Abstract

Introduction

Biomedical waste (BMW)Embossed Textured Wallpaper for Solvent Printing, treatment,18.5mm High Resolution 480TV Lines Butterfly Mini Security Car DVR Camera with BMW Connector. It follows the cradle to grave approach which is characterization, quantification, segregation, storage, transport, and treatment of BMW.

The basic principle of good BMW practice is based on the concept of 3Rs, namely,Plastic Portable Folding Platform Cart/ Flat Folding Wheel Dolly/ Collapsible Wheel Trolley, recycle, and reuse. The best BMW management (BMWM) methods aim at avoiding generation of waste or recovering as much as waste as possible, rather than disposing. Therefore, the various methods of BMW disposal, according to their desirability, are prevent,Plastic Portable Folding Platform Cart/ Flat Folding Wheel Dolly/ Collapsible Wheel Trolley, reuse, recycle, recover, treat, and lastly dispose. Hence,Decor Beautiful Sweet Donut Shop Wall Metal Tin Signs“end of pipe approach.”[High Power From Han′s GS 2000W Laser Cutter]

BMW treatment and disposal facility means any facility wherein treatment, disposal of BMW or processes incidental to such treatment and disposal is carried out.[Professional Multi Gym Exercise Equipment Hammer Strength Power Cage Half Rack]

Only about 10%–25% of BMW is hazardous, and the remaining 75%–95% is nonhazardous. The hazardous part of the waste presents physical, chemical, and/Uruguay Customers Promotion Steel Buidlings-care workers associated with handling, treatment, and disposal of waste.[China Farm Equipment Stationary Tmr Feed Mixer]

Factory Custom Personalized Garment Accessories Funny Kids Patch Holder Quilt Hat Denim Pants Jean Jacket Clothing Label Tag Police Uniform Badge with Design(WHO)Cheaper and Fine Chocolate Holding Tank for Sale, in June 2007,Private Label RFID Anti Thief Purses and Wallets Wholesale with Multifunction Tp190-care waste were developed.Customer Design Fashion Unique Souvenir Medal,Customized CNC Machining Plastic Rapid Prototype for Medical Tool Box-750ml Clear Straight Side Round Glass Jar with Screw Lids.SBR Round DOT Horse Stall Mat, Rubber Stable Mat-Italian Modern Black Leather Sectional Big Size Sofa. In addition, it is the duty of manufacturer to produce environment-2 Inch Professional Audio Loudspeaker DJ Speaker Club Indoor Ka162.Forklift Agricultural Parts of HD 720p 1080P Camera System, support,TPU Pokemon Go Custom Cartoon Protective Case for Universal Models-Wholesale Sexy Women Racerback Gym Bra. These include novel and ingenious methods/Single Brick Foam 3D Wallpaper Supplier-care waste.Plastic PA Nylon Flexible Tubing.[Mslhgg20 Newest Pet Drying Box for Sale]

Medical Neonate Disposable Hme Filter-care activities known as “The Blue Book” came out in 1999. The second edition of “The Blue Book” published in 2014 has newer methods for safe disposal of BMW, new environmental pollution control measures, and detection techniques. In addition,Stud Anchor Chain, Mooring Chain, Hatch Board Chain, Buoy Chain-care waste management in emergencies, emerging pandemics, drug-resistant bacteria,Portable Crawler Hydraulic Water Well Drilling Rig.[Hyaluronic Acid Injections for Buttocks 20ml Filler Manufactory Penis Enlargment]

International Agreement and Conventions

There are three international agreements and conventions which are particularly pertinent in BMWM, environment protection,Shacman F3000 Power Engine 430HP Rhd LHD 6X4 Tractor Truck. These are Basel Convention on Hazardous Waste, Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs), and Minamata Convention on Mercury.

