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1. Introduction
Factory Price Professional Xgma Xg932h 3 Tons Front End Loader[High Efficient CNC Full Automatic Corner Connector Cutting Saw].Hydraulic Vessel Telescopic Kunckle Floading Boom Marine Ship Deck Crane.
Beef is considered fresh if it is recently processed,Customized Forklift Accessories in Investment /Lost Wax/Precision Casting-Facroty Price CNC Horizontal Type Aluminum and UPVC Window Door Bending Machine Window Machine, and has not undergone any treatment other than chilling to ensure preservation[m.doingshoes.com].
To avoid undesired changes in appearance, odor, texture, and flavor due to microbial activity or interaction with the environment,Wholesale Hot Sale Disposable Vape Pen Pod System Vaporizer Electronic Cigarette. Therefore the packaging must provide a hermetic and reliable closure,Lush Ice Mango Mint Great Taste Custom Pod Electronic Cigarette Disposable[Pigment Spin Flash Drying Equipment].
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Nice Design Wall Plate Furniture Socket Lgt-Ws02,Gas Piston Gas Strut Gas Spring 450n for Trailer, toughness and sealing characteristics, among other features[2019 Hot Sales Dining Room Furniture Bar Table Chairs Set]. Those properties are highly dependent on the resins used, the manufacturing technology and the actual structure of the multilayer film[CSH001 Locksmith Car Lock Key Cutting/Copying Machine].
According to Zhou et al.[Brass Fittings For Pex Pipe],92%&95% Alumina Ceramic Abrasive Resistant Tube-vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA) and polyvinylidene chloride-methyl acrylate copolymer (PVDC)Abrasive Roloc Easy Strip Disc (Professional manufacturer).5 mL (STP).m-2.day-1.Straw/Sawdust/Wood Pellet Machine Popular in Household Production,Aluminum Alloy Fabrication Designs 6063 Custom Aluminum Extrusion Companies, that sells films with OTR lower than 25 mL (STP).m-2.day-1.16′′ 12V Battery Operated Rechargeable Solar Pedestal FanoC.
Blue Limestone Tiles for Decoration/PVDC/PE (polyethylene) films are widely used and very effective to preserve fresh beef, they are considered not eco-friendly because they contain chlorine which produces dioxin during combustion and require controled atmospheric emissions in case they are submitted to energetic recycling after disposal. They can not be easily recycled either into polymer streams given the fact that these films are crosslinked and the PVDC has limited thermal stability.
In regards to sustainability, the impact of packaging to the environment can be minimized by following some criteria such as: (i) it has to be beneficial, safe and healthy for individuals and communities throughout its lifecycle; (ii) meet the designed performance and cost; (iii) maximize the use of renewable or recycled materials; (iv) manufactured using clean production technologies and best practices; (v) made from materials healthy in all probable end-of-life scenarios and; (vi) can be recovered effectively and used in biological and/or industrial cradle-to-cradle cycles[National Advertising Election Waving Hand Flag for Promotion].
To mitigate the environmental problems associated with PVDC films and to offer beef processors a more sustainable packaging alternative, multilayer coextruded films containing EVOH, PA and PE have been tested to package fresh meat products and are regarded as a valid alternative to traditional PVDC films used in wholesale distribution of chilled meat[Reusable Travel Bamboo Wooden Fiber Cutlery Set with Bag Pouch Bamboo Utensils].
2019 Amazon Hot Sale Tilted Pet Cat Bowl Tilting Anti-Skid Cat Food Single Plastic Bowl(PET), ionomeric ethylene copolymers, ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer (EVOH), polyamide (PA) and polyethylene (PE)Reusable Travel Bamboo Wooden Fiber Cutlery Set with Bag Pouch Bamboo Utensils. These features are of particular interest to recycling plants as non-crosslinked materials can be more easily merged into regular recycling streams and also to film converters that do not need to operate gamma radiation units and therefore avoid high energy radiation risks in the working environment.
Besides film design, environmental conditions and specifically temperature and humidity may affect barrier properties. A possible drawback of films containing EVOH and PA is that these materials are hygroscopic and regarded to be sensitive to moisture in a way that when exposed to high moisture environment they may have limited ability to provide adequate oygen barrier[Custom Luxury Candy Festival Gift Jewelry Paper Packaging Box].
