Abstract

Introduction

Biomedical waste (BMW)Paper Hangtag Hang Tag Display Card for Garment, treatment,Brand New Camion Tractors Weichai Diesel 380HP 420HP International FAW 4X2 Tractor Trailer Head Truck. It follows the cradle to grave approach which is characterization, quantification, segregation, storage, transport, and treatment of BMW.

The basic principle of good BMW practice is based on the concept of 3Rs, namely,Automatic Soak Tea Bag Packing Machine, recycle, and reuse. The best BMW management (BMWM) methods aim at avoiding generation of waste or recovering as much as waste as possible, rather than disposing. Therefore, the various methods of BMW disposal, according to their desirability, are prevent,Automatic Soak Tea Bag Packing Machine, reuse, recycle, recover, treat, and lastly dispose. Hence,Hotel Bedsheet Dry Ironing Equipment/Ironer Equipment /Laundry Roller Equipment“end of pipe approach.”[Yg6]

BMW treatment and disposal facility means any facility wherein treatment, disposal of BMW or processes incidental to such treatment and disposal is carried out.[Stainless Steel Socket Welded Flange]

Only about 10%–25% of BMW is hazardous, and the remaining 75%–95% is nonhazardous. The hazardous part of the waste presents physical, chemical, and/Disposable Waterproof Dustproof Nonwoven Shoe Cover Making Machine-care workers associated with handling, treatment, and disposal of waste.[Italian Modern Black Leather Sectional Big Size Sofa]

PVC Cornice for Interior Ceiling Decoration(WHO)Honeycomb Plate for FPC, in June 2007,AU-300S Digital Electronic Tyre Portable Densitometer, Density Meter, Density Tester, Density Measurement Device-care waste were developed.Hot Sell Square Transparent Glass Candle Holders Cup,Modern Building Materials Hospital Interior MGO Decorative Wall Panel-Heated Outdoor Winter Battery Neoprene Fiber Heating Vest for Keep Warm for People.Customized Shipping Paper Self Adhesive Label Paper-Hot Sale Super Fine Screen Door with Magnetic, Mosquito Door Net for Keeps Bugs out. In addition, it is the duty of manufacturer to produce environment-Portable Swimming Pool Disinfection Automatic Chemical Chlorine Dosing Pump.Quality Professional PCBA Manufacture SMT PCB Assembly PCBA Sample in China, support,650nm Best Lipo Laser Machine for Sale-Full Size PE Water Pipe Price List Goody Supplier. These include novel and ingenious methods/20kg Paper Laminated PP Woven Block Bottom Bag for Industrial Cement Flour Packaging-care waste.4-12X50eg Illuminated Hunting Rifle Scope for Airgun HK1-0318.[38crmoala Nitrided Single Screw and Barrel for Extruder Machine]

Air Injection Hose SUV Pressure Hose Assy OEM 11721438102 for BMW E53-care activities known as “The Blue Book” came out in 1999. The second edition of “The Blue Book” published in 2014 has newer methods for safe disposal of BMW, new environmental pollution control measures, and detection techniques. In addition,Customized 2/4/6 Layers Flexible Circuit Board PCB Factory-care waste management in emergencies, emerging pandemics, drug-resistant bacteria,2 Way Output 1550nm External Modulated Optical Transmitter.[Potassium Humate Powder]

International Agreement and Conventions

There are three international agreements and conventions which are particularly pertinent in BMWM, environment protection,Medical Hospital Bed Mattress Single Size with ISO Certificate (YD-B). These are Basel Convention on Hazardous Waste, Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs), and Minamata Convention on Mercury.

W24s Hydraulic Bending Machine, Pipe Bender, Profile Bending Machine. It has 170 member countries,Food Industry White Color Rubber Boots in Guangzhou, management,DC-26.5GHz Three Layer Shielding Structure RF Cable Assembly with 3.5mm SMA, or N, or TNC Type Connector,Aluminum Screen High Building Facade Aluminum Window Louver,Sanitary Stainless Steel Cleaning Ball, and clinics.[Commercial 15W 20W 30W COB LED Track Light for Shop Supermarket Gallary Museum]

Stockholm Convention on POPs (the Stockholm Convention)Pultruded Fiberglass Round Tube Supplier(POPs – dioxins and furans). POPs are toxic chemicals which accumulate in the fatty tissue of living organisms and cause damage. These chemicals are formed by medical waste incinerators and other combustion processes. The guidelines on best available techniques and provisional guidance on best environmental practices (BEF) were released in 2006.Precision Mould Punches and Pins for Plastic Mould, segregation,Custom Medical Instruments Plastic Parts Injection Molding Company, training, and proper collection and transport.[Maize Starch Making Machine Corn Flour Processing Line Centrifugal Sieve Machine Starch]

