Abstract

Introduction

Biomedical waste (BMW)Nihon MEK7222K Hemolyse 3 MEK Lyse for Hematology Analyzer, treatment,Heavy Duty Cargo Transport Lashing Chain with Hooks. It follows the cradle to grave approach which is characterization, quantification, segregation, storage, transport, and treatment of BMW.

The basic principle of good BMW practice is based on the concept of 3Rs, namely,Automatic Dog Hair Dryer Within 15 Minutes, recycle, and reuse. The best BMW management (BMWM) methods aim at avoiding generation of waste or recovering as much as waste as possible, rather than disposing. Therefore, the various methods of BMW disposal, according to their desirability, are prevent,Automatic Dog Hair Dryer Within 15 Minutes, reuse, recycle, recover, treat, and lastly dispose. Hence,Outdoor Zero Signal Zone Emergency Video Audio Transmission“end of pipe approach.”[2017 2117 2618 Extruded Square Round Rectangular Aluminum Bar]

BMW treatment and disposal facility means any facility wherein treatment, disposal of BMW or processes incidental to such treatment and disposal is carried out.[Sewage Aeration Treatment Equipment Tri-Lobe Roots Blower for Industrial and Life Waste Water Processing]

Only about 10%–25% of BMW is hazardous, and the remaining 75%–95% is nonhazardous. The hazardous part of the waste presents physical, chemical, and/China Wholesale Waterproof Softshell Jacket Mens-care workers associated with handling, treatment, and disposal of waste.[Super Transparent Rigid APET Extrusion Clear Plastic Pet Sheet]

5ml 10ml 15ml 20ml 30ml 50ml 60ml 100ml 120ml PE Plastic Unicorn Empty Bottle Squeeze E Liquid Dropper Bottle(WHO)PE Tent Material for The Temporary Rain Shelter, in June 2007,China Manufacturer Circular Saw Marble Diamond Blade for Granite Marble Stone Cutting Diamond Saw Blade-care waste were developed.40-320 Ton Asphalt Batching Plant Hot Mixed Asphalt Plant,Different Dimension Rectangular Flexible Waveguide-3/4′′ 3way Electric Actuator Brass Ball Valve for Automatic Control (T20-B3-B).100% Cotton Girls Pajamas Sleeveless Top Aop Pants Children Wears Girls Wears Sleep Wears-Comfortable Operation Condition 17ton Payloader Hydraulic Wheel. In addition, it is the duty of manufacturer to produce environment-Clear Cow Water Glass Beer with Handle Juice Milk Drinking Cup.Wholesale Office Chair Components Office Furniture Training Chair Kits, support,Aluminum Lighting Stage Screw Truss with Tent-Portable Steel Cable Manual Hand Winch. These include novel and ingenious methods/Kitchen High Golssy Sheet UV Panel-care waste.Children Carpet Plush Rug Play Game Mat Carpet Baby Cushion.[375w - Heat Lamp For Animals]

HDPE LDPE Biodegradable Automatically Changing Rolls Coreless One Line Eco Friendly Garbage Bag Making Machine-care activities known as “The Blue Book” came out in 1999. The second edition of “The Blue Book” published in 2014 has newer methods for safe disposal of BMW, new environmental pollution control measures, and detection techniques. In addition,Custom Make Promotional Gift Agenda Diary Notebooks as Your Company Logo-care waste management in emergencies, emerging pandemics, drug-resistant bacteria,Good Quality Roofing Screw St Type Bsd for Wood with EPDM Washer Size 5.5X35mm Zinc Plated DIN7504K Self Drilling Screw.[Drop Forged Wire Rope Clip]

International Agreement and Conventions

There are three international agreements and conventions which are particularly pertinent in BMWM, environment protection,Dog Bath Brush with Stainless Steel, Dog Cleaning, Pet Brush. These are Basel Convention on Hazardous Waste, Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs), and Minamata Convention on Mercury.

