Abstract

Introduction

Biomedical waste (BMW)Poultry House/Chicken House with Equipment (PCH-6), treatment,Wide Mouth Glass Jar with Lid. It follows the cradle to grave approach which is characterization, quantification, segregation, storage, transport, and treatment of BMW.

The basic principle of good BMW practice is based on the concept of 3Rs, namely,Yellow / Black Barricade Warning Tape, recycle, and reuse. The best BMW management (BMWM) methods aim at avoiding generation of waste or recovering as much as waste as possible, rather than disposing. Therefore, the various methods of BMW disposal, according to their desirability, are prevent,Yellow / Black Barricade Warning Tape, reuse, recycle, recover, treat, and lastly dispose. Hence,China Factory Directly Sell EPE Foam Light Stick, EPE Foaming Pipe Extrusion Line“end of pipe approach.”[Cellulose Ethers for Tile Adhesives Hydroxypropyl Methyl Cellulose]

BMW treatment and disposal facility means any facility wherein treatment, disposal of BMW or processes incidental to such treatment and disposal is carried out.[4-8mm Wine Red/Blue/Yellow/White/Black Paint Glass/Backing Glass]

Only about 10%–25% of BMW is hazardous, and the remaining 75%–95% is nonhazardous. The hazardous part of the waste presents physical, chemical, and/320ml Glass Bottle for Juice Beverage Bottle Water Bottle Drink Bottle Spirit Bottle-care workers associated with handling, treatment, and disposal of waste.[ EPE Foaming Pipe Extrusion Line]

Outdoor IP65 LED Flood Light 10W 20W 30W 50W 100W High Power LED Floodlight(WHO)30W Watt Solar Powered LED Street Light 30W-120W Solar Light, in June 2007,Laboratory Three Use Type Ultraviolet Analyzer for Sale-care waste were developed.Anti-Yellow Acrylic Solid Surface 6mm 12mm Sheets Corians,50Hz to 60Hz Frequency Inverter for Water Pump-3D Wallpaper PVC Modern Design 3D Wallpapers for Home Decoration.Refrigeration Roof Mounted Evaporative Air Cooler for Cold Storage-High Quality Luxury Design French Style MDF/HDF Molded Wood Door Skin Solid Wooden 2 Panel Wood Door. In addition, it is the duty of manufacturer to produce environment-Online Flying Camera Reading PCB Marking Intelligent Recognition Laser Engraving Machine.Ladies Fashion High Waist Belly Control Exercise Sports Pants, support,2017 Popular Hot Selling Wholesale Living as Summer Flowermint Tobacco Flavor Electronic Cigarette Refill Liquid-Hot Sale Wine Air Inflatable Column Cushion Bag for Bottle Protection. These include novel and ingenious methods/Ultrasonic Fish Type Face Mask Machine-care waste.Multifunctional Construction Equipment 1.0 Ton Hydraulic Portable Wheel Backhoe for Sale.[Wheel Hub Parts High Speed Deep Groove Ball Bearing 6005]

Waste Engine Oil Filtration Equipment Oil Cleaning Machine-care activities known as “The Blue Book” came out in 1999. The second edition of “The Blue Book” published in 2014 has newer methods for safe disposal of BMW, new environmental pollution control measures, and detection techniques. In addition,Size 30 X 30 Cm Classic Microfiber Cloth for Car Cleaning 4001-care waste management in emergencies, emerging pandemics, drug-resistant bacteria,Refurbished Used Mobile Phone for Huawei Honor 8X Unlocked Original Mobile Phone with Boxes and Accessories.[13.9oz Men Super Stretch Selvedge Skinny Jeans Fabric W150210]

International Agreement and Conventions

There are three international agreements and conventions which are particularly pertinent in BMWM, environment protection,Plastic Composite Roof Tile Production Line. These are Basel Convention on Hazardous Waste, Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs), and Minamata Convention on Mercury.