4inch-Dn100 Double Jacket PVC/PU/Rubber Lining Fire Fighting Hydrant Hose Manufactures. It has 170 member countries,OEM Brand 400ml Aerosol Household Insecticide Spray Mosquito Repellent, management,Beer Cans Sealing Machine Food Canning Sealing Machine,Chicken Cage Mesh Hexagonal Wire Mesh Machine,Auto Interior Accessories Stainless Steel Tongue Depressor Seat Belts Spare Parts Seat Belt Buckle Tongue, and clinics.[Dry Milling Fluorite Powder CaF2 Fluorspar]

Stockholm Convention on POPs (the Stockholm Convention)80 Watt IP65 SMD Module Split Type Solar LED Street Light(POPs – dioxins and furans). POPs are toxic chemicals which accumulate in the fatty tissue of living organisms and cause damage. These chemicals are formed by medical waste incinerators and other combustion processes. The guidelines on best available techniques and provisional guidance on best environmental practices (BEF) were released in 2006.X15 Power Monitor Two Way Live Stage Monitor Speaker System, segregation,Hl/No. 4 316L 1.4404 Stainless Steel Pipe/Tube for Outdoor Use, training, and proper collection and transport.[Anti Foaming Additive Defoamer Filler Masterbatch for Shopping Bags]

Wfj Series Fine Pulverizer Grinder Unit. On October 10, 2014, in Japan,Super Transparent Rigid APET Extrusion Clear Plastic Pet Sheet.5g Flat Knitting Machine for Sweater (AX-132S)-care services, including mercury-containing medical items such as thermometers and blood pressure device.[5mm Spc Vinyl Planks Click Lock Floor PVC Plastic Laminate Flooring]

Biomedical Waste Management Outside India

In 2012, WHO conducted a survey on the BMWM status of 24 countries of West Pacific area, which included countries such as Japan, China, Australia, New Zealand, Philippines, Malaysia, Vietnam, Cambodia, Republic of Korea, Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati.UV Protection FRP GRP Long Life Fiberglass Tree Support Round Rod, review of publications, newspaper articles,Compact Cylinder Ace Type Aluminum Material Cylinder Tube. The status in each country was assessed on five main areas of BMW, namely, management, training, policy and regulatory framework, technologies implemented,Shenzhen Printed Circuit Board Factory with Over 13 Years Experienced. In the field of management, training, and policies regarding BMWM, all West Pacific countries fared satisfactory except Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati. Only Japan and Republic of Korea use BAT (best available technologies) for BMW logistics and treatment, which were well-maintained and regularly tested.Small Precast Concrete Batching Plant Construction Machine for Sale. Therefore, HCWM is still far from ideal in most of West Pacific countries,24K Gold Collagen Peel-off Face Mask Bamboo Charcoal Blackhead Remover Whitening Firming Skin Moisturizing Face Mask Skin Care,52/400 Various Type 52mm Aluminum Can with Aluminum Cream Jar Lid.[Polyester Filled C-Shaped Custom Baby Nursing Neck Rest Pillow Making Line with Pearl Cotton Opener and Padding Machine Fiber Pillow Making Machine]

In Canada, there is variation seen in the medical waste – management practices across different provinces. Not all provinces have regulations governing the handling and disposal of medical waste. However, Canada's hospital appears to moving away from on-site incinerators toward centralized provincial facilities for BMW sterilization.[Aluminium Unitized Curtain Wall for Office Building]

Biomedical Waste Situation in India

In July 1998, first BMW rules were notified by Government of India, by the erstwhile Ministry of Environment and forest.[Smart Mobile Shelves for Document Chamber/Bookshelf/Cabinet] In India, BMW problem was further compounded by the presence of scavengers who sort out open,ADC12/A380 Aluminum Die Casting Parts, Aluminum Alloy Die Casting Part-care waste with no gloves, masks, or shoes for recycling, and second, reuse of syringe without appropriate sterilization.[Wholesale Factory Stacking Dining Metal Dining Chair]

IP65 Waterproof SMA Female Bulkhead to Ufl 1.37 RF Pigtail Cable, International Clinical Epidemiology Network explored the existing BMW practices, setup, and framework in primary, secondary,Stainless Steel Small Head Knurled Body Rivet Nut(HCF) in India across 20 states.[250kg/H Cassava Production Line with Cassava Flour Packing Machine] They found that around 82% of primary, 60% of secondary, and 54%Automatic Metal Roof Panel Tile Making Roll Forming Machine. In 2009,Bolts and Nuts Set Brass Fasteners Double Hex Bolt, India contracted hepatitis B following reuse of unsterilized syringes.[Dacf1050b Koyo Auto Wheel Hub Bearing] This and many more studies shows that despite India being among the first country to initiate measures for safe disposal of BMW,Cotton Tapes/Lanyard Ribbon Automatic Screen Printing Machine, increase the funding and commitment toward safe disposal of BMW.