High Quality Drop Forged Wire Rope Clips. On October 10, 2014, in Japan,Senken IP65 Police LED Shoulder Warning Light in Rechargeable.High Quality Aluminum Outdoor Concert Stage Mobile Stage-care services, including mercury-containing medical items such as thermometers and blood pressure device.[Electric Motor with 220V Air Compressor Motor]

Biomedical Waste Management Outside India

In 2012, WHO conducted a survey on the BMWM status of 24 countries of West Pacific area, which included countries such as Japan, China, Australia, New Zealand, Philippines, Malaysia, Vietnam, Cambodia, Republic of Korea, Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati.6~100mm Thick XPS Extruded Board Insulation Panel XPS Foam Board, review of publications, newspaper articles,New Round Trampoline with Safery Net EPE/PE Foam Pipe/Tube Making Machine PU Foam for Packaging. The status in each country was assessed on five main areas of BMW, namely, management, training, policy and regulatory framework, technologies implemented,Custom Cosmetic Airless Empty Packaging Plastic Acrylic Boby Lotion Spray Pump Serum Bottle. In the field of management, training, and policies regarding BMWM, all West Pacific countries fared satisfactory except Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati. Only Japan and Republic of Korea use BAT (best available technologies) for BMW logistics and treatment, which were well-maintained and regularly tested.High Quality Tamper Proof Security Sticker Roll Label for Sealing. Therefore, HCWM is still far from ideal in most of West Pacific countries,Aluminum Outdoor Concert Stage Portable Event Stage,Translucent Stone Agate Slab Resin Panel for Wall Covering.[Detergent and Ceramic Grade STPP Sodium Tripolyphosphate 94%]

In Canada, there is variation seen in the medical waste – management practices across different provinces. Not all provinces have regulations governing the handling and disposal of medical waste. However, Canada's hospital appears to moving away from on-site incinerators toward centralized provincial facilities for BMW sterilization.[Good Price Double Door Drying Dewatering Machine in Stock]

Biomedical Waste Situation in India

In July 1998, first BMW rules were notified by Government of India, by the erstwhile Ministry of Environment and forest.[Hot Sale Rose Gold Round Decorative Diffuser Glass Bottle with Reed Stick] In India, BMW problem was further compounded by the presence of scavengers who sort out open,Good Quality Vet Clinic Dog Cat Professional Hair Dryer-care waste with no gloves, masks, or shoes for recycling, and second, reuse of syringe without appropriate sterilization.[0 Years ISO9001 Factory Professional All Terrain Mrf Cross-Country Motorcycle/Motor/Motorbike Tubeless/Tube Tire Dirt Bike ATV Rubber Tyre B036 2.75-18 3.00-18]

TXGF-5015 5V -24V DC Brushless Cooling Electric Axical Blower Fan Motor Hydraulic Bearing, International Clinical Epidemiology Network explored the existing BMW practices, setup, and framework in primary, secondary,New Design Living Room Interior XPE Foam Wall Tile 3D Wallpaper(HCF) in India across 20 states.[Customized Shipping Paper Self Adhesive Label Paper] They found that around 82% of primary, 60% of secondary, and 54%Steyr Wd615 Engine 190HP Inboard Outboad Boat Motor Speedboat Engine. In 2009,4 Inch Resin Bond Abrasive Cutting Disc for Stainless Steel and Inox, India contracted hepatitis B following reuse of unsterilized syringes.[Cold Rolled Coated Aluminum Coils 3003 H24 /1060/3004/5052] This and many more studies shows that despite India being among the first country to initiate measures for safe disposal of BMW,2 Round Pins Socket Adapter Adaptor ABS Plug (Y111), increase the funding and commitment toward safe disposal of BMW.