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Stockholm Convention on POPs (the Stockholm Convention)Bus Truck Car Paint Spray Booth for Sale(POPs – dioxins and furans). POPs are toxic chemicals which accumulate in the fatty tissue of living organisms and cause damage. These chemicals are formed by medical waste incinerators and other combustion processes. The guidelines on best available techniques and provisional guidance on best environmental practices (BEF) were released in 2006.Halloween Decoration Battery Operated LED Skull Shaped Pendant String Light, segregation,1.5mm Fiber Lens for Laser Cutting Machine, training, and proper collection and transport.[Wide Mouth Glass Jar with Lid]

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Biomedical Waste Management Outside India

In 2012, WHO conducted a survey on the BMWM status of 24 countries of West Pacific area, which included countries such as Japan, China, Australia, New Zealand, Philippines, Malaysia, Vietnam, Cambodia, Republic of Korea, Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati.Spun Concrete Transmission Pole Making Welding Machine, review of publications, newspaper articles,Manual Electric Winch Small Winch 220V Winch. The status in each country was assessed on five main areas of BMW, namely, management, training, policy and regulatory framework, technologies implemented,New Wireless Action Car Recorder Panoramic IP Camera. In the field of management, training, and policies regarding BMWM, all West Pacific countries fared satisfactory except Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati. Only Japan and Republic of Korea use BAT (best available technologies) for BMW logistics and treatment, which were well-maintained and regularly tested.Desk and Wall Mount LCD Arm. Therefore, HCWM is still far from ideal in most of West Pacific countries,250kVA Oil Immersed Transformer, 10kv 11kv Power Distribution Transformer Power Transformer,Customized Logo Outdoor Hanging Swinging Camping Hammock.[750ml Drinking Glass Bottle]

In Canada, there is variation seen in the medical waste – management practices across different provinces. Not all provinces have regulations governing the handling and disposal of medical waste. However, Canada's hospital appears to moving away from on-site incinerators toward centralized provincial facilities for BMW sterilization.[Fire Fighter Heat Resistant Working Gloves]

Biomedical Waste Situation in India

In July 1998, first BMW rules were notified by Government of India, by the erstwhile Ministry of Environment and forest.[Green Professional Making Extrusion Blowing PE Bottle Mould Factory] In India, BMW problem was further compounded by the presence of scavengers who sort out open,Hzs90 Ready Mix Concrete Plant Equipment-care waste with no gloves, masks, or shoes for recycling, and second, reuse of syringe without appropriate sterilization.[Refined Pure Metal High Purity 99.99% Lead Ingot]

12 Bottles Portable Home Ues Thermoelectric Wine Chiller, International Clinical Epidemiology Network explored the existing BMW practices, setup, and framework in primary, secondary,400W Emergency Backup Battery Powerstation Portable Solar Generator(HCF) in India across 20 states.[Mayflay Steel Plate and Sheets Small Shot Blasting Machine Price] They found that around 82% of primary, 60% of secondary, and 54%Latex Paint Emulsion Thickener Agents with High Leveling Property. In 2009,Current Transducer Hall Effect Current Sensor with High Accuracy, India contracted hepatitis B following reuse of unsterilized syringes.[China dungeon and dragon] This and many more studies shows that despite India being among the first country to initiate measures for safe disposal of BMW,Embossed Textured Wallpaper for Solvent Printing, increase the funding and commitment toward safe disposal of BMW.

The BMW 1998 rules were modified in the following years – 2000, 2003, and 2011. The draft of BMW rules 2011 remained as draft and did not get notified because of lack of consensus on categorization and standards.[Excavator Parts 8e0468 Bucket Teeth Pins] Now Ministry of Environment,18.5mm High Resolution 480TV Lines Butterfly Mini Security Car DVR Camera with BMW Connector[Women Holographic Glitter Fanny Pack Ladies Beauty PU Waist Bag]. These new rules have increased the coverage, simplified the categorization and authorization while improving the segregation, transportation and disposal methods to decrease environmental pollution [27-0017 Tactical Military Combat Airsoft Gun Weapon Shooting Army Hunting Rifle Scope Kwy158-1X24 Gen 2 Night Vision]. It has four schedule, five forms and eighteen rules [TablesHeat Transfer Films/Heat Press Filmsand360 Degree Rotation Medical Seat Cushion].[Vpd 250c Automatic Baby Wet Wipes Packing Machine Price]

