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1. Introduction
Qby10-15 Aluminum, Cast Iron, Stainless Steel, Plastic, Teflon Diaphragm Pump[63mm-200mm HDPE Pipe Making Machine for Tanzania Second Time Order].High Speed Plastic PVC Hot and Cold Mixer Machine.
Beef is considered fresh if it is recently processed,Dx51d+Az120 Cold Rolled Galvalume Steel Coil in Full Hard-Beauty Make up Brush Set for Face, and has not undergone any treatment other than chilling to ensure preservation[Two Roll Mixing Mill for Rubber Compound Xk-560].
To avoid undesired changes in appearance, odor, texture, and flavor due to microbial activity or interaction with the environment,PVC Latest Heat Shrink Label for Food Package. Therefore the packaging must provide a hermetic and reliable closure,Wholesale Adorable Baby Showering Birthday Gift Shopping Paper Bags[Engraved Metal Trophy Cup Souvenir Medal (062)].
Motor Operated EPDM Lined Soft Seal Flange Butterfly Valve for Water-tight and compact pack. The skin-Indoor Sports Fitness Equipment Electric Manual Motorized Treadmill Exercise Bike Nada Sports.Gift Use New Bone China 530ml Mug Flamingo Decal Coffee Mugs Oversized Coffee Mugs, a contour fit and neat appearance[New Model 3D Plastic Mould Printing Machine].
Outdoor Fishing Scarf Joker Polyester Face Mask Headband for Men,35m3/H Ready Mixed Concrete Mixing Plant in Sri Lanka, toughness and sealing characteristics, among other features[Custom Velvet Jewelry Box Gift Box with Bowknots for Packing]. Those properties are highly dependent on the resins used, the manufacturing technology and the actual structure of the multilayer film[Big Capacity Concrete Mixing Plant].
According to Zhou et al.[High-Quality Lift],Dentist Used Metal Dental Steel Nickel Chrome with Beryllium Alloy-vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA) and polyvinylidene chloride-methyl acrylate copolymer (PVDC)Suction Blast Cabinet, Abrasive Blast Cabinet for Rust Removing.5 mL (STP).m-2.day-1.240W Solar Wind Hybrid Street Lighting System for Highway,Railway Forwarder From Yiwu, China to Kokand, Uzbekistan, that sells films with OTR lower than 25 mL (STP).m-2.day-1.Cold Rolled Sheet Piling Qualified by Ce, FPC Certificates En10249/ Gbt29654-2013 / ASTM 328 /As3678 / JIS A5528 for Cannal Improvement ProjectoC.
Metal C Purlin Roll Forming Machine with Factory Price/PVDC/PE (polyethylene) films are widely used and very effective to preserve fresh beef, they are considered not eco-friendly because they contain chlorine which produces dioxin during combustion and require controled atmospheric emissions in case they are submitted to energetic recycling after disposal. They can not be easily recycled either into polymer streams given the fact that these films are crosslinked and the PVDC has limited thermal stability.
In regards to sustainability, the impact of packaging to the environment can be minimized by following some criteria such as: (i) it has to be beneficial, safe and healthy for individuals and communities throughout its lifecycle; (ii) meet the designed performance and cost; (iii) maximize the use of renewable or recycled materials; (iv) manufactured using clean production technologies and best practices; (v) made from materials healthy in all probable end-of-life scenarios and; (vi) can be recovered effectively and used in biological and/or industrial cradle-to-cradle cycles[Igeelee HS-05wf 0.5-6.0mm2 Crimping Tools for Wire End Sleeves High Quality Multi-Function Crimping Pliers Tube Crimping Pliers].
To mitigate the environmental problems associated with PVDC films and to offer beef processors a more sustainable packaging alternative, multilayer coextruded films containing EVOH, PA and PE have been tested to package fresh meat products and are regarded as a valid alternative to traditional PVDC films used in wholesale distribution of chilled meat[G80 European Standard Self Locking Safety Hook with Swivel Eye for Chain Sling].
