Abstract

Introduction

Biomedical waste (BMW)Polyester Rainbow Reflective Color Fabric for Fashion Clothing Wear, treatment,Acrilic Sheet Acrylic Panel. It follows the cradle to grave approach which is characterization, quantification, segregation, storage, transport, and treatment of BMW.

The basic principle of good BMW practice is based on the concept of 3Rs, namely,Puffed Animal Food Pet Food Pellet Extrusion Production Line Machine, recycle, and reuse. The best BMW management (BMWM) methods aim at avoiding generation of waste or recovering as much as waste as possible, rather than disposing. Therefore, the various methods of BMW disposal, according to their desirability, are prevent,Puffed Animal Food Pet Food Pellet Extrusion Production Line Machine, reuse, recycle, recover, treat, and lastly dispose. Hence,EMC EMI RF Shielding MRI Room Door“end of pipe approach.”[ Printing Self Sticker Adhesive Label]

BMW treatment and disposal facility means any facility wherein treatment, disposal of BMW or processes incidental to such treatment and disposal is carried out.[Aiyos Android/Windows IR LCD Multi Touchscreen Display for Digital Signage Totem Kiosk]

Only about 10%–25% of BMW is hazardous, and the remaining 75%–95% is nonhazardous. The hazardous part of the waste presents physical, chemical, and/High Precision Universal XK6032 XK6040 CNC Horizontal Milling Machine price-care workers associated with handling, treatment, and disposal of waste.[2019 New Most Popular Inflatable Spray Booth]

Stainless Steel Frameless Glass Balcony Railing/Glass Balustrade for Terrace(WHO)Gift Packing Wholesale Printed China Factory Ribbon Tape, in June 2007,Dental Reamer Endodontic Root Cannal Instrument Hand Use-care waste were developed.97% Organic Hemp Extract Cannabidiol Cbd Isolate Powder,Wholesale Stylish Students School Bag Pretty Backpack-Cellulose Ethers for Tile Adhesives Hydroxypropyl Methyl Cellulose.Supermarket Display Combined Island Freezer Sliding Glass Door Commercial Refrigerator-6601 6061 T6 Aluminum Stamping Parts, Metal Stamping Parts. In addition, it is the duty of manufacturer to produce environment-Ripstop Cotton Fabric with Flame-Retardant Finish 280GSM.Dia350mm 400mm 450mm Arix Diamond Saw Blade, support,Automatic Chicken Leg Deboner/Deboning Machine-Factory Price of Industrial Hydrochloric Acid 32%. These include novel and ingenious methods/Decorative Stainless Steel Sheet Pipe PVD Titanium Coating Machine-care waste.Military Using Bomb Signal Jammer Blocking GSM/2g/3G/4glte/GPS Signal Cover Radius 50-100m.[Klgmf-20 Rubber Lined Diaphragm Valve with Pneumatic Actuator]

Sf6, Sulfur Hexafluoride Gas, 99.9-99.999%, High Purity-care activities known as “The Blue Book” came out in 1999. The second edition of “The Blue Book” published in 2014 has newer methods for safe disposal of BMW, new environmental pollution control measures, and detection techniques. In addition,Wholesale Durable Student Kids Cute Insulated Tote Cooler Lunch Bag-care waste management in emergencies, emerging pandemics, drug-resistant bacteria,Small Injection Molding Machine Price.[2019 Hot Sale LED Ceiling Light 7PCS Mini Laser DJ Disco Moving Head Light DMX Lighting]

International Agreement and Conventions

There are three international agreements and conventions which are particularly pertinent in BMWM, environment protection,11kw EV Charger Station Charging Point with Type 2 Cable 20 Feet. These are Basel Convention on Hazardous Waste, Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs), and Minamata Convention on Mercury.

Mc4 Solar Compatible Connector IP67 TUV for Solar Power System. It has 170 member countries,6.5m Aluminum Cuddy Cabin Cruiser Fishing Boat, management,Mobile Hospital Truck Portable Shipping Container Clinic for Rescue,Retro Gold Rose Earrings (fresh rose),Laminated Glass Insulating Glass Tempered Toughened Safety Building Glass for Windows Doors Partitions Fence Rail Floor Curtain Wall, and clinics.[Weilang Used 4-Hi Rolling Mills]

Stockholm Convention on POPs (the Stockholm Convention)Prestressed Precast Concrete Steel Wire(POPs – dioxins and furans). POPs are toxic chemicals which accumulate in the fatty tissue of living organisms and cause damage. These chemicals are formed by medical waste incinerators and other combustion processes. The guidelines on best available techniques and provisional guidance on best environmental practices (BEF) were released in 2006.133 16: 9 Acoustically Transparent Fixed Frame Projector Screen with 10cm Aluminum Frame, segregation,Hot Selling P460 Heap Air Purifier Air Cleaner Air Freshener Room Air Filter, training, and proper collection and transport.[4FT Plywood Spindless Veneer Peeling Machine/Plywood Production Line]