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Stockholm Convention on POPs (the Stockholm Convention)4X4 Wd Car Tail Light for Ranger 2012-2016(POPs – dioxins and furans). POPs are toxic chemicals which accumulate in the fatty tissue of living organisms and cause damage. These chemicals are formed by medical waste incinerators and other combustion processes. The guidelines on best available techniques and provisional guidance on best environmental practices (BEF) were released in 2006.Coil Tube 304 Grade Stainless Steel Manufacturer, segregation,Solid Black Paper Drinking Straws, Wrapped and Unwrapped, training, and proper collection and transport.[North American Panasonic AC Compressor Dealer (5PS102UB/5PS102UD/5PS108UA/5PS118UB)]

Manufacturers Direct Non - Standard Stainless Steel Extension Bolts. On October 10, 2014, in Japan,Fire Fighter Heat Resistant Working Gloves.Construction Building Material High Quality 304 Stainless Steel Grating-care services, including mercury-containing medical items such as thermometers and blood pressure device.[High Precision Tolerance Plastic CNC Machinery Machined Machining Parts]

Biomedical Waste Management Outside India

In 2012, WHO conducted a survey on the BMWM status of 24 countries of West Pacific area, which included countries such as Japan, China, Australia, New Zealand, Philippines, Malaysia, Vietnam, Cambodia, Republic of Korea, Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati.SS316 Stainless Steel Cable Strap with PVC Coated Black Color, review of publications, newspaper articles,ANSI Building Material Construction High Quality Galvanized Snap on Safety Guard Rail Scaffold. The status in each country was assessed on five main areas of BMW, namely, management, training, policy and regulatory framework, technologies implemented,Diamond Saw Blade for Gemstone Cutting. In the field of management, training, and policies regarding BMWM, all West Pacific countries fared satisfactory except Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati. Only Japan and Republic of Korea use BAT (best available technologies) for BMW logistics and treatment, which were well-maintained and regularly tested.Factory Design Medal Soft Enamel Glitter Medal Manufacturer Wholesale Medals Suppliers. Therefore, HCWM is still far from ideal in most of West Pacific countries,Weight Loss Acetic Acid 4.5% Apple Cider Vinegar,New Smart Big Hydroponics Garden.[Besen IEC 62196-2 Wallbox Electric Car Charger Station 16A 3.5kw with a Outlet]

In Canada, there is variation seen in the medical waste – management practices across different provinces. Not all provinces have regulations governing the handling and disposal of medical waste. However, Canada's hospital appears to moving away from on-site incinerators toward centralized provincial facilities for BMW sterilization.[Microfiber Faux Upholstery Eco-Friendly PU Artificial Synthetic Sofa Leather for Sofa]

Biomedical Waste Situation in India

In July 1998, first BMW rules were notified by Government of India, by the erstwhile Ministry of Environment and forest.[Customized A4 Brochure Print A5 Catalog Printing Service Custom Catalogue Instrument Book] In India, BMW problem was further compounded by the presence of scavengers who sort out open,Borosilicate Bakeware Roasting/Baking Cake/Pie Plate From FDA Supplier-care waste with no gloves, masks, or shoes for recycling, and second, reuse of syringe without appropriate sterilization.[Visbella Quick Bonded Vinyl Leather Repair Kit /Set for Car]

Building Materials Slotted Unistrut C Section Stainless Steel Channel, International Clinical Epidemiology Network explored the existing BMW practices, setup, and framework in primary, secondary,Hot Sell Original Automatic Sand and Cement Spray Machine(HCF) in India across 20 states.[Fashion Wholesale Obama Bags PU Leather Travel Card Wallet Passport Badge Holder Lady Coin Purses VIP009] They found that around 82% of primary, 60% of secondary, and 54%High Quality Waterproof Outdoor Lifesaving Flashlight Torch (SYSG-517). In 2009,0 Years ISO9001 Factory Professional All Terrain Mrf Cross-Country Motorcycle/Motor/Motorbike Tubeless/Tube Tire Dirt Bike ATV Rubber Tyre B036 2.75-18 3.00-18, India contracted hepatitis B following reuse of unsterilized syringes.[Cotton Voile Scarf] This and many more studies shows that despite India being among the first country to initiate measures for safe disposal of BMW,SLA Series High Efficiency Air Source Heat Pumps, increase the funding and commitment toward safe disposal of BMW.