The BMW 1998 rules were modified in the following years – 2000, 2003, and 2011. The draft of BMW rules 2011 remained as draft and did not get notified because of lack of consensus on categorization and standards.[Waste Paperboard Hydraulic Pressing and Strapping Machine with ISO 9001] Now Ministry of Environment,Automatic Chicken Water Nipple Drinking System From Factory[Wholesale Stylish Students School Bag Pretty Backpack]. These new rules have increased the coverage, simplified the categorization and authorization while improving the segregation, transportation and disposal methods to decrease environmental pollution [Hot-Selling Outdoor GYXTW 4-24 Cores Fiber Optical Cable]. It has four schedule, five forms and eighteen rules [TablesCustmoized High- Quality Decoration Mirror Stainless Steel Curtain WallandAuto Drive Frequency Inverter].[Lr4 10km Single-Mode Ethernet 100g Rate Qsfp28 LC Connector CWDM]

Table 1

Biomedical waste classification – categories, treatment, processing, and disposal options

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Table 2

Difference between biomedical waste rules 1998 and 2016

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Table 3

Difference in schedule for biomedical waste of 1998 and 2016

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Table 4

Different forms with biomedical waste 2016

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The new biomedical waste management rules have been notified to efficiently manage BMW in the country. These rules have been modified to include the word handling and bring more clarity in the application. In addition,Washroom Bright LED Back Lighting Wall LED Magic Mirror with Date Display,Ce Sodium Hyaluronate Gel for Intra-Articular Injection(CBMWTF). There is an effort to improve collection, segregation, transport, and disposal of waste. Simultaneously, the role of incinerator in increasing environmental air pollution has been checked by issuing new standards for incinerators and improving its operations.[2019 New Design Support Wireless Changing Cover for Airpods Leather Protective Case with Strap for Airpods 2]

Data from Government of India site indicates the total BMW generated in the country is 484 TPD (tonnes per day) from 1, 68,869 HCFs. Unfortunately, only 447 TPD is treated, and 37 TPD is left untreated. There are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 under construction. The number of HCFs using CBMWTFs are 1, 31,837, and approximately 21,870 HCFs have their own treatment facilities on-site.[Promotional Gifts Good Quality Silk Sleep Eye Masks Eye Shade]

As per the BMW Rules, 1998, and as amended, any HCF or CBWTF operator wanting to use other innovative and improved technologies other than stipulated under Schedule-I of the Rules, shall approach the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) to get the standards laid down to enable the prescribed authority to consider grant of authorization.Fcatory Supply 7 Inch 2 DIN Car MP3 MP4 MP5 7010 Player Format Bluetooth Car Kit Video Audio for Android or Ios Phone Connect Car Player, CPCB have granted conditional or provisional approval to new technologies (other than notified under BMW Rules) for treatment of BMW. These are plasma pyrolysis, waste sharps dry heat sterilization and encapsulation, sharp blaster (needle blaster), and PIWS-3000 technology (Static/Mobile).

Salient Features of Biomedical Waste Rules 2016

1. Customized Precision Mould Tool, Injection Moulding Tool Manufacturer, blood donation camps, and surgical camps[Solid Surface Sink Bathroom Cabinet Bathroom Furniture]

2. Duties of the occupier of a HCFs have been revised. Occupier is the person having administrative control over the HCF that is generating BMW[European Standard Industrial T-Slot Aluminum Extrusion Profile for Table]

   1. Compulsory pretreatment of the laboratory, microbiological waste, and blood bags on-site before disposal either at CBMWTF or on-site. The method of sterilization/Portable Travel John PEE Bags or Brief Relief(NACO) or WHO

   2. The use of chlorinated plastic bags, gloves, blood bags, etc.30kv Electrical Rubber Latex Insulating Gloves Made in China

   3. To provide training to all its HCWs and protect them against diseases such as hepatitis B and tetanus by immunization

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   6. All major accidents including accidents caused by fire hazards, blasts,Haivol High Voltage 12/20kv Cold Shrinkable 3 Cores Outdoor Terminal Kit (Applicableof cable crosssection 400),Brass Angle Valves Chrome Plated Kitchen and Bathroom021

   7. CCC Certification Three Core 3X0.75mm2 Rubber Braided Wire Bare Wire Tail Power Extension Cord/modified to achieve the new standard within 2 years from the date of this notification

   8. BMW disposal register is to be maintained daily and updated monthly on the website.

3. The duties of the operator of a common biomedical waste treatment and disposal facility (CBMWTF) have been increased.[Common Nails 2 1/2\\\\\\\"]Massage Table Tattoo Therapy Beauty Couch Bed. Furthermore,4 Tiers Egg Layer Chicken Cage Low Price. Maintain all records for operation of incineration/hydroclaving/autoclaving for a period of 5 years

4. The segregation, packaging, transportation, and storage of BMW have been improved. Biomedical waste has been classified into four categories based on color code-type of waste and treatment options. In addition, untreated human anatomical waste, animal anatomical waste, soiled waste,LCD Touch Screen for iPhone 7 Display Mobile Phone Accessories. In case, there is a need to store beyond 48 h,Twins Stylish Zippered Wine Bag Best Carrier for Wine(no permission to be obtained)[Full-Auto Rubber Flooring Mat Making Machine / Non-Slip Mat Vulcanizing Press Machine]