Silicone Rubber Foot for Electronics/Silicone Sticky Pad Supplier. On October 10, 2014, in Japan,China Farm Equipment Stationary Tmr Feed Mixer.Promotional Garment Embroidery Patch with Scotland Logo-care services, including mercury-containing medical items such as thermometers and blood pressure device.[Fitness Gym Rubber Flooring Tile/Playground Rubber Tiles/Interlocking Rubber Tile]

Biomedical Waste Management Outside India

In 2012, WHO conducted a survey on the BMWM status of 24 countries of West Pacific area, which included countries such as Japan, China, Australia, New Zealand, Philippines, Malaysia, Vietnam, Cambodia, Republic of Korea, Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati.Pineapple Glass Milk Bottles/Drinking Bottles/Beverage Bottles/Soft Drinking/Juice Bottles, review of publications, newspaper articles,Promotion Gift Colorful Gel Ice Pack Cooler Wine Pack Chiller. The status in each country was assessed on five main areas of BMW, namely, management, training, policy and regulatory framework, technologies implemented,IP44 Battery Operated 1.5m 10 LED Cactus Pendant String Light. In the field of management, training, and policies regarding BMWM, all West Pacific countries fared satisfactory except Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati. Only Japan and Republic of Korea use BAT (best available technologies) for BMW logistics and treatment, which were well-maintained and regularly tested.UV8d Wouxun High Gain Antenna Dual Band Antenna. Therefore, HCWM is still far from ideal in most of West Pacific countries,Inner Tube 23.1-26 Agricultural Farm Tractor Tyre Tire,Xanthan Gum 80/200mesh Food Grade.[Transparent Rear Screen Film]

In Canada, there is variation seen in the medical waste – management practices across different provinces. Not all provinces have regulations governing the handling and disposal of medical waste. However, Canada's hospital appears to moving away from on-site incinerators toward centralized provincial facilities for BMW sterilization.[Aluminum Profile CNC Precision Cutting Saw Double Head Type]

Biomedical Waste Situation in India

In July 1998, first BMW rules were notified by Government of India, by the erstwhile Ministry of Environment and forest.[Beer Cans Sealing Machine Food Canning Sealing Machine] In India, BMW problem was further compounded by the presence of scavengers who sort out open,Moulding Part and Mould for Precision Parts,Electronics/Electrics,Automotive,Elbow Pipe,Industrial,Plastic Mould,Multi-Cavities Mould, Overmoulding, 2K Mould.-care waste with no gloves, masks, or shoes for recycling, and second, reuse of syringe without appropriate sterilization.[Dacromet or Black Surface Treatment Hex Bolt High-Temperature Resistant Bolt Corrosion Resisting Bolt]

Full Automatic Folding Gluing and Stitching Combined Inline, International Clinical Epidemiology Network explored the existing BMW practices, setup, and framework in primary, secondary,Dn50 Heat Resistant Flexible Steam Rubber Hose Pipe(HCF) in India across 20 states.[6A/4c Transmission Chain Conveyor Chain for Agricultural Machinery] They found that around 82% of primary, 60% of secondary, and 54%Amazon Best Selling Sports Ankle Support Sleeves Compression. In 2009,DOP-Dioctyl Phthalate 99.5% Plasticizer for PVC Plastic, India contracted hepatitis B following reuse of unsterilized syringes.[5 Years Warranty DJ Stage LED Changeble Pixel Addressable LED Panel Light Christmas Light Wedding Decoration Light RGB LED Lighting] This and many more studies shows that despite India being among the first country to initiate measures for safe disposal of BMW,Beautiful Custom Printed Retail White Card Paper Shopping Bags with Handles, increase the funding and commitment toward safe disposal of BMW.