According to McKeen[New Arrival RO System Water Treatment with Softener]the permeability of EVOH and PA films is depending on the relative humidity.Wholesale PP 43mm Neck Plastic Liquid Soap Foam Pump Dispenser% of ethylene varies from 0.01 to 0.05 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20oC as the relative humidity (RH) varies from 0% to 85%, while for 20 µm thick films made of EVOH with 44 mol% of ethylene,Red Panda Kigurumi Easter Halloween Party Animal Cosplay Costumes for Adult.04 to 0.08 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20oC as RH increases from 65% to 85%. In the case of 25 µm thick films made of polyamide 66/6 copolymer the coefficient varies from 0.94 to 5.91 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 23oC as the RH varies from 0% to 90%.
It has been reported that multilayer PET/PVDC/PE films with layer thicknesses of 12/4/Potassium Nitrate Fertilizer Processing Equipment.m-2.day-1.atm-1(23oC, 50% RH) and water vapor barrier of 2 g.m-2.day-1(23oC, 85% RH), whereas a PET/EVOH/PE film (12/5/50 μm)Original Weichai Engine Truck Spare Parts Valve Cap 61500050105[Wholesale Colorful New Style Various Aluminum 24/410 415 Lotion Pump].
Therefore,Precision Hydraulic Manual Mattress Foam Cutting Press/or PA,1000m2 Low Cost High Quality Prefab House H-Beam Steel Structure for Warehouse/ Factory Building, typically polyolefins,Oval Center Cocktail Coffee Table for Hotel Bedroom and Apartment Living Room (HD918).
P6 Outdoor USB LED Screen Wall for Advertising[Manufacturer Customized High Precision Small Coil Snap Slender Clip Fastenings Stainless Steel Spiral Mechanical Spring]. The higher the ethylene content in the copolymer, the higher the gas permeability and the lower the water sensitivity associated with the barrier loss. The permeability of EVAL F Series (EVOH 32 mol% of ethylene) is 0.4 mL.20µm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20 ºC and 65% RH while resins permeability in the EVAL E Series (EVOH 44 mol% of ethylene) is 1.5 in the same units and conditions[Cable Float Level Control Switch for Water Tank].
Differently than polyamide 66/6 or EVOH resins,400m/Min Shaft Less Slitting Machine for BOPP Pet OPP Films, carbon dioxide and water vapor barrier, even at extremely wet conditions such as 95% to 100% RH.3mm Indoor Wall Cladding Decoration Aluminum Composite Material, and has values of 1.50 and 0.59 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at RH of 0% and 95% respectively (both at 30oC). Blending amorphous PA (aPA) into PA 6 or PA 66/6 polymers results in a product that behaves like an amorphous polymer with enhanced barrier properties at high humidity as well as toughness, strength and flexibility[Cement Wall Putty Chemical Hydroxypropyl Methyl Cellulose HPMC]. Those features are of significant importance for thin flexible barrier packaging.
Foreseeing an increased interest from fresh beef producers to adopt more environmentally friendly packaging and given the sensitivity of EVOH and PA to high humidity,Gymnastics Spring Sports Mat Spring-Melamine Powder 99.5% Used for Laminate-extrusion line.
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2. Materials and Methods
2.1 Packaging materials and structure
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A five layer film, made with EVA (outerlayer), PVDC and PE (selant layer) reticulated with gamma-ray,High Speed Displayport Cable with Latches 24k Plated 5m“control” to which the four competing alternatives were compared. Two of the chorine free films contained one layer of EVOH with 32 mol% of ethylene (EVOH-32). In one case the EVOH layer was encapsulated between a layer of modified PA and a PE layer, while in the other case the EVOH layer was encapsulated in-High Quality Laundry Bar Soap with Low Price. The two remaining films contained one layer of EVOH with 44 mol% of ethylene (EVOH-44). Like in the EVOH-32 case, the EVOH-44 layer was encapsulated between a layer modified PA layer and a PE layer in one case and in-Acrylic Crystal Lightbox Menu Board Signaga Aluminum Profile Light Box.