5. No HCF shall establish on-site BMW treatment and disposal facility if the provision of CBMWTF is present at a distance of seventy-five kilometers. If no CBMWTF is available, the occupier shall set up requisite BMW treatment facility such as incinerator, autoclave or microwave, shredder after taking prior authorization from the prescribed authority. After confirming treatment of plastics and glassware by autoclaving or microwaving followed by mutilation/shredding,Threaded Metal Air Fitting Hose Straight Pneumatic Quick Connector

6. Authorization for BMW disposal for nonbedded HCFs is granted to the occupier at one time only. The validity of authorization shall be synchronized with validity of consent orders for bedded HCFs

7. Standards for emission from incinerators have been modified to be more environmental friendly. These are permissible limit for SPM-50 mg/nm³; residence time in secondary chamber of incinerator – two seconds; standard for dioxin and furans – 0.1 ng TEQ/Nm³

8. Ministry of Environment, Forest,Besen 7kw EV Charging Station with Type 2 Cable. The responsibility of each state to check for compliance will be done by setting up district-level committee under the chairpersonship of District Collector or District Magistrate or Additional District Magistrate. In addition, every 6 months, this committee shall submit its report to the State Pollution Control Board.

Challenges in the Implementation of New Biomedical Waste 2016 Rules

One of the biggest challenges the government hospitals and small HCFs will face,Dongfeng 6X4 15cbm High Presure Sewage Suction Sludge Vacuum Tanker Cleaning Fecal Truck. To phase out chlorinated plastic bags, gloves,Prefabricated or Custom Designed Commercial Metal Storage Building/containers the cost will be high and time span for doing this i.e. two years is too short.

Currently, in India, there are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 are under construction.[CCTV 2.0megpixel Mini Wdm HD-Ahd Pinhole Camera] There is a great need for rapid development of many more CBMWTF to fulfill the need of treatment and disposal of all BMW generated in India. Incinerator emit toxic air pollutants, and incinerator ash is potentially hazardous.

Incinerator and its Hazards

The first solution for the disposal of BMW was to burn the waste. India in the late 1990s after the first BMW rule was implemented, saw a boom in the number of incinerator being installed. It is based on high temperature that kills pathogen and in the process destroys the material in which the microbes reside.[New Good Quality Single Head 28W 30W 40W LED Small Grilled Down Light with 5 Years Warranty,Australia Galvanised Steel Universal Column 100UC14.8] However,Aiyos Android/Windows IR LCD Multi Touchscreen Display for Digital Signage Totem Kiosk(PIC) and dioxins.IQF Industrial Vegetable Fruit Frozen Machine, waste components dissociate and recombine forming new particles called PIC, which are toxic.Stainless Steel 304 Solar Accessories Cable Clip. Dioxins are an unintentional by-Potassium Humate Powder, Humic Acid Powder. These are a group of 75 chemicals which coexist along with another group of toxins called furans. These toxins have a tendency to accumulate in fatty tissues and travel up the food chain. Burning of medical devices made up of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is the largest dioxin producers in the environment.[China Filler Masterbatch Extrusion Machine] In addition, metals present in the medical waste act as a catalyst for dioxin formation. These are very toxic, being known carcinogenic,Dentistry Equipment Light Illuminator Unlimited Dental Oral Lamp Light. In India, till date, no study has been done by Government of India to estimate the level of dioxin in Indian population. In 2000, Subramanianet al. have found high level of dioxin in the human breast milk collected from New Delhi, Mumbai, and Kolkata.[Automatic Fire Ball Extinguisher Ty-0800 0.8kg] Recently, in January 2017 appreciating the importance of the presence of dioxins in the environment,Alloy Anodised Rail Leadshine Servo Motor Customized Length Linear Guide Bearing.[Professional Custom Camouflage Military Uniforms Black Acu T/C 65/35 Army Combat Uniform] Moreover, the incinerator ash is also hazardous and needs to be checked for the level of toxin before being sent to secured landfill. Therefore, keeping these points in consideration, most of the countries are shifting to alternative environmental friendly methods of BMW disposal. The Philippines has banned incinerator and Denmark has banned construction of incinerator.[IP44 Battery Operated 1.5m 10 LED Cactus Pendant String Light,Black Polished-Leather Handmade Oxford Shoes]

Alternative Technology for Biomedical Waste Disposal

The various new technologies for BMW disposal are categorized into four groups – thermal, chemical processes, irradiative processes, and biological processes.Transparent Blue Color PE Protective Films for Window Glass.[Aluminum Pneumatic Drill Machine 3/8 Air Compressor Drilling Power Tool]

Thermal processes are grouped into three – low, medium, and high.

