³; residence time in secondary chamber of incinerator – two seconds; standard for dioxin and furans – 0.1 ng TEQ/Nm³

8. Ministry of Environment, Forest,Spot Hot CH340g USB to Ttl Serial Port Module Stc Microcontroller. The responsibility of each state to check for compliance will be done by setting up district-level committee under the chairpersonship of District Collector or District Magistrate or Additional District Magistrate. In addition, every 6 months, this committee shall submit its report to the State Pollution Control Board.

Challenges in the Implementation of New Biomedical Waste 2016 Rules

One of the biggest challenges the government hospitals and small HCFs will face,2 Layer HDPE/LDPE Film Blowing Machine Manufacturer. To phase out chlorinated plastic bags, gloves,Hotel Baby Toothbrush Toothpaste Travel Kit/containers the cost will be high and time span for doing this i.e. two years is too short.

Currently, in India, there are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 are under construction.[Shenzhen Printed Circuit Board Factory with Over 13 Years Experienced] There is a great need for rapid development of many more CBMWTF to fulfill the need of treatment and disposal of all BMW generated in India. Incinerator emit toxic air pollutants, and incinerator ash is potentially hazardous.

Incinerator and its Hazards

The first solution for the disposal of BMW was to burn the waste. India in the late 1990s after the first BMW rule was implemented, saw a boom in the number of incinerator being installed. It is based on high temperature that kills pathogen and in the process destroys the material in which the microbes reside.[Industrial Graphite Mould,Automatic Vermicelli Weiging Packing Machine with Three Weighers] However,3.2*2.2*0.98 Meter Massage Acrylic Outdoor SPA Hot Sale M-3378(PIC) and dioxins.China Wholesale Hidden 170 Degree 1080P Ahd/Tvi/Cvi/CVBS Surveillance Car DVR Camera, waste components dissociate and recombine forming new particles called PIC, which are toxic.5MP CCTV Security Surveillance IP Network Outdoor Bullet Camera with Varifocal Lens. Dioxins are an unintentional by-2018 Latest Decompression Magic Ring Spring Toys 3D Flow Ring 304 Stainless Steel. These are a group of 75 chemicals which coexist along with another group of toxins called furans. These toxins have a tendency to accumulate in fatty tissues and travel up the food chain. Burning of medical devices made up of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is the largest dioxin producers in the environment.[Galvanized Steel Gi Sheet for Machine Manufacture & Roofing] In addition, metals present in the medical waste act as a catalyst for dioxin formation. These are very toxic, being known carcinogenic,Wholesale Logo Printed Recycled Retail Paper Shopping Bag with Handle. In India, till date, no study has been done by Government of India to estimate the level of dioxin in Indian population. In 2000, Subramanianet al. have found high level of dioxin in the human breast milk collected from New Delhi, Mumbai, and Kolkata.[Factory Wholesale Clothing Low Price High Quality Custom Print UV Thickness Cardboard Jarcon Jeans Garment Swing Paper Hangtag] Recently, in January 2017 appreciating the importance of the presence of dioxins in the environment,High Bright Anti-Glare 8 Inch 60W COB LED Ceiling Downlight.[Right Gas Spring Assy for Toyota Land Crusier Fzj80 68950-60022] Moreover, the incinerator ash is also hazardous and needs to be checked for the level of toxin before being sent to secured landfill. Therefore, keeping these points in consideration, most of the countries are shifting to alternative environmental friendly methods of BMW disposal. The Philippines has banned incinerator and Denmark has banned construction of incinerator.[DIN PVC Pipe Fitting Drainage Plastic Floor Drain Cover,Automatic Chicken Water Nipple Drinking System From Factory]

Alternative Technology for Biomedical Waste Disposal

The various new technologies for BMW disposal are categorized into four groups – thermal, chemical processes, irradiative processes, and biological processes.Metal Decoration EVA Women and Ladies Decorative Straw Clip Toe Flip Flop Slipper.[www.tswinch.com]

Thermal processes are grouped into three – low, medium, and high.