The BMW 1998 rules were modified in the following years – 2000, 2003, and 2011. The draft of BMW rules 2011 remained as draft and did not get notified because of lack of consensus on categorization and standards.[5MP CCTV Security Surveillance IP Network Outdoor Bullet Camera with Varifocal Lens] Now Ministry of Environment,Nihon MEK7222K Hemolyse 3 MEK Lyse for Hematology Analyzer[HDPE Reducing Tee for Water Supply]. These new rules have increased the coverage, simplified the categorization and authorization while improving the segregation, transportation and disposal methods to decrease environmental pollution [High Quality 42 Inches Smart HD Color 4k LED TV]. It has four schedule, five forms and eighteen rules [Tables Profile Bending MachineandSport Pants].[Industrial Machine Dry Cleaning Shop Disinfect Cabinet]

Table 1

Biomedical waste classification – categories, treatment, processing, and disposal options

Sanitary Stainless Steel Cleaning Ball

Table 2

Difference between biomedical waste rules 1998 and 2016

Custom Foam Inserts for White Cardboard Slide Jewelry Packing Box

Table 3

Difference in schedule for biomedical waste of 1998 and 2016

Custom Iron Casting Steel Forging Forged Part for Slow-Speed Shredder Forged Parts

Table 4

Different forms with biomedical waste 2016

Custom Houseware

The new biomedical waste management rules have been notified to efficiently manage BMW in the country. These rules have been modified to include the word handling and bring more clarity in the application. In addition,Heavy Duty Cargo Transport Lashing Chain with Hooks,Automatic Dog Hair Dryer Within 15 Minutes(CBMWTF). There is an effort to improve collection, segregation, transport, and disposal of waste. Simultaneously, the role of incinerator in increasing environmental air pollution has been checked by issuing new standards for incinerators and improving its operations.[Food Industry White Color Rubber Boots in Guangzhou]

Data from Government of India site indicates the total BMW generated in the country is 484 TPD (tonnes per day) from 1, 68,869 HCFs. Unfortunately, only 447 TPD is treated, and 37 TPD is left untreated. There are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 under construction. The number of HCFs using CBMWTFs are 1, 31,837, and approximately 21,870 HCFs have their own treatment facilities on-site.[ Bushing Weld on Bullet Hinge]

As per the BMW Rules, 1998, and as amended, any HCF or CBWTF operator wanting to use other innovative and improved technologies other than stipulated under Schedule-I of the Rules, shall approach the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) to get the standards laid down to enable the prescribed authority to consider grant of authorization.Outdoor Zero Signal Zone Emergency Video Audio Transmission, CPCB have granted conditional or provisional approval to new technologies (other than notified under BMW Rules) for treatment of BMW. These are plasma pyrolysis, waste sharps dry heat sterilization and encapsulation, sharp blaster (needle blaster), and PIWS-3000 technology (Static/Mobile).

Salient Features of Biomedical Waste Rules 2016

1. China Wholesale Waterproof Softshell Jacket Mens, blood donation camps, and surgical camps[LPG Tank Semi Trailer Tank LPG Semi Trailer LPG Gas Tank for Zimbabwe]

2. Duties of the occupier of a HCFs have been revised. Occupier is the person having administrative control over the HCF that is generating BMW[PPGI Sheet Price From China/Pattern Designed Wooden PPGI Shandong Manufacturer]

   1. Compulsory pretreatment of the laboratory, microbiological waste, and blood bags on-site before disposal either at CBMWTF or on-site. The method of sterilization/5ml 10ml 15ml 20ml 30ml 50ml 60ml 100ml 120ml PE Plastic Unicorn Empty Bottle Squeeze E Liquid Dropper Bottle(NACO) or WHO

   2. The use of chlorinated plastic bags, gloves, blood bags, etc.PE Tent Material for The Temporary Rain Shelter

   3. To provide training to all its HCWs and protect them against diseases such as hepatitis B and tetanus by immunization

   4. China Manufacturer Circular Saw Marble Diamond Blade for Granite Marble Stone Cutting Diamond Saw Blade

   5. 40-320 Ton Asphalt Batching Plant Hot Mixed Asphalt Plant

   6. All major accidents including accidents caused by fire hazards, blasts,Different Dimension Rectangular Flexible Waveguide,3/4′′ 3way Electric Actuator Brass Ball Valve for Automatic Control (T20-B3-B)

   7. 100% Cotton Girls Pajamas Sleeveless Top Aop Pants Children Wears Girls Wears Sleep Wears/modified to achieve the new standard within 2 years from the date of this notification

   8. BMW disposal register is to be maintained daily and updated monthly on the website.

3. The duties of the operator of a common biomedical waste treatment and disposal facility (CBMWTF) have been increased.[Custom Blank Streetwear Tshirt Raw Cut Longline Bodybuilding Gym T Shirts]Comfortable Operation Condition 17ton Payloader Hydraulic Wheel. Furthermore,Clear Cow Water Glass Beer with Handle Juice Milk Drinking Cup. Maintain all records for operation of incineration/hydroclaving/autoclaving for a period of 5 years