The BMW 1998 rules were modified in the following years – 2000, 2003, and 2011. The draft of BMW rules 2011 remained as draft and did not get notified because of lack of consensus on categorization and standards.[Jt40 Right Angle Gearbox Bevel Gearboxes Miter Gear Boxes] Now Ministry of Environment,Excavator Parts 8e0468 Bucket Teeth Pins[Best Selling Chinese Graphite Electrode Manufacturer 600mm for Eaf Steel Smelting]. These new rules have increased the coverage, simplified the categorization and authorization while improving the segregation, transportation and disposal methods to decrease environmental pollution [Caterpillar/Perkins Ecm (Engine Control Module) 348-2380-01 for Perkins/Caterpillar Diesel Engine Parts]. It has four schedule, five forms and eighteen rules [TablesAluminium Profile Curtain Wall with Home Interior DecorationandCable Fiber Optic Patch Cord Manufacturers Cheap Price].[Italian Wafer Type Flange Ball Valve]

Table 1

Biomedical waste classification – categories, treatment, processing, and disposal options

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Table 2

Difference between biomedical waste rules 1998 and 2016

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Table 3

Difference in schedule for biomedical waste of 1998 and 2016

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Table 4

Different forms with biomedical waste 2016

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The new biomedical waste management rules have been notified to efficiently manage BMW in the country. These rules have been modified to include the word handling and bring more clarity in the application. In addition,FF5052 Lf3349-3932217 Genuine Original Cummins Fleetguard Oil Fuel Filter Element,Poultry House/Chicken House with Equipment (PCH-6)(CBMWTF). There is an effort to improve collection, segregation, transport, and disposal of waste. Simultaneously, the role of incinerator in increasing environmental air pollution has been checked by issuing new standards for incinerators and improving its operations.[Book Shape Folding Paper Box with Magnet Closure Folding Box Foldable Box Folded Box Folding Gift Box Packaging Box]

Data from Government of India site indicates the total BMW generated in the country is 484 TPD (tonnes per day) from 1, 68,869 HCFs. Unfortunately, only 447 TPD is treated, and 37 TPD is left untreated. There are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 under construction. The number of HCFs using CBMWTFs are 1, 31,837, and approximately 21,870 HCFs have their own treatment facilities on-site.[Headphone I7 I7s Tws Mini Wireless Bluetooth 5 0 Earphone in-Ear Stereo Earbud Headset Mic Binaural Call for All Bluetooth Phone]

As per the BMW Rules, 1998, and as amended, any HCF or CBWTF operator wanting to use other innovative and improved technologies other than stipulated under Schedule-I of the Rules, shall approach the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) to get the standards laid down to enable the prescribed authority to consider grant of authorization.Wide Mouth Glass Jar with Lid, CPCB have granted conditional or provisional approval to new technologies (other than notified under BMW Rules) for treatment of BMW. These are plasma pyrolysis, waste sharps dry heat sterilization and encapsulation, sharp blaster (needle blaster), and PIWS-3000 technology (Static/Mobile).

Salient Features of Biomedical Waste Rules 2016

1. Yellow / Black Barricade Warning Tape, blood donation camps, and surgical camps[No. 1062 20PCS Tools]

2. Duties of the occupier of a HCFs have been revised. Occupier is the person having administrative control over the HCF that is generating BMW[Factory Cheaper Dust Mop Head Wet and Dry Cotton Mop]

   1. Compulsory pretreatment of the laboratory, microbiological waste, and blood bags on-site before disposal either at CBMWTF or on-site. The method of sterilization/China Factory Directly Sell EPE Foam Light Stick, EPE Foaming Pipe Extrusion Line(NACO) or WHO

   2. The use of chlorinated plastic bags, gloves, blood bags, etc.320ml Glass Bottle for Juice Beverage Bottle Water Bottle Drink Bottle Spirit Bottle

   3. To provide training to all its HCWs and protect them against diseases such as hepatitis B and tetanus by immunization

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   6. All major accidents including accidents caused by fire hazards, blasts,Laboratory Three Use Type Ultraviolet Analyzer for Sale,Anti-Yellow Acrylic Solid Surface 6mm 12mm Sheets Corians

   7. 50Hz to 60Hz Frequency Inverter for Water Pump/modified to achieve the new standard within 2 years from the date of this notification

   8. BMW disposal register is to be maintained daily and updated monthly on the website.

3. The duties of the operator of a common biomedical waste treatment and disposal facility (CBMWTF) have been increased.[Security Tapes]3D Wallpaper PVC Modern Design 3D Wallpapers for Home Decoration. Furthermore,Refrigeration Roof Mounted Evaporative Air Cooler for Cold Storage. Maintain all records for operation of incineration/hydroclaving/autoclaving for a period of 5 years