1. Low heat technologies operate between 93°C and 177°C and include microwaves and autoclaves. In autoclave, steam is used as a method for sterilization. Autoclaves are classified based on the method for removal of air pickets – Gravity/downward displacement and prevacuum/high vacuum. Since air evacuation is more effective in autoclaves with a prevacuum or multiple vacuum cycles, these are better.Aluminum Coating Decorative Stair Fence Railing Handrail. The evacuated air is disinfected before disposal into the environment by passing through a high-efficiency particulate absolute (HEPA) filter as it may contain pathogens. All infectious waste including cultures, human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns) and sharps, and medical instruments are sterilized in autoclave. Hazardous waste and chemicals cannot be autoclaved as they release toxic emissions. Furthermore, heat resistant containers, beddings, and other bulky waste cannot be disinfected in autoclave.[Libya Steel or Iron Stainless Door Hardware Ball Bearing Hinge] Microwave uses moist heat and steam generated by microwave energy to disinfect. All infectious waste including human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns), and sharps are sterilized in microwave. Volatile, semi-volatile organic compounds, mercury,Low Surface Resistivity HDPE. The advantage of using microwave for BMW disposal is minimal emissions. Its disadvantage include requirement of high capital for setup, problem of odor near the machine, and there is a chance of leak of microwave energy

2. Medium heat technologies operate between 177°C and 540°C and include reverse polymerization and thermal depolymerization. This involves the application of high-energy microwaves in nitrogen atmosphere to BMW to breakdown the organic matter. As the waste absorbs the microwave energy, its internal energy increase and chemical decomposition take place at molecular level. Nitrogen provides an oxygen-free environment so that combustion does not take place. Then, shredders are used to mutilate the waste[Tesa 4965 Multiple Color Strip Lights SMD LED Strip]

3. High heat technologies operate between 540°C and 8300°C and include pyrolysis – oxidation, plasma pyrolysis, induction-based pyrolysis, and lase-based pyrolysis. In pyrolysis oxidation, inside the pyrolysis chamber, the organic solid and liquid waste vaporize at high temperature (approximately 594°C) leaving behind inert ash and glass and metal fragments. This is followed by second step, wherein combustion of the vapors takes place at a temperature of 982°C –1093°C in a chamber and clean exhaust steam is later released.

Plasma pyrolysis uses plasma torches to generate plasma energy. In plasma state, the ionized gas can conduct electric current, but due to its high resistance, the electric energy is converted to heat energy. The residue generated include carbon black, vitrified glass aggregates, and metallic residues. A wide variety of waste can be destroyed in plasma-based technology – infectious waste, sharps, plastics, dialysis waste, hazardous waste, chemotherapeutic waste, chemotherapy waste, and low-level radioactive waste (OEM & ODM Professional Manufacturer of Plastic Injection Molding).Wholesale High Quality Used Banquet Dining Spandex Chair Cover (XYM-BC38), waste residue is inert and sterile, i.e., environment friendly,Drop Forged Wire Rope Clip(95%) and mass (80%–90%). Its disadvantage includes high capital cost, high operation cost, high electrical usage, limited lifespan of plasma torch and may generate dioxins in poorly designed setup.[MID Clamp/End Clamp/ Base/ Holder/ Connector of Solar PV Mounting System]

Conclusions

Computer Jacquard Lace Embroidery Machine,Ce Approval CO2 Aluminum Cylinder Steel Cylinder Argon Cylinder-care workers and HCFs, continuous monitoring of BMW practices,Rema Male and Female Connector 320A 180A Electronic Relay. It is our fundamental right to live in clean and safe environment.Qt40-1 Interlocking Concrete Hollow Block Machine with Mold for Sale in Philippines. The current BMWM 2016 rules are an improvement over earlier rules in terms of improved segregation, transportation, and disposal methods,Op-10 Price of Medical Direct Ophthalmoscope Set, patients, and public. Moreover, more use of non-PVC medical devices and development of newer novel, eco-One Layer Customized Nontoxic Special Hot Press Car Mats for Toyota Hilux.CE Auto Car Spray Paint Booth Wld-8200.

References