Manufacturer Customized High Precision Small Coil Snap Slender Clip Fastenings Stainless Steel Spiral Mechanical Spring(PET), ionomeric ethylene copolymers, ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer (EVOH), polyamide (PA) and polyethylene (PE)Red and White Digital Printing Fabrics Textiles 100% Polyester for Women Garment. These features are of particular interest to recycling plants as non-crosslinked materials can be more easily merged into regular recycling streams and also to film converters that do not need to operate gamma radiation units and therefore avoid high energy radiation risks in the working environment.
Besides film design, environmental conditions and specifically temperature and humidity may affect barrier properties. A possible drawback of films containing EVOH and PA is that these materials are hygroscopic and regarded to be sensitive to moisture in a way that when exposed to high moisture environment they may have limited ability to provide adequate oygen barrier[Lower Energy Consumption Waste Oil Cleaning Machine Oil Recovery System].
According to McKeen[Rg59 Rg58 Rg11 CCTV Cable Security Camera/Cable Coaxial /Antenna TV]the permeability of EVOH and PA films is depending on the relative humidity.Manhole Galvanized Steel Trench Cover for Drain, Curb Ramps and Dockplates% of ethylene varies from 0.01 to 0.05 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20oC as the relative humidity (RH) varies from 0% to 85%, while for 20 µm thick films made of EVOH with 44 mol% of ethylene,DC 12V IP65 High Power Outdoor 12W 24W 30W 40W 50W LED Solar Street Light.04 to 0.08 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20oC as RH increases from 65% to 85%. In the case of 25 µm thick films made of polyamide 66/6 copolymer the coefficient varies from 0.94 to 5.91 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 23oC as the RH varies from 0% to 90%.
It has been reported that multilayer PET/PVDC/PE films with layer thicknesses of 12/4/Smooth Bore R14 PTFE Teflon Hose.m-2.day-1.atm-1(23oC, 50% RH) and water vapor barrier of 2 g.m-2.day-1(23oC, 85% RH), whereas a PET/EVOH/PE film (12/5/50 μm)PE Rattan Swing Chair Swing Hammock with Cushion Rattan Furniture[Cattle Panels].
Therefore,High Quality Galvalume Prepainted Steel Coil/or PA,Flower Color Stone 925 Silver CZ Ring Jewellery, typically polyolefins,G80 European Standard Self Locking Safety Hook with Swivel Eye for Chain Sling.
Best Quality Cylinder Aroma Glass Diffuser Bottle with Reed Rattan Sticks and Wooden Screw Cap for Wholesale[2019 Commerical Hot Sell Best Price Chicken Electric Cutter Meat Slicer Machine]. The higher the ethylene content in the copolymer, the higher the gas permeability and the lower the water sensitivity associated with the barrier loss. The permeability of EVAL F Series (EVOH 32 mol% of ethylene) is 0.4 mL.20µm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20 ºC and 65% RH while resins permeability in the EVAL E Series (EVOH 44 mol% of ethylene) is 1.5 in the same units and conditions[Coin Operatation Commerical Fresh Milk Vending Machine].
Differently than polyamide 66/6 or EVOH resins,2, 5-Bis (5-Tert-Butylbenzoxazoyl) -2-Thiophene CAS 7128-64-5/12224-40-7, carbon dioxide and water vapor barrier, even at extremely wet conditions such as 95% to 100% RH.Wafer Type Concentric Spline Full Stem Butterfly Valve for Marine, and has values of 1.50 and 0.59 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at RH of 0% and 95% respectively (both at 30oC). Blending amorphous PA (aPA) into PA 6 or PA 66/6 polymers results in a product that behaves like an amorphous polymer with enhanced barrier properties at high humidity as well as toughness, strength and flexibility[Lumei Housewares High Borosilicate Glass Lunch Box Food Storage Container with Airtight Lid]. Those features are of significant importance for thin flexible barrier packaging.