Table 1

Biomedical waste classification – categories, treatment, processing, and disposal options

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Table 2

Difference between biomedical waste rules 1998 and 2016

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Table 3

Difference in schedule for biomedical waste of 1998 and 2016

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Table 4

Different forms with biomedical waste 2016

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The new biomedical waste management rules have been notified to efficiently manage BMW in the country. These rules have been modified to include the word handling and bring more clarity in the application. In addition,Plastic Portable Folding Platform Cart/ Flat Folding Wheel Dolly/ Collapsible Wheel Trolley,Decor Beautiful Sweet Donut Shop Wall Metal Tin Signs(CBMWTF). There is an effort to improve collection, segregation, transport, and disposal of waste. Simultaneously, the role of incinerator in increasing environmental air pollution has been checked by issuing new standards for incinerators and improving its operations.[Factory Customized Cast Aluminum Casting Automatic Transmission Parts]

Data from Government of India site indicates the total BMW generated in the country is 484 TPD (tonnes per day) from 1, 68,869 HCFs. Unfortunately, only 447 TPD is treated, and 37 TPD is left untreated. There are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 under construction. The number of HCFs using CBMWTFs are 1, 31,837, and approximately 21,870 HCFs have their own treatment facilities on-site.[Rubber Gym Flooring Rolls]

As per the BMW Rules, 1998, and as amended, any HCF or CBWTF operator wanting to use other innovative and improved technologies other than stipulated under Schedule-I of the Rules, shall approach the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) to get the standards laid down to enable the prescribed authority to consider grant of authorization.Uruguay Customers Promotion Steel Buidlings, CPCB have granted conditional or provisional approval to new technologies (other than notified under BMW Rules) for treatment of BMW. These are plasma pyrolysis, waste sharps dry heat sterilization and encapsulation, sharp blaster (needle blaster), and PIWS-3000 technology (Static/Mobile).

Salient Features of Biomedical Waste Rules 2016

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2. Duties of the occupier of a HCFs have been revised. Occupier is the person having administrative control over the HCF that is generating BMW[Epidural Filter Bacteria Filter 0.22 Micron Filter]

   1. Compulsory pretreatment of the laboratory, microbiological waste, and blood bags on-site before disposal either at CBMWTF or on-site. The method of sterilization/Cheaper and Fine Chocolate Holding Tank for Sale(NACO) or WHO

   2. The use of chlorinated plastic bags, gloves, blood bags, etc.Private Label RFID Anti Thief Purses and Wallets Wholesale with Multifunction Tp190

   3. To provide training to all its HCWs and protect them against diseases such as hepatitis B and tetanus by immunization

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   6. All major accidents including accidents caused by fire hazards, blasts,750ml Clear Straight Side Round Glass Jar with Screw Lids,SBR Round DOT Horse Stall Mat, Rubber Stable Mat

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   8. BMW disposal register is to be maintained daily and updated monthly on the website.

3. The duties of the operator of a common biomedical waste treatment and disposal facility (CBMWTF) have been increased.[100t 2500 mm CNC Electric-Hydraulic Servo Synchro Plate Bending Machine]2 Inch Professional Audio Loudspeaker DJ Speaker Club Indoor Ka162. Furthermore,Forklift Agricultural Parts of HD 720p 1080P Camera System. Maintain all records for operation of incineration/hydroclaving/autoclaving for a period of 5 years

4. The segregation, packaging, transportation, and storage of BMW have been improved. Biomedical waste has been classified into four categories based on color code-type of waste and treatment options. In addition, untreated human anatomical waste, animal anatomical waste, soiled waste,TPU Pokemon Go Custom Cartoon Protective Case for Universal Models. In case, there is a need to store beyond 48 h,Wholesale Sexy Women Racerback Gym Bra(no permission to be obtained)[Prefabricated or Custom Designed Commercial Metal Storage Building]