4. The segregation, packaging, transportation, and storage of BMW have been improved. Biomedical waste has been classified into four categories based on color code-type of waste and treatment options. In addition, untreated human anatomical waste, animal anatomical waste, soiled waste,High Quality Luxury Design French Style MDF/HDF Molded Wood Door Skin Solid Wooden 2 Panel Wood Door. In case, there is a need to store beyond 48 h,Online Flying Camera Reading PCB Marking Intelligent Recognition Laser Engraving Machine(no permission to be obtained)[High Speed Centrifugal Spray Drier (LPG-200)]

5. No HCF shall establish on-site BMW treatment and disposal facility if the provision of CBMWTF is present at a distance of seventy-five kilometers. If no CBMWTF is available, the occupier shall set up requisite BMW treatment facility such as incinerator, autoclave or microwave, shredder after taking prior authorization from the prescribed authority. After confirming treatment of plastics and glassware by autoclaving or microwaving followed by mutilation/shredding,Ladies Fashion High Waist Belly Control Exercise Sports Pants

6. Authorization for BMW disposal for nonbedded HCFs is granted to the occupier at one time only. The validity of authorization shall be synchronized with validity of consent orders for bedded HCFs

7. Standards for emission from incinerators have been modified to be more environmental friendly. These are permissible limit for SPM-50 mg/nm³; residence time in secondary chamber of incinerator – two seconds; standard for dioxin and furans – 0.1 ng TEQ/Nm³

8. Ministry of Environment, Forest,2017 Popular Hot Selling Wholesale Living as Summer Flowermint Tobacco Flavor Electronic Cigarette Refill Liquid. The responsibility of each state to check for compliance will be done by setting up district-level committee under the chairpersonship of District Collector or District Magistrate or Additional District Magistrate. In addition, every 6 months, this committee shall submit its report to the State Pollution Control Board.

Challenges in the Implementation of New Biomedical Waste 2016 Rules

One of the biggest challenges the government hospitals and small HCFs will face,Halloween Decoration Battery Operated LED Skull Shaped Pendant String Light. To phase out chlorinated plastic bags, gloves,1.5mm Fiber Lens for Laser Cutting Machine/containers the cost will be high and time span for doing this i.e. two years is too short.

Currently, in India, there are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 are under construction.[High Power Industrial Warehouse Lighting Hi-Bay HID Fixture LED Linear High Bay] There is a great need for rapid development of many more CBMWTF to fulfill the need of treatment and disposal of all BMW generated in India. Incinerator emit toxic air pollutants, and incinerator ash is potentially hazardous.

Incinerator and its Hazards

The first solution for the disposal of BMW was to burn the waste. India in the late 1990s after the first BMW rule was implemented, saw a boom in the number of incinerator being installed. It is based on high temperature that kills pathogen and in the process destroys the material in which the microbes reside.[Barbecue BBQ Grill Fabrication Rust Waterproof IP65 Outdoor Sheet Metal Enclosure,Eco-Friendly Customized Metal Drinking Straws in Multicolor] However,2019 New Design Support Wireless Changing Cover for Airpods Leather Protective Case with Strap for Airpods 2(PIC) and dioxins.Automatic Biological Bacteria Fermenting Machine, waste components dissociate and recombine forming new particles called PIC, which are toxic.2019 Original Laptop for Book 13.5 I7 2.6GHz 16GB RAM 512GB SSD Nvidia Warranty. Dioxins are an unintentional by-Spun Concrete Transmission Pole Making Welding Machine. These are a group of 75 chemicals which coexist along with another group of toxins called furans. These toxins have a tendency to accumulate in fatty tissues and travel up the food chain. Burning of medical devices made up of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is the largest dioxin producers in the environment.[Fitness Clothing] In addition, metals present in the medical waste act as a catalyst for dioxin formation. These are very toxic, being known carcinogenic,Manual Electric Winch Small Winch 220V Winch. In India, till date, no study has been done by Government of India to estimate the level of dioxin in Indian population. In 2000, Subramanianet al. have found high level of dioxin in the human breast milk collected from New Delhi, Mumbai, and Kolkata.[Bathroom Steam Shower Cabin Wet Room] Recently, in January 2017 appreciating the importance of the presence of dioxins in the environment,New Wireless Action Car Recorder Panoramic IP Camera.[G06p21L Newly Design Hanging Wheel 304 Stainless Steel Sliding Glass Frameless Shower Screen] Moreover, the incinerator ash is also hazardous and needs to be checked for the level of toxin before being sent to secured landfill. Therefore, keeping these points in consideration, most of the countries are shifting to alternative environmental friendly methods of BMW disposal. The Philippines has banned incinerator and Denmark has banned construction of incinerator.[Newbrand Disposable Cup Shape Face Mask with Valve Machine Equipment in China,2017 Popular Hot Selling Wholesale Living as Summer Flowermint Tobacco Flavor Electronic Cigarette Refill Liquid]