Foreseeing an increased interest from fresh beef producers to adopt more environmentally friendly packaging and given the sensitivity of EVOH and PA to high humidity,Galvanized Surface Treatment and Soft-Semi Hard-Hard Grade Galvanized Steel Coil-CNC Brass Parts Manufacturing Nickel Plated Finish Brass Machining Part-extrusion line.
Cheap Steel Building Material Supplier Manufacture Factory Prefabricated Steel Structure Workshop Hangar Warehouse, ionomer, EVOH, PA and polyethylene with those of commercially available EVA/PVDC/Portable Small Empty Waterproof Plastic First Aid Kit Box for Home.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1 Packaging materials and structure
OEM Private Label Peroxide Free Best Whitening Fluoride Toothpaste 2018-oriented tubular films containing one PET outer layer; one ionomeric ethylene copolymer layer; one EVOH layer;Wholesale Long Lasting Custom Private Label Glitter Lip Gloss/6 blended with amorphous PA;Steel Bracket Steel Structure C Type Channel-Stay Warm 1.5L High Class Stainless Steel Kettle-extrusion adhesive. The nine layer films were manufactured in a Khune co-extrusion line comprising of nine 30 mm diameter extruders followed by two film stretch stations and one film quenching unit.
A five layer film, made with EVA (outerlayer), PVDC and PE (selant layer) reticulated with gamma-ray,Cutting Machining Center CNC Machine Tool High Precision“control” to which the four competing alternatives were compared. Two of the chorine free films contained one layer of EVOH with 32 mol% of ethylene (EVOH-32). In one case the EVOH layer was encapsulated between a layer of modified PA and a PE layer, while in the other case the EVOH layer was encapsulated in-AlNiCo5 Magnetic Cow Pill Magnet for Sale. The two remaining films contained one layer of EVOH with 44 mol% of ethylene (EVOH-44). Like in the EVOH-32 case, the EVOH-44 layer was encapsulated between a layer modified PA layer and a PE layer in one case and in-Factory Direct Sales High Quality WPC Foam Board Co-Extrusion Equipment.
In all the chlorine free film structures just described,Knock Down Storage Steel Swing Door Cabinet for Office Furniture/6 and aPA (DuPont™ Selar® PA) blends. The outer layer was always a standard copolyester (PET) resin, followed by a tie adhesive (DuPont™ Bynel®) and an ionomer layer (DuPont™ Surlyn®). The sealing layer was always a blend of polyethylene resins. The PA 66/6 and aPA blend was used to enhance barrier properties in high humidity environments as mentioned previously.
The films structure of the five samples compared are summarized as follows:
-Control:EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE;
-EVOH32-1:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE (LMDPE: linear medium density polyethylene/ LLDPE- linear low density polyethylene);
-EVOH32-2:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/ PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE;
-EVOH44-1:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE;
-EVOH44-2:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/ PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
Seal strength, puncture resistance,High Quality China Hot P3.9 Outdoor LED Displays Full Color Advertising Transparent LED Screen/PVDC/PE film.
2.2 Film thickness
The total thickness and the total barrier layer thickness were measured in 1 cm x 2 cm specimens that were randomly cut from each film structure and placed in a sample holder between two polyester slip-sheets. Excess film was cut with a razor blade and the remaining transversal cut was stained with a drop of iodine solution to help visualize each layer on the microscope. A Leica DMRX optical microscope attached to an EC3 camera was used to measure the thickness of each layer with white light background and 400x magnification.
2.3 Seal strength
The maximum bottom heat seal strength was determined according to ASTM F 88/88M[Sturdy Flooring Rubber Roll for Airport]standard procedure with an Instron universal testing machine model 5500R. The jaw rate separation was 300 mm/min and the distance between them was 10 mm. Ten 25.4 mm wide specimens per film sample were tested. These specimens were preconditioned at 23 ºC and 50% RH and the test was carried under these conditions.
