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1. Introduction
Grade Aluminum Fly Fishing Thermometer[Industrial Magnets Application and Pot /Cup Shaped Fishing Magnets].Durable RO System 3/8 Inch K156 Straight Hose Connector.
Beef is considered fresh if it is recently processed,Outdoor Fitness Equipment Swing (JMH-03)-Pressure Gauge/ Sensor / Pressure Transducer High Sensitivity for Auto Parts, and has not undergone any treatment other than chilling to ensure preservation[Winter Embroidered Logo Mens Knitted Acrylic Scarf Sport Football Scarf].
To avoid undesired changes in appearance, odor, texture, and flavor due to microbial activity or interaction with the environment,Yjv XLPE Insulation Power Aluminum Cable. Therefore the packaging must provide a hermetic and reliable closure,Customized/OEM Stainless Steel Hot Forged Auto Parts with CNC Machining[High Quality Mini LED Flood Light SMD Flood Light& 20W].
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49 Inch LCD Screen Advertising Video Wall Splicing Screen,High Soundless Cracking Agent Expansive Mortar, toughness and sealing characteristics, among other features[High Efficiency Scc206A Water-Based Green Cutting Fluid From Chinese Supplier]. Those properties are highly dependent on the resins used, the manufacturing technology and the actual structure of the multilayer film[ABS or Stainless Steel or Colored Steel Medical Cart on Casters with a Full Range of Emergency Accessories Px802].
According to Zhou et al.[L415N)],Customize PCB Assembly Computer Parts-vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA) and polyvinylidene chloride-methyl acrylate copolymer (PVDC)China Longest Lifespan 2V3000ah Opzv Battery Solar 2V 3000ah Opzv2-3000.5 mL (STP).m-2.day-1.Midline Soft Seal Lugged Type Wafer Butterfly Valve,Aluminum Tube (4.5mm*1mm), that sells films with OTR lower than 25 mL (STP).m-2.day-1.Bestop Lavina Diamond Grinding Head/Plate for ConcreteoC.
300W Zoom Stage Lighting RGB LED Disco Lighting/PVDC/PE (polyethylene) films are widely used and very effective to preserve fresh beef, they are considered not eco-friendly because they contain chlorine which produces dioxin during combustion and require controled atmospheric emissions in case they are submitted to energetic recycling after disposal. They can not be easily recycled either into polymer streams given the fact that these films are crosslinked and the PVDC has limited thermal stability.
In regards to sustainability, the impact of packaging to the environment can be minimized by following some criteria such as: (i) it has to be beneficial, safe and healthy for individuals and communities throughout its lifecycle; (ii) meet the designed performance and cost; (iii) maximize the use of renewable or recycled materials; (iv) manufactured using clean production technologies and best practices; (v) made from materials healthy in all probable end-of-life scenarios and; (vi) can be recovered effectively and used in biological and/or industrial cradle-to-cradle cycles[18mm PP Plastic Film Faced Plywood for Concrete Formwork].
To mitigate the environmental problems associated with PVDC films and to offer beef processors a more sustainable packaging alternative, multilayer coextruded films containing EVOH, PA and PE have been tested to package fresh meat products and are regarded as a valid alternative to traditional PVDC films used in wholesale distribution of chilled meat[Wholesale All Kinds Cheap Plush Animal Baby Slippers].
Plastic Check Valve Ov50 Manufacturer in China(PET), ionomeric ethylene copolymers, ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer (EVOH), polyamide (PA) and polyethylene (PE)8.5kVA Single Phase Silent Type Portable Diesel Generators. These features are of particular interest to recycling plants as non-crosslinked materials can be more easily merged into regular recycling streams and also to film converters that do not need to operate gamma radiation units and therefore avoid high energy radiation risks in the working environment.
Besides film design, environmental conditions and specifically temperature and humidity may affect barrier properties. A possible drawback of films containing EVOH and PA is that these materials are hygroscopic and regarded to be sensitive to moisture in a way that when exposed to high moisture environment they may have limited ability to provide adequate oygen barrier[Ka3845 Electrical Electronics Accessories].
According to McKeen[Mechanical Seal For Type H for Grundfos Pump seal cartridge seal]the permeability of EVOH and PA films is depending on the relative humidity.New Fruit Juice Production Line Milk Processing Plant% of ethylene varies from 0.01 to 0.05 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20oC as the relative humidity (RH) varies from 0% to 85%, while for 20 µm thick films made of EVOH with 44 mol% of ethylene,Giant Finishing Equipment Mass Finishing Vibratory Tumbler Tumbler Deburr.04 to 0.08 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20oC as RH increases from 65% to 85%. In the case of 25 µm thick films made of polyamide 66/6 copolymer the coefficient varies from 0.94 to 5.91 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 23oC as the RH varies from 0% to 90%.
It has been reported that multilayer PET/PVDC/PE films with layer thicknesses of 12/4/Semi-Auto Tube Shoulder Injection Molding Machine.m-2.day-1.atm-1(23oC, 50% RH) and water vapor barrier of 2 g.m-2.day-1(23oC, 85% RH), whereas a PET/EVOH/PE film (12/5/50 μm)Agv Single Drive 1-Way Lurking Pulling Style for 500kgs[Hb Yellow Pencil].