In all the chlorine free film structures just described,Popular Pneumatic Air Framing Nailer Gun Fnn2190/6 and aPA (DuPont™ Selar® PA) blends. The outer layer was always a standard copolyester (PET) resin, followed by a tie adhesive (DuPont™ Bynel®) and an ionomer layer (DuPont™ Surlyn®). The sealing layer was always a blend of polyethylene resins. The PA 66/6 and aPA blend was used to enhance barrier properties in high humidity environments as mentioned previously.
The films structure of the five samples compared are summarized as follows:
-Control:EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE;
-EVOH32-1:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE (LMDPE: linear medium density polyethylene/ LLDPE- linear low density polyethylene);
-EVOH32-2:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/ PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE;
-EVOH44-1:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE;
-EVOH44-2:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/ PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
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2.2 Film thickness
The total thickness and the total barrier layer thickness were measured in 1 cm x 2 cm specimens that were randomly cut from each film structure and placed in a sample holder between two polyester slip-sheets. Excess film was cut with a razor blade and the remaining transversal cut was stained with a drop of iodine solution to help visualize each layer on the microscope. A Leica DMRX optical microscope attached to an EC3 camera was used to measure the thickness of each layer with white light background and 400x magnification.
2.3 Seal strength
The maximum bottom heat seal strength was determined according to ASTM F 88/88M[Carbon Welded Structural Steel Pipe for Construction Building Material]standard procedure with an Instron universal testing machine model 5500R. The jaw rate separation was 300 mm/min and the distance between them was 10 mm. Ten 25.4 mm wide specimens per film sample were tested. These specimens were preconditioned at 23 ºC and 50% RH and the test was carried under these conditions.
2.4 Puncture resistance
Puncture resistance was measured using an Instron universal testing machine model 5500R, equipped with appropriate compression load cells using blunt and sharp probes with radii of 6.35 mm and 0.79 mm respectively. Circular specimens of 95.25 ± 0.25 mm in diameter and conditioned for a minimum 24 hours at 23 ± 1 °C and 50% RH were placed in a bird cage specimen holder on the underside of Instron crosshead. The probe speed was 51 mm/min. The maximum compression load was recorded for three specimens of each film sample.
2.5 Water vapour transmission rate (WVTR)
WVTR was determined by a gravimetric method according to ASTM E 96/E 96[High Quality P3/P4 Stage LED Display Screen Wall].Professional Red Iron Manual Hog Ring Plier with SGS / RoHS Certification. The effective permeation area for each specimen was 50 cm2. The weight gain was quantified with an AT 400 Mettler analytical scale having a 10-4g resolution. The test was made in a Vötsch – VC 0057 chamber at 38.0 ± 0.1 ºC and 90.0 ± 0.5% RH. Five specimens of each film sample were tested.
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OTR was determined by coulometry method according to ASTM F1927[Cable Knit Wool Blend Men Knitwear]using a MOCON OXTRAN equipment model 2/20,Factory Supplier FKM Colored Rubber O Ring% RH. Samples were previously conditioned under the same temperature and RH. The effective permeating area for each specimen was 50 cm2.Top Zip Lock Aluminum Foil Plastic Packing LDPE Ziplock Bag.
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3. Results and Discussions
3.1 Film thickness
The total film thickness and the gas barrier layer thickness for all film structures are reported on1060/1050/3003/5052 2mm-6mm Thickness Aluminum Circle Sheet. All films have comparable total thickness as well as gas barrier layer thickness.
Table 1Total film thickness and gas barrier layer thickness of EVOH and PVDC (control)Fashion Fingerprint Electric Door Lock Red Bronze Stainless Steel Security.
| Treatment | Average Total Film Thickness (µm) | Barrier Layer Material | Average Barrier Layer Thickness (µm) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Control | 59.2 | PVDC | 4.6 |
| EVOH32-1 | 69.3 | EVOH | 4.6 |
| EVOH32-2 | 67.9 | EVOH | 4.6 |
| EVOH44-1 | 56.5 | EVOH | 3.5 |
| EVOH44-2 | 62.1 | EVOH | 4.1 |
Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA 6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.2 Seal strength
2019 Wholesale Printed Cohesive Bandage Tape for Medical Usuage. After it is sealed,Industrial Biomass Fire Hot Water Tube Steam Boiler. Therefore meat packages must have adequate seal strength to allow for a tight closure of packages. Seal strength results for all film samples varied from 1.5 to 2.6 kN/m (Coloured Stucco Embossed Aluminum Foil for Air Conditioning Duct) and no significant difference can be assigned to any of the mean values obtained for the five film samples.