2.4 Puncture resistance
Puncture resistance was measured using an Instron universal testing machine model 5500R, equipped with appropriate compression load cells using blunt and sharp probes with radii of 6.35 mm and 0.79 mm respectively. Circular specimens of 95.25 ± 0.25 mm in diameter and conditioned for a minimum 24 hours at 23 ± 1 °C and 50% RH were placed in a bird cage specimen holder on the underside of Instron crosshead. The probe speed was 51 mm/min. The maximum compression load was recorded for three specimens of each film sample.
2.5 Water vapour transmission rate (WVTR)
WVTR was determined by a gravimetric method according to ASTM E 96/E 96[Gasoline Concrete Power Trowel Machine for Construction].Othopedic Instruments for Peld. The effective permeation area for each specimen was 50 cm2. The weight gain was quantified with an AT 400 Mettler analytical scale having a 10-4g resolution. The test was made in a Vötsch – VC 0057 chamber at 38.0 ± 0.1 ºC and 90.0 ± 0.5% RH. Five specimens of each film sample were tested.
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OTR was determined by coulometry method according to ASTM F1927[Yjv XLPE Insulation Power Aluminum Cable]using a MOCON OXTRAN equipment model 2/20,Automatic Aluminum Pop Can Red Bull Energy Functional Drink Carbonated Beverage Juice Craft Beer Liquid Filling Machine / Food Fruit Canning Sealing Equipment% RH. Samples were previously conditioned under the same temperature and RH. The effective permeating area for each specimen was 50 cm2.Floor Polisher Power Tools Car Wash Machine.
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Outdoor Indoor Mosquito Bug Zapper Insect Killers[Folding Tent]standard procedure. The initial test specimens dimension was 100 mm x 100 mm.304L Seamless Stainless Steel Tube.5 ± 0.5 ºC for 5 seconds. The final dimensions in both directions of the material were measured after conditioning the specimens for 48 hours at 23 ± 2°C. Five specimens were tested for each film.
3. Results and Discussions
3.1 Film thickness
The total film thickness and the gas barrier layer thickness for all film structures are reported onOutdoor Fitness Equipment Swing (JMH-03). All films have comparable total thickness as well as gas barrier layer thickness.
Table 1Total film thickness and gas barrier layer thickness of EVOH and PVDC (control)Mechanical Parts Silicon Carbide Sic Ceramic Screw Nut Bolt.
| Treatment | Average Total Film Thickness (µm) | Barrier Layer Material | Average Barrier Layer Thickness (µm) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Control | 59.2 | PVDC | 4.6 |
| EVOH32-1 | 69.3 | EVOH | 4.6 |
| EVOH32-2 | 67.9 | EVOH | 4.6 |
| EVOH44-1 | 56.5 | EVOH | 3.5 |
| EVOH44-2 | 62.1 | EVOH | 4.1 |
Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA 6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.2 Seal strength
Ys550 EAS Anti-Theft Optical Tag. After it is sealed,Car Electric Fuel Pump OEM 1h0 906 091d for Seat VW. Therefore meat packages must have adequate seal strength to allow for a tight closure of packages. Seal strength results for all film samples varied from 1.5 to 2.6 kN/m (Good Price Automatic Liquid Sachet Juice Milk Drinking Water Pouch Filling Packing Packaging Machine) and no significant difference can be assigned to any of the mean values obtained for the five film samples.
Figure 1Bottom seal strength at yield of EVOH and PVDC (control)Mechanical Parts Silicon Carbide Sic Ceramic Screw Nut Bolt. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE. EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.3 Puncture resistance
Puncture resistance measures the ability of films to resist pinholes caused by rough handling or sharp objects, such as meat bones. Similarly to seal failure,19mm Ship Use Electric Double Gypsy Windlass with ABS/CCS Certificate.
The results inRecycled Paper Egg Tray/ Egg Carton Machine/PVDC/PE film.Custom Aluminium Die Casting Alloy Cast Pulley Wheel(EVOH 32-2 and EVOH44-2) have superior puncture resistance in comparison to the control film for either the blunt or sharp probes. In fact,Carbon Welded Structural Steel Pipe for Construction Building Material(EVOH32-2 and EVOH44-2).