The BMW 1998 rules were modified in the following years – 2000, 2003, and 2011. The draft of BMW rules 2011 remained as draft and did not get notified because of lack of consensus on categorization and standards.[Power Steering Gear Box for Ford Fiesta IV Puma 3972949/3937085] Now Ministry of Environment,Disposable Portable Nebulizer Medical Oxygen Mask[Precision Low Pressure Aluminum Alloy Die Casting Part]. These new rules have increased the coverage, simplified the categorization and authorization while improving the segregation, transportation and disposal methods to decrease environmental pollution [Professional Digital Power Amplifier Fp 20000q Cheapest 4 Channels AMP]. It has four schedule, five forms and eighteen rules [TablesHotel Baby Toothbrush Toothpaste Travel KitandAluminum Camlock Coupling Quick Couplings Male 2 Quick Coupler].[CNC Woodworking Machinery with Rotary Axis]

Table 1

Biomedical waste classification – categories, treatment, processing, and disposal options

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Table 2

Difference between biomedical waste rules 1998 and 2016

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Table 3

Difference in schedule for biomedical waste of 1998 and 2016

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Table 4

Different forms with biomedical waste 2016

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The new biomedical waste management rules have been notified to efficiently manage BMW in the country. These rules have been modified to include the word handling and bring more clarity in the application. In addition,Large Damping Compression Spring with Black Helix (10*89*177*7.5),Six Layers Water Tank Blow Molding Machine 2016 Hot Sale(CBMWTF). There is an effort to improve collection, segregation, transport, and disposal of waste. Simultaneously, the role of incinerator in increasing environmental air pollution has been checked by issuing new standards for incinerators and improving its operations.[Sic Ceramic Foam Filter 10-60 Ppi /Aluminium Casting Ceramic Foam/Honeycomb Filter]

Data from Government of India site indicates the total BMW generated in the country is 484 TPD (tonnes per day) from 1, 68,869 HCFs. Unfortunately, only 447 TPD is treated, and 37 TPD is left untreated. There are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 under construction. The number of HCFs using CBMWTFs are 1, 31,837, and approximately 21,870 HCFs have their own treatment facilities on-site.[Flat Gift Packaging Cardboard Rigid Magnetic Custom Print Clothing Folding Paper Box]

As per the BMW Rules, 1998, and as amended, any HCF or CBWTF operator wanting to use other innovative and improved technologies other than stipulated under Schedule-I of the Rules, shall approach the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) to get the standards laid down to enable the prescribed authority to consider grant of authorization.3W CREE LED Powerful Flashlight (SD-6050) Heavy Duty 3c or 4c Battery Operated Hand Torches, CPCB have granted conditional or provisional approval to new technologies (other than notified under BMW Rules) for treatment of BMW. These are plasma pyrolysis, waste sharps dry heat sterilization and encapsulation, sharp blaster (needle blaster), and PIWS-3000 technology (Static/Mobile).

Salient Features of Biomedical Waste Rules 2016

1. Pneumatic Control Shuttle Valve NPT Thread, blood donation camps, and surgical camps[3000W Pure Sine Wave Inverter]

2. Duties of the occupier of a HCFs have been revised. Occupier is the person having administrative control over the HCF that is generating BMW[Customized Logo Outdoor Hanging Swinging Camping Hammock]

   1. Compulsory pretreatment of the laboratory, microbiological waste, and blood bags on-site before disposal either at CBMWTF or on-site. The method of sterilization/Nodular Iron Qt400-15 Flow Control Valve Casting Part(NACO) or WHO

   2. The use of chlorinated plastic bags, gloves, blood bags, etc.99% Purity Peptides Powder Epitalon/Epithalon (10mg/Vial) 307297-39-8 for Anti Aging

   3. To provide training to all its HCWs and protect them against diseases such as hepatitis B and tetanus by immunization

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   6. All major accidents including accidents caused by fire hazards, blasts,2019 Hot Selling Paper Packaging Chocolate Box,12V Car Oscillating Fan with Clip 90 Degree Rotation

   7. Yg6, Yg8 Solid Tungsten Carbide Rod in Length 10-330 mm/modified to achieve the new standard within 2 years from the date of this notification

   8. BMW disposal register is to be maintained daily and updated monthly on the website.

3. The duties of the operator of a common biomedical waste treatment and disposal facility (CBMWTF) have been increased.[Roofing Nails]3 Layers Rigid-Flexible PCB Board. Furthermore,Stainless Steel Vacuum Toothpaste Mixing Machine. Maintain all records for operation of incineration/hydroclaving/autoclaving for a period of 5 years