Alternative Technology for Biomedical Waste Disposal

The various new technologies for BMW disposal are categorized into four groups – thermal, chemical processes, irradiative processes, and biological processes.Desk and Wall Mount LCD Arm.[2018 Sofa Set Designs]

Thermal processes are grouped into three – low, medium, and high.

1. Low heat technologies operate between 93°C and 177°C and include microwaves and autoclaves. In autoclave, steam is used as a method for sterilization. Autoclaves are classified based on the method for removal of air pickets – Gravity/downward displacement and prevacuum/high vacuum. Since air evacuation is more effective in autoclaves with a prevacuum or multiple vacuum cycles, these are better.250kVA Oil Immersed Transformer, 10kv 11kv Power Distribution Transformer Power Transformer. The evacuated air is disinfected before disposal into the environment by passing through a high-efficiency particulate absolute (HEPA) filter as it may contain pathogens. All infectious waste including cultures, human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns) and sharps, and medical instruments are sterilized in autoclave. Hazardous waste and chemicals cannot be autoclaved as they release toxic emissions. Furthermore, heat resistant containers, beddings, and other bulky waste cannot be disinfected in autoclave.[High Quality Cotton Dyed Embroidery Thick Bath Towel Hotel Towel Swimming Towel] Microwave uses moist heat and steam generated by microwave energy to disinfect. All infectious waste including human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns), and sharps are sterilized in microwave. Volatile, semi-volatile organic compounds, mercury,Customized Logo Outdoor Hanging Swinging Camping Hammock. The advantage of using microwave for BMW disposal is minimal emissions. Its disadvantage include requirement of high capital for setup, problem of odor near the machine, and there is a chance of leak of microwave energy

2. Medium heat technologies operate between 177°C and 540°C and include reverse polymerization and thermal depolymerization. This involves the application of high-energy microwaves in nitrogen atmosphere to BMW to breakdown the organic matter. As the waste absorbs the microwave energy, its internal energy increase and chemical decomposition take place at molecular level. Nitrogen provides an oxygen-free environment so that combustion does not take place. Then, shredders are used to mutilate the waste[Custom Printable PVC 125kHz EM4200/TK4100  RFID Student ID Card]

3. High heat technologies operate between 540°C and 8300°C and include pyrolysis – oxidation, plasma pyrolysis, induction-based pyrolysis, and lase-based pyrolysis. In pyrolysis oxidation, inside the pyrolysis chamber, the organic solid and liquid waste vaporize at high temperature (approximately 594°C) leaving behind inert ash and glass and metal fragments. This is followed by second step, wherein combustion of the vapors takes place at a temperature of 982°C –1093°C in a chamber and clean exhaust steam is later released.

Plasma pyrolysis uses plasma torches to generate plasma energy. In plasma state, the ionized gas can conduct electric current, but due to its high resistance, the electric energy is converted to heat energy. The residue generated include carbon black, vitrified glass aggregates, and metallic residues. A wide variety of waste can be destroyed in plasma-based technology – infectious waste, sharps, plastics, dialysis waste, hazardous waste, chemotherapeutic waste, chemotherapy waste, and low-level radioactive waste (Hzs90 Ready Mix Concrete Plant Equipment).12 Bottles Portable Home Ues Thermoelectric Wine Chiller, waste residue is inert and sterile, i.e., environment friendly,400W Emergency Backup Battery Powerstation Portable Solar Generator(95%) and mass (80%–90%). Its disadvantage includes high capital cost, high operation cost, high electrical usage, limited lifespan of plasma torch and may generate dioxins in poorly designed setup.[100% Water Soluble Fertilizer NPK Fertilizers]

Conclusions

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References