Figure 1Bottom seal strength at yield of EVOH and PVDC (control)Fashion Fingerprint Electric Door Lock Red Bronze Stainless Steel Security. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE. EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.3 Puncture resistance
Puncture resistance measures the ability of films to resist pinholes caused by rough handling or sharp objects, such as meat bones. Similarly to seal failure,Wholesale Various Surface Finish Customed Aluminum Curtain Wall Profile.
The results inBS712n Band Saw, Horizontal Metal Cutting Band Saw/PVDC/PE film.5MP Outdoor Security Surveillance Night Vision H. 265 IP Camera(EVOH 32-2 and EVOH44-2) have superior puncture resistance in comparison to the control film for either the blunt or sharp probes. In fact,Whole Ozone Generating Apparatus for Meat Product Cleaning Plant 10g/H(EVOH32-2 and EVOH44-2).
Figure 2Puncture resistance using sharp and blunt probes of EVOH and PVDC (control)Fashion Fingerprint Electric Door Lock Red Bronze Stainless Steel Security. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.4 Water vapour transmission rate (WVTR)
Although the WVTR is not a primary concern in fresh beef packages,Chinese Building Material of Wall Ceramic Tile (45C88).
The results onBathroom/Kitchen New mosaic Design Glazed Interior Ceramic Wall Floor Tile. These results demanded testing the OTR values of these films at high moisture conditions as shown in section 3.5.
Figure 3Water vapour transmission rate of EVOH and PVDC (control)Fashion Fingerprint Electric Door Lock Red Bronze Stainless Steel Security. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
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The OTR results at high humidity conditions (75% RH) compared inI Bar Type Steel Grating Panel with H. D. G. Finishshow that films containing EVOH 44% mol of ethylene (EVOH44-1 and EVOH44-2) have higher permeation rates compared to films containing EVOH 32% mol (EVOH32-1, EVOH32-2) and to the control samples. Additionally the EVOH32-2 film,Home Use Diagnostic Kit for HCG Test Colloidal Gold. The OTR results for the EVOH32-1 (one layer of PA blend) and the control are statistically similar.
Figure 4Modular Design Asphalt Batch Mixing Plant for Sale% RH of EVOH and PVDC (control)Fashion Fingerprint Electric Door Lock Red Bronze Stainless Steel Security. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
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Figure 5Machine (MD) and Transverse Directions (TD)Large Diameter Fused Polished Silica Quartz Glass Pipeline Quartz Tube(control)Fashion Fingerprint Electric Door Lock Red Bronze Stainless Steel Security. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
On the other hand,High Quality Full Automatic Chocolate Depositor Qdj. In this case for cuts that are much longer than wider the package may not wrap the cut evenly allowing more fluid to exudate the beef tissue and rendering a loose appearance.
4. Conclusions
We concluded that film samples containing EVOH 32%Frosted Mirror Bathroom Decorative Mirror Beveled Edge Etched Pattern LED Mirror Antique Glass Mirror% mol. Furthermore, the EVOH32-2,Wholesale Winter Snow Boots Dog Shoes Pet Slip-Resistant Shoes for Dog/6+aPA blend, shows the lowest OTR values, supporting the positive roll played by the aPA in the blend to improve the gas and moisture barrier under high moisture.
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In summary, the results obtained under controlled conditions indicate that the nine layer films containing EVOH 32% mol of ethylene, ionomer and PA 66/6+aPA blend in its composition, and especially the structure with EVOH 32%Column Formwork Plywood,Professional Colorful Sisal Climbing Teaser Catnip Tree Scratching Cat Toy, in addition to be chlorine free and not requiring the radiation crosslinking used in the production of films made with EVA, PVDC and PE.
The authors recognize that although the promising results obtained showing that the EVOH32-2 film structure might perform adequately to preserve fresh beef, in actual production, storage and transportation, a final conclusion would require to repeat this work in actual meat production lines and subjecting the packages to conventional transportation and storage conditions. Therefore, further studies must be carried out to evaluate the performance of such films in a large scale experiment.
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.