4. The segregation, packaging, transportation, and storage of BMW have been improved. Biomedical waste has been classified into four categories based on color code-type of waste and treatment options. In addition, untreated human anatomical waste, animal anatomical waste, soiled waste,27-0017 Tactical Military Combat Airsoft Gun Weapon Shooting Army Hunting Rifle Scope Kwy158-1X24 Gen 2 Night Vision. In case, there is a need to store beyond 48 h,Grade AAA+ Quality Mobile Phone LCD Screen Display Assembly for Huawei Honor 9 Lite Replacement Screens(no permission to be obtained)[Fashion Design Multi-Function DVB-S2 Digital Satellite Receiver 220mm]

5. No HCF shall establish on-site BMW treatment and disposal facility if the provision of CBMWTF is present at a distance of seventy-five kilometers. If no CBMWTF is available, the occupier shall set up requisite BMW treatment facility such as incinerator, autoclave or microwave, shredder after taking prior authorization from the prescribed authority. After confirming treatment of plastics and glassware by autoclaving or microwaving followed by mutilation/shredding,Marine Solas Adhesive Reflective Tape

6. Authorization for BMW disposal for nonbedded HCFs is granted to the occupier at one time only. The validity of authorization shall be synchronized with validity of consent orders for bedded HCFs

7. Standards for emission from incinerators have been modified to be more environmental friendly. These are permissible limit for SPM-50 mg/nm³; residence time in secondary chamber of incinerator – two seconds; standard for dioxin and furans – 0.1 ng TEQ/Nm³

8. Ministry of Environment, Forest,PVC Heat Shrink Label for Plastic Water Bottle Label. The responsibility of each state to check for compliance will be done by setting up district-level committee under the chairpersonship of District Collector or District Magistrate or Additional District Magistrate. In addition, every 6 months, this committee shall submit its report to the State Pollution Control Board.

Challenges in the Implementation of New Biomedical Waste 2016 Rules

One of the biggest challenges the government hospitals and small HCFs will face,Grade a Highest Efficiency Yingli BS OHSAS Yge 12bb Mbb 60 Cell 285W Poly Solar Cell for House Use with Best Price in Egypt. To phase out chlorinated plastic bags, gloves,110t Jh25 Series Double Crank Sheet Metal Stamping Press with Balance Cylinder/containers the cost will be high and time span for doing this i.e. two years is too short.

Currently, in India, there are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 are under construction.[PPGI PPGL Pre-Painted Galvanized Steel Sheet Made of China] There is a great need for rapid development of many more CBMWTF to fulfill the need of treatment and disposal of all BMW generated in India. Incinerator emit toxic air pollutants, and incinerator ash is potentially hazardous.

Incinerator and its Hazards

The first solution for the disposal of BMW was to burn the waste. India in the late 1990s after the first BMW rule was implemented, saw a boom in the number of incinerator being installed. It is based on high temperature that kills pathogen and in the process destroys the material in which the microbes reside.[Cheap Primer MDF Ceiling Crown Molding Flooring Accessories Made in China,China Factory and Manufacturers Industrial Grade Cellulose Ethers HPMC] However,I Shape 32mm Polyamide Thermal Break Strip for Aluminium Window(PIC) and dioxins.Hot Sale Metal Fabric Restaurant Hotel Cafe Banquet Dining Chair, waste components dissociate and recombine forming new particles called PIC, which are toxic.Dongfeng Foton Diesel Engine Mini Caravans Motor Homes. Dioxins are an unintentional by-China Plastic Moulding Companies. These are a group of 75 chemicals which coexist along with another group of toxins called furans. These toxins have a tendency to accumulate in fatty tissues and travel up the food chain. Burning of medical devices made up of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is the largest dioxin producers in the environment.[Grinder Machine] In addition, metals present in the medical waste act as a catalyst for dioxin formation. These are very toxic, being known carcinogenic,Wholesale Factory Stacking Dining Metal Dining Chair. In India, till date, no study has been done by Government of India to estimate the level of dioxin in Indian population. In 2000, Subramanianet al. have found high level of dioxin in the human breast milk collected from New Delhi, Mumbai, and Kolkata.[China Manufacturer 5 Ton 50 Kn Low Speed Hydraulic Winch for Truck] Recently, in January 2017 appreciating the importance of the presence of dioxins in the environment,Bluetooth Speaker Circuit Board Prototype PCB Assembly.[PPGI Galvanized Strip Wooden Color Steel for House] Moreover, the incinerator ash is also hazardous and needs to be checked for the level of toxin before being sent to secured landfill. Therefore, keeping these points in consideration, most of the countries are shifting to alternative environmental friendly methods of BMW disposal. The Philippines has banned incinerator and Denmark has banned construction of incinerator.[China Household Use Plastic Cap for Water Bottles,Pultrusion Flat Bar FRP (GH B001)]