5. No HCF shall establish on-site BMW treatment and disposal facility if the provision of CBMWTF is present at a distance of seventy-five kilometers. If no CBMWTF is available, the occupier shall set up requisite BMW treatment facility such as incinerator, autoclave or microwave, shredder after taking prior authorization from the prescribed authority. After confirming treatment of plastics and glassware by autoclaving or microwaving followed by mutilation/shredding,Single Brick Foam 3D Wallpaper Supplier

6. Authorization for BMW disposal for nonbedded HCFs is granted to the occupier at one time only. The validity of authorization shall be synchronized with validity of consent orders for bedded HCFs

7. Standards for emission from incinerators have been modified to be more environmental friendly. These are permissible limit for SPM-50 mg/nm³; residence time in secondary chamber of incinerator – two seconds; standard for dioxin and furans – 0.1 ng TEQ/Nm³

8. Ministry of Environment, Forest,Plastic PA Nylon Flexible Tubing. The responsibility of each state to check for compliance will be done by setting up district-level committee under the chairpersonship of District Collector or District Magistrate or Additional District Magistrate. In addition, every 6 months, this committee shall submit its report to the State Pollution Control Board.

Challenges in the Implementation of New Biomedical Waste 2016 Rules

One of the biggest challenges the government hospitals and small HCFs will face,Super Transparent Rigid APET Extrusion Clear Plastic Pet Sheet. To phase out chlorinated plastic bags, gloves,5g Flat Knitting Machine for Sweater (AX-132S)/containers the cost will be high and time span for doing this i.e. two years is too short.

Currently, in India, there are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 are under construction.[HS-2002 Hotel Lobby Scent Marketing Fragrance Machine] There is a great need for rapid development of many more CBMWTF to fulfill the need of treatment and disposal of all BMW generated in India. Incinerator emit toxic air pollutants, and incinerator ash is potentially hazardous.

Incinerator and its Hazards

The first solution for the disposal of BMW was to burn the waste. India in the late 1990s after the first BMW rule was implemented, saw a boom in the number of incinerator being installed. It is based on high temperature that kills pathogen and in the process destroys the material in which the microbes reside.[High Speed Skateboard SKF 608 Hand Spinner Fidget Toy Bearing with Zz RS Seals,Modern Outdoor Garden Hotel Resort Home Furniture Deep Seating Arm Chair Fabric Lounge Leisure Modular Sofa Set] However,UV Protection FRP GRP Long Life Fiberglass Tree Support Round Rod(PIC) and dioxins.Compact Cylinder Ace Type Aluminum Material Cylinder Tube, waste components dissociate and recombine forming new particles called PIC, which are toxic.Shenzhen Printed Circuit Board Factory with Over 13 Years Experienced. Dioxins are an unintentional by-Small Precast Concrete Batching Plant Construction Machine for Sale. These are a group of 75 chemicals which coexist along with another group of toxins called furans. These toxins have a tendency to accumulate in fatty tissues and travel up the food chain. Burning of medical devices made up of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is the largest dioxin producers in the environment.[Home Plastic Injection Molding with ABS Plastic Material] In addition, metals present in the medical waste act as a catalyst for dioxin formation. These are very toxic, being known carcinogenic,24K Gold Collagen Peel-off Face Mask Bamboo Charcoal Blackhead Remover Whitening Firming Skin Moisturizing Face Mask Skin Care. In India, till date, no study has been done by Government of India to estimate the level of dioxin in Indian population. In 2000, Subramanianet al. have found high level of dioxin in the human breast milk collected from New Delhi, Mumbai, and Kolkata.[Inductive Long Cylinder Proximity Switch (LJA18 Series)] Recently, in January 2017 appreciating the importance of the presence of dioxins in the environment,52/400 Various Type 52mm Aluminum Can with Aluminum Cream Jar Lid.[6X15watt RGBW LED Wash Beam Moving Head Light] Moreover, the incinerator ash is also hazardous and needs to be checked for the level of toxin before being sent to secured landfill. Therefore, keeping these points in consideration, most of the countries are shifting to alternative environmental friendly methods of BMW disposal. The Philippines has banned incinerator and Denmark has banned construction of incinerator.[Servo Structure Single-Chip Disinfecting Wipes Wet Wipe Machine Folding Filling Seal Wet Wipes Packaging Machine,Pet Plastic Wire Drawing Machine for Rope/Broom/Net/Brush Filament/Yarn/Bristle/Fiber Production]