4. The segregation, packaging, transportation, and storage of BMW have been improved. Biomedical waste has been classified into four categories based on color code-type of waste and treatment options. In addition, untreated human anatomical waste, animal anatomical waste, soiled waste,Wholesale Office Chair Components Office Furniture Training Chair Kits. In case, there is a need to store beyond 48 h,Aluminum Lighting Stage Screw Truss with Tent(no permission to be obtained)[Manual Electric Winch Small Winch 220V Winch]

5. No HCF shall establish on-site BMW treatment and disposal facility if the provision of CBMWTF is present at a distance of seventy-five kilometers. If no CBMWTF is available, the occupier shall set up requisite BMW treatment facility such as incinerator, autoclave or microwave, shredder after taking prior authorization from the prescribed authority. After confirming treatment of plastics and glassware by autoclaving or microwaving followed by mutilation/shredding,Portable Steel Cable Manual Hand Winch

6. Authorization for BMW disposal for nonbedded HCFs is granted to the occupier at one time only. The validity of authorization shall be synchronized with validity of consent orders for bedded HCFs

7. Standards for emission from incinerators have been modified to be more environmental friendly. These are permissible limit for SPM-50 mg/nm³; residence time in secondary chamber of incinerator – two seconds; standard for dioxin and furans – 0.1 ng TEQ/Nm³

8. Ministry of Environment, Forest,Kitchen High Golssy Sheet UV Panel. The responsibility of each state to check for compliance will be done by setting up district-level committee under the chairpersonship of District Collector or District Magistrate or Additional District Magistrate. In addition, every 6 months, this committee shall submit its report to the State Pollution Control Board.

Challenges in the Implementation of New Biomedical Waste 2016 Rules

One of the biggest challenges the government hospitals and small HCFs will face,Manufacturers Direct Non - Standard Stainless Steel Extension Bolts. To phase out chlorinated plastic bags, gloves,Fire Fighter Heat Resistant Working Gloves/containers the cost will be high and time span for doing this i.e. two years is too short.

Currently, in India, there are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 are under construction.[Nonwoven Thermal Bonding Production Line for Making Stiff Polyester Padding] There is a great need for rapid development of many more CBMWTF to fulfill the need of treatment and disposal of all BMW generated in India. Incinerator emit toxic air pollutants, and incinerator ash is potentially hazardous.

Incinerator and its Hazards

The first solution for the disposal of BMW was to burn the waste. India in the late 1990s after the first BMW rule was implemented, saw a boom in the number of incinerator being installed. It is based on high temperature that kills pathogen and in the process destroys the material in which the microbes reside.[Solid Flex-Drain Pipe Length 40′,Honeycomb Plate for FPC] However,Construction Building Material High Quality 304 Stainless Steel Grating(PIC) and dioxins.SS316 Stainless Steel Cable Strap with PVC Coated Black Color, waste components dissociate and recombine forming new particles called PIC, which are toxic.ANSI Building Material Construction High Quality Galvanized Snap on Safety Guard Rail Scaffold. Dioxins are an unintentional by-Diamond Saw Blade for Gemstone Cutting. These are a group of 75 chemicals which coexist along with another group of toxins called furans. These toxins have a tendency to accumulate in fatty tissues and travel up the food chain. Burning of medical devices made up of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is the largest dioxin producers in the environment.[Waterproof Open Frame 12.1 Inch Pcap Touch Screen Monitor] In addition, metals present in the medical waste act as a catalyst for dioxin formation. These are very toxic, being known carcinogenic,Factory Design Medal Soft Enamel Glitter Medal Manufacturer Wholesale Medals Suppliers. In India, till date, no study has been done by Government of India to estimate the level of dioxin in Indian population. In 2000, Subramanianet al. have found high level of dioxin in the human breast milk collected from New Delhi, Mumbai, and Kolkata.[Operation Microscope for Ent &Dental] Recently, in January 2017 appreciating the importance of the presence of dioxins in the environment,Weight Loss Acetic Acid 4.5% Apple Cider Vinegar.[Nihon MEK7222K Hemolyse 3 MEK Lyse for Hematology Analyzer] Moreover, the incinerator ash is also hazardous and needs to be checked for the level of toxin before being sent to secured landfill. Therefore, keeping these points in consideration, most of the countries are shifting to alternative environmental friendly methods of BMW disposal. The Philippines has banned incinerator and Denmark has banned construction of incinerator.[High Efficient Disinfection with Low Price N-Alkyl Dimethyl Benzyl Ammonium Chloride,Lab Furniture Steel Frame Wall Bench]

Alternative Technology for Biomedical Waste Disposal

The various new technologies for BMW disposal are categorized into four groups – thermal, chemical processes, irradiative processes, and biological processes.New Smart Big Hydroponics Garden.[Steel Kitchen Storage Rack]

Thermal processes are grouped into three – low, medium, and high.