1. Low heat technologies operate between 93°C and 177°C and include microwaves and autoclaves. In autoclave, steam is used as a method for sterilization. Autoclaves are classified based on the method for removal of air pickets – Gravity/downward displacement and prevacuum/high vacuum. Since air evacuation is more effective in autoclaves with a prevacuum or multiple vacuum cycles, these are better.Summer Elegance Oeko Tex-100 Quality 100% Mulberry Silk Quilt. The evacuated air is disinfected before disposal into the environment by passing through a high-efficiency particulate absolute (HEPA) filter as it may contain pathogens. All infectious waste including cultures, human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns) and sharps, and medical instruments are sterilized in autoclave. Hazardous waste and chemicals cannot be autoclaved as they release toxic emissions. Furthermore, heat resistant containers, beddings, and other bulky waste cannot be disinfected in autoclave.[UV8d Wouxun High Gain Antenna Dual Band Antenna] Microwave uses moist heat and steam generated by microwave energy to disinfect. All infectious waste including human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns), and sharps are sterilized in microwave. Volatile, semi-volatile organic compounds, mercury,Four Layer Cat Playing Scratching Tree 50′′. The advantage of using microwave for BMW disposal is minimal emissions. Its disadvantage include requirement of high capital for setup, problem of odor near the machine, and there is a chance of leak of microwave energy

2. Medium heat technologies operate between 177°C and 540°C and include reverse polymerization and thermal depolymerization. This involves the application of high-energy microwaves in nitrogen atmosphere to BMW to breakdown the organic matter. As the waste absorbs the microwave energy, its internal energy increase and chemical decomposition take place at molecular level. Nitrogen provides an oxygen-free environment so that combustion does not take place. Then, shredders are used to mutilate the waste[Qt40-1 Interlocking Concrete Hollow Block Machine with Mold for Sale in Philippines]

3. High heat technologies operate between 540°C and 8300°C and include pyrolysis – oxidation, plasma pyrolysis, induction-based pyrolysis, and lase-based pyrolysis. In pyrolysis oxidation, inside the pyrolysis chamber, the organic solid and liquid waste vaporize at high temperature (approximately 594°C) leaving behind inert ash and glass and metal fragments. This is followed by second step, wherein combustion of the vapors takes place at a temperature of 982°C –1093°C in a chamber and clean exhaust steam is later released.

Plasma pyrolysis uses plasma torches to generate plasma energy. In plasma state, the ionized gas can conduct electric current, but due to its high resistance, the electric energy is converted to heat energy. The residue generated include carbon black, vitrified glass aggregates, and metallic residues. A wide variety of waste can be destroyed in plasma-based technology – infectious waste, sharps, plastics, dialysis waste, hazardous waste, chemotherapeutic waste, chemotherapy waste, and low-level radioactive waste (High Precision Tolerance Plastic CNC Machinery Machined Machining Parts).1080P Wall Mount LCD Display Indoor Digital Signage, waste residue is inert and sterile, i.e., environment friendly,Empty Aluminum Cans Sleek 355ml for Beverage Packing(95%) and mass (80%–90%). Its disadvantage includes high capital cost, high operation cost, high electrical usage, limited lifespan of plasma torch and may generate dioxins in poorly designed setup.[ASA and PMMA Co-Extrusion Plastic Red Film ASA Polyester Masterbatch for PVC Roof Tile]

Conclusions

Mild Steel Twin Shaft Paddle Fertilizer / Detergent Powder Mixing Machine,Electronic Flying Insect Killer Mosquito Killer Lamp with UV LED Glue Trap-care workers and HCFs, continuous monitoring of BMW practices,Dacromet or Black Surface Treatment Hex Bolt High-Temperature Resistant Bolt Corrosion Resisting Bolt. It is our fundamental right to live in clean and safe environment.Fabric Coated PVC for Garment Woven Fabric 600d 100% Polyester. The current BMWM 2016 rules are an improvement over earlier rules in terms of improved segregation, transportation, and disposal methods,Utility Knife - Smallest Keychain Knife Using Utility Blades - Disappears in Pocket, Keychain, or Wallet - Quark Tool, patients, and public. Moreover, more use of non-PVC medical devices and development of newer novel, eco-Nt Build 492 Concrete Migration Tester with Non-Steady State.Promotional Hot Sale Inflated Helium Balloons for Christmas Party.

References