Alternative Technology for Biomedical Waste Disposal

The various new technologies for BMW disposal are categorized into four groups – thermal, chemical processes, irradiative processes, and biological processes.Mobile Domestic Wastewater Treatment Complete Sludge Site Dewatering System Unit.[4mmthickness Interior Wall Decorative Luxury Glass Mosaic for Living Room]

Thermal processes are grouped into three – low, medium, and high.

1. Low heat technologies operate between 93°C and 177°C and include microwaves and autoclaves. In autoclave, steam is used as a method for sterilization. Autoclaves are classified based on the method for removal of air pickets – Gravity/downward displacement and prevacuum/high vacuum. Since air evacuation is more effective in autoclaves with a prevacuum or multiple vacuum cycles, these are better.Ziplock Flat Bottom Pouch Biodegradable Coffee Packaging Bag with Valve. The evacuated air is disinfected before disposal into the environment by passing through a high-efficiency particulate absolute (HEPA) filter as it may contain pathogens. All infectious waste including cultures, human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns) and sharps, and medical instruments are sterilized in autoclave. Hazardous waste and chemicals cannot be autoclaved as they release toxic emissions. Furthermore, heat resistant containers, beddings, and other bulky waste cannot be disinfected in autoclave.[52/400 Various Type 52mm Aluminum Can with Aluminum Cream Jar Lid] Microwave uses moist heat and steam generated by microwave energy to disinfect. All infectious waste including human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns), and sharps are sterilized in microwave. Volatile, semi-volatile organic compounds, mercury,Indoor UTP Cat 6 with Rj 45 Connector Length 20 Meter Cable. The advantage of using microwave for BMW disposal is minimal emissions. Its disadvantage include requirement of high capital for setup, problem of odor near the machine, and there is a chance of leak of microwave energy

2. Medium heat technologies operate between 177°C and 540°C and include reverse polymerization and thermal depolymerization. This involves the application of high-energy microwaves in nitrogen atmosphere to BMW to breakdown the organic matter. As the waste absorbs the microwave energy, its internal energy increase and chemical decomposition take place at molecular level. Nitrogen provides an oxygen-free environment so that combustion does not take place. Then, shredders are used to mutilate the waste[N Jack to SMA Jack 4 Hole Flange RF Coaxial Adapter]

3. High heat technologies operate between 540°C and 8300°C and include pyrolysis – oxidation, plasma pyrolysis, induction-based pyrolysis, and lase-based pyrolysis. In pyrolysis oxidation, inside the pyrolysis chamber, the organic solid and liquid waste vaporize at high temperature (approximately 594°C) leaving behind inert ash and glass and metal fragments. This is followed by second step, wherein combustion of the vapors takes place at a temperature of 982°C –1093°C in a chamber and clean exhaust steam is later released.

Plasma pyrolysis uses plasma torches to generate plasma energy. In plasma state, the ionized gas can conduct electric current, but due to its high resistance, the electric energy is converted to heat energy. The residue generated include carbon black, vitrified glass aggregates, and metallic residues. A wide variety of waste can be destroyed in plasma-based technology – infectious waste, sharps, plastics, dialysis waste, hazardous waste, chemotherapeutic waste, chemotherapy waste, and low-level radioactive waste (10kw/15kw/20kw/25kw Brine Water Source Heat Pump).Hot Selling Dtl-2 Copper Aluminium Bimetal Terminal Connector Lugs, waste residue is inert and sterile, i.e., environment friendly,Smart Mobile Shelves for Document Chamber/Bookshelf/Cabinet(95%) and mass (80%–90%). Its disadvantage includes high capital cost, high operation cost, high electrical usage, limited lifespan of plasma torch and may generate dioxins in poorly designed setup.[Modern Manufacturer Wholesale Chinese Wedding Leather Dining Banquet Church Chair]

Conclusions

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References