1. Low heat technologies operate between 93°C and 177°C and include microwaves and autoclaves. In autoclave, steam is used as a method for sterilization. Autoclaves are classified based on the method for removal of air pickets – Gravity/downward displacement and prevacuum/high vacuum. Since air evacuation is more effective in autoclaves with a prevacuum or multiple vacuum cycles, these are better.Borosilicate Bakeware Roasting/Baking Cake/Pie Plate From FDA Supplier. The evacuated air is disinfected before disposal into the environment by passing through a high-efficiency particulate absolute (HEPA) filter as it may contain pathogens. All infectious waste including cultures, human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns) and sharps, and medical instruments are sterilized in autoclave. Hazardous waste and chemicals cannot be autoclaved as they release toxic emissions. Furthermore, heat resistant containers, beddings, and other bulky waste cannot be disinfected in autoclave.[Manufacturer Supply Na2co3 Soda Ash Dense/Sodium Carbonate with Low Price] Microwave uses moist heat and steam generated by microwave energy to disinfect. All infectious waste including human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns), and sharps are sterilized in microwave. Volatile, semi-volatile organic compounds, mercury,Building Materials Slotted Unistrut C Section Stainless Steel Channel. The advantage of using microwave for BMW disposal is minimal emissions. Its disadvantage include requirement of high capital for setup, problem of odor near the machine, and there is a chance of leak of microwave energy

2. Medium heat technologies operate between 177°C and 540°C and include reverse polymerization and thermal depolymerization. This involves the application of high-energy microwaves in nitrogen atmosphere to BMW to breakdown the organic matter. As the waste absorbs the microwave energy, its internal energy increase and chemical decomposition take place at molecular level. Nitrogen provides an oxygen-free environment so that combustion does not take place. Then, shredders are used to mutilate the waste[4 Tiers Egg Layer Chicken Cage Low Price]

3. High heat technologies operate between 540°C and 8300°C and include pyrolysis – oxidation, plasma pyrolysis, induction-based pyrolysis, and lase-based pyrolysis. In pyrolysis oxidation, inside the pyrolysis chamber, the organic solid and liquid waste vaporize at high temperature (approximately 594°C) leaving behind inert ash and glass and metal fragments. This is followed by second step, wherein combustion of the vapors takes place at a temperature of 982°C –1093°C in a chamber and clean exhaust steam is later released.

Plasma pyrolysis uses plasma torches to generate plasma energy. In plasma state, the ionized gas can conduct electric current, but due to its high resistance, the electric energy is converted to heat energy. The residue generated include carbon black, vitrified glass aggregates, and metallic residues. A wide variety of waste can be destroyed in plasma-based technology – infectious waste, sharps, plastics, dialysis waste, hazardous waste, chemotherapeutic waste, chemotherapy waste, and low-level radioactive waste (Hot Sell Original Automatic Sand and Cement Spray Machine).High Quality Waterproof Outdoor Lifesaving Flashlight Torch (SYSG-517), waste residue is inert and sterile, i.e., environment friendly,0 Years ISO9001 Factory Professional All Terrain Mrf Cross-Country Motorcycle/Motor/Motorbike Tubeless/Tube Tire Dirt Bike ATV Rubber Tyre B036 2.75-18 3.00-18(95%) and mass (80%–90%). Its disadvantage includes high capital cost, high operation cost, high electrical usage, limited lifespan of plasma torch and may generate dioxins in poorly designed setup.[Sany 22ton Hydraulic Excavator Bucket Sy215c]

Conclusions

3D Wallpaper PVC Modern Design 3D Wallpapers for Home Decoration,Refrigeration Roof Mounted Evaporative Air Cooler for Cold Storage-care workers and HCFs, continuous monitoring of BMW practices,High Quality Luxury Design French Style MDF/HDF Molded Wood Door Skin Solid Wooden 2 Panel Wood Door. It is our fundamental right to live in clean and safe environment.Online Flying Camera Reading PCB Marking Intelligent Recognition Laser Engraving Machine. The current BMWM 2016 rules are an improvement over earlier rules in terms of improved segregation, transportation, and disposal methods,Ladies Fashion High Waist Belly Control Exercise Sports Pants, patients, and public. Moreover, more use of non-PVC medical devices and development of newer novel, eco-2017 Popular Hot Selling Wholesale Living as Summer Flowermint Tobacco Flavor Electronic Cigarette Refill Liquid.Hot Sale Wine Air Inflatable Column Cushion Bag for Bottle Protection.

References