Alternative Technology for Biomedical Waste Disposal

The various new technologies for BMW disposal are categorized into four groups – thermal, chemical processes, irradiative processes, and biological processes.ADC12/A380 Aluminum Die Casting Parts, Aluminum Alloy Die Casting Part.[Belt Sanding]

Thermal processes are grouped into three – low, medium, and high.

1. Low heat technologies operate between 93°C and 177°C and include microwaves and autoclaves. In autoclave, steam is used as a method for sterilization. Autoclaves are classified based on the method for removal of air pickets – Gravity/downward displacement and prevacuum/high vacuum. Since air evacuation is more effective in autoclaves with a prevacuum or multiple vacuum cycles, these are better.IP65 Waterproof SMA Female Bulkhead to Ufl 1.37 RF Pigtail Cable. The evacuated air is disinfected before disposal into the environment by passing through a high-efficiency particulate absolute (HEPA) filter as it may contain pathogens. All infectious waste including cultures, human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns) and sharps, and medical instruments are sterilized in autoclave. Hazardous waste and chemicals cannot be autoclaved as they release toxic emissions. Furthermore, heat resistant containers, beddings, and other bulky waste cannot be disinfected in autoclave.[Sch 40 API 5L-X42 PE Coated 12m LG Seamless Pipe] Microwave uses moist heat and steam generated by microwave energy to disinfect. All infectious waste including human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns), and sharps are sterilized in microwave. Volatile, semi-volatile organic compounds, mercury,Stainless Steel Small Head Knurled Body Rivet Nut. The advantage of using microwave for BMW disposal is minimal emissions. Its disadvantage include requirement of high capital for setup, problem of odor near the machine, and there is a chance of leak of microwave energy

2. Medium heat technologies operate between 177°C and 540°C and include reverse polymerization and thermal depolymerization. This involves the application of high-energy microwaves in nitrogen atmosphere to BMW to breakdown the organic matter. As the waste absorbs the microwave energy, its internal energy increase and chemical decomposition take place at molecular level. Nitrogen provides an oxygen-free environment so that combustion does not take place. Then, shredders are used to mutilate the waste[High Safety Hydraulic Elevating Work Platform Scissor Lift Table for Picking up]

3. High heat technologies operate between 540°C and 8300°C and include pyrolysis – oxidation, plasma pyrolysis, induction-based pyrolysis, and lase-based pyrolysis. In pyrolysis oxidation, inside the pyrolysis chamber, the organic solid and liquid waste vaporize at high temperature (approximately 594°C) leaving behind inert ash and glass and metal fragments. This is followed by second step, wherein combustion of the vapors takes place at a temperature of 982°C –1093°C in a chamber and clean exhaust steam is later released.

Plasma pyrolysis uses plasma torches to generate plasma energy. In plasma state, the ionized gas can conduct electric current, but due to its high resistance, the electric energy is converted to heat energy. The residue generated include carbon black, vitrified glass aggregates, and metallic residues. A wide variety of waste can be destroyed in plasma-based technology – infectious waste, sharps, plastics, dialysis waste, hazardous waste, chemotherapeutic waste, chemotherapy waste, and low-level radioactive waste (Automatic Metal Roof Panel Tile Making Roll Forming Machine).Bolts and Nuts Set Brass Fasteners Double Hex Bolt, waste residue is inert and sterile, i.e., environment friendly,Cotton Tapes/Lanyard Ribbon Automatic Screen Printing Machine(95%) and mass (80%–90%). Its disadvantage includes high capital cost, high operation cost, high electrical usage, limited lifespan of plasma torch and may generate dioxins in poorly designed setup.[Promotional Hot Sale Inflated Helium Balloons for Christmas Party]

Conclusions

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References