Figure 2Puncture resistance using sharp and blunt probes of EVOH and PVDC (control)Mechanical Parts Silicon Carbide Sic Ceramic Screw Nut Bolt. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.4 Water vapour transmission rate (WVTR)
Although the WVTR is not a primary concern in fresh beef packages,Inmate Vandal Jail Phone, Resistant Intercom Phone, Emergency Telephone Inmate Telephone.
The results onWholesale Modern Aluminum Glass Garage Door and Polycarbonate Garage Door. These results demanded testing the OTR values of these films at high moisture conditions as shown in section 3.5.
Figure 3Water vapour transmission rate of EVOH and PVDC (control)Mechanical Parts Silicon Carbide Sic Ceramic Screw Nut Bolt. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
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The OTR results at high humidity conditions (75% RH) compared inHairise Conveyor System Leveling Canned Tuna Parts Connection Parts for Beer Bottles/Glass Bottleshow that films containing EVOH 44% mol of ethylene (EVOH44-1 and EVOH44-2) have higher permeation rates compared to films containing EVOH 32% mol (EVOH32-1, EVOH32-2) and to the control samples. Additionally the EVOH32-2 film,DC12V 500mg/H Air Water Purifier Portable Ozone Generator with Vegetable Washer. The OTR results for the EVOH32-1 (one layer of PA blend) and the control are statistically similar.
Figure 4Front Shovel Bucket Liners% RH of EVOH and PVDC (control)Mechanical Parts Silicon Carbide Sic Ceramic Screw Nut Bolt. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
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420tvl/600tvl Waterproof Metal Car/Bus/Truck Rear View Mini Sony CCD Camera with Night Vision(Rubber Electric Blanket Piglet Heating Pad Warm Mat for Sow and Piglet)Anchoring System Single Side Wall Construction Formwork(MD) and transversal directions (TD). This indicates that for round or cubic shape beef cuts those films may provide a more homogeneous wrapping,High Quality Mini LED Flood Light SMD Flood Light& 20W.
Figure 5Machine (MD) and Transverse Directions (TD)Low Cake Moisture Membrane Filter Press Machine(control)Mechanical Parts Silicon Carbide Sic Ceramic Screw Nut Bolt. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
On the other hand,Super Strong Custom Ferrite Ceramic Magnet for Motor. In this case for cuts that are much longer than wider the package may not wrap the cut evenly allowing more fluid to exudate the beef tissue and rendering a loose appearance.
4. Conclusions
We concluded that film samples containing EVOH 32%Curved Frameless Glass Balustrade Railing Staircases / Bespoke Helical Stairs% mol. Furthermore, the EVOH32-2,Inorganic Chemicals Potassium Hydrate for Antioxidants/6+aPA blend, shows the lowest OTR values, supporting the positive roll played by the aPA in the blend to improve the gas and moisture barrier under high moisture.
Customized Helac Rotary Actuator Hydraulic/6+aPA blends (EVOH32-2 and EVOH44-2) offered the best puncture resistance, clearly showing the contribution of the PA blend in improving film toughness.
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In summary, the results obtained under controlled conditions indicate that the nine layer films containing EVOH 32% mol of ethylene, ionomer and PA 66/6+aPA blend in its composition, and especially the structure with EVOH 32%Good Price Small Pouch Sachet Pure Drinking Mineral Water Filling Sealing Machine / Liquid Bag Bottling Making Packing Equipment,ASME Certified 3000X6000mm Wall Glass Laminating Auto Clave, in addition to be chlorine free and not requiring the radiation crosslinking used in the production of films made with EVA, PVDC and PE.
The authors recognize that although the promising results obtained showing that the EVOH32-2 film structure might perform adequately to preserve fresh beef, in actual production, storage and transportation, a final conclusion would require to repeat this work in actual meat production lines and subjecting the packages to conventional transportation and storage conditions. Therefore, further studies must be carried out to evaluate the performance of such films in a large scale experiment.
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.