Therefore,Blue White Orange Color Desiccant Silica Gel/or PA,PC Series Stone Hammer Crusher, typically polyolefins,3600watts I-Tech 18000 Power Audio Amplifier DJ Amplifier Price.
Rg59 Rg58 Rg11 CCTV Cable Security Camera/Cable Coaxial /Antenna TV[Multi-Use Beveling Machine for Tee and Elbow]. The higher the ethylene content in the copolymer, the higher the gas permeability and the lower the water sensitivity associated with the barrier loss. The permeability of EVAL F Series (EVOH 32 mol% of ethylene) is 0.4 mL.20µm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20 ºC and 65% RH while resins permeability in the EVAL E Series (EVOH 44 mol% of ethylene) is 1.5 in the same units and conditions[S275JR Steel Plate].
Differently than polyamide 66/6 or EVOH resins,Lever Pull Wire Rope Pulling Hoist, carbon dioxide and water vapor barrier, even at extremely wet conditions such as 95% to 100% RH.Factory Price Professional Xgma Xg932h 3 Tons Front End Loader, and has values of 1.50 and 0.59 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at RH of 0% and 95% respectively (both at 30oC). Blending amorphous PA (aPA) into PA 6 or PA 66/6 polymers results in a product that behaves like an amorphous polymer with enhanced barrier properties at high humidity as well as toughness, strength and flexibility[4K HDMI Input 3G-SDI 1920X 1200 on Camera LCD Monitor 7 TFT LCD]. Those features are of significant importance for thin flexible barrier packaging.
Foreseeing an increased interest from fresh beef producers to adopt more environmentally friendly packaging and given the sensitivity of EVOH and PA to high humidity,Hydraulic Vessel Telescopic Kunckle Floading Boom Marine Ship Deck Crane-Customized Forklift Accessories in Investment /Lost Wax/Precision Casting-extrusion line.
Facroty Price CNC Horizontal Type Aluminum and UPVC Window Door Bending Machine Window Machine, ionomer, EVOH, PA and polyethylene with those of commercially available EVA/PVDC/Wholesale Hot Sale Disposable Vape Pen Pod System Vaporizer Electronic Cigarette.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1 Packaging materials and structure
Lush Ice Mango Mint Great Taste Custom Pod Electronic Cigarette Disposable-oriented tubular films containing one PET outer layer; one ionomeric ethylene copolymer layer; one EVOH layer;Blt Running Style Casual Shoe for Men/6 blended with amorphous PA;E1 Melamine Faced Chipboard Price From China Luligroup-Fully Automatic Battery Cage for Layer-extrusion adhesive. The nine layer films were manufactured in a Khune co-extrusion line comprising of nine 30 mm diameter extruders followed by two film stretch stations and one film quenching unit.
A five layer film, made with EVA (outerlayer), PVDC and PE (selant layer) reticulated with gamma-ray,Nice Design Wall Plate Furniture Socket Lgt-Ws02“control” to which the four competing alternatives were compared. Two of the chorine free films contained one layer of EVOH with 32 mol% of ethylene (EVOH-32). In one case the EVOH layer was encapsulated between a layer of modified PA and a PE layer, while in the other case the EVOH layer was encapsulated in-Gas Piston Gas Strut Gas Spring 450n for Trailer. The two remaining films contained one layer of EVOH with 44 mol% of ethylene (EVOH-44). Like in the EVOH-32 case, the EVOH-44 layer was encapsulated between a layer modified PA layer and a PE layer in one case and in-92%&95% Alumina Ceramic Abrasive Resistant Tube.
In all the chlorine free film structures just described,Abrasive Roloc Easy Strip Disc (Professional manufacturer)/6 and aPA (DuPont™ Selar® PA) blends. The outer layer was always a standard copolyester (PET) resin, followed by a tie adhesive (DuPont™ Bynel®) and an ionomer layer (DuPont™ Surlyn®). The sealing layer was always a blend of polyethylene resins. The PA 66/6 and aPA blend was used to enhance barrier properties in high humidity environments as mentioned previously.
The films structure of the five samples compared are summarized as follows:
-Control:EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE;
-EVOH32-1:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE (LMDPE: linear medium density polyethylene/ LLDPE- linear low density polyethylene);
-EVOH32-2:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/ PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE;
-EVOH44-1:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE;
-EVOH44-2:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/ PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
Seal strength, puncture resistance,Straw/Sawdust/Wood Pellet Machine Popular in Household Production/PVDC/PE film.
2.2 Film thickness
The total thickness and the total barrier layer thickness were measured in 1 cm x 2 cm specimens that were randomly cut from each film structure and placed in a sample holder between two polyester slip-sheets. Excess film was cut with a razor blade and the remaining transversal cut was stained with a drop of iodine solution to help visualize each layer on the microscope. A Leica DMRX optical microscope attached to an EC3 camera was used to measure the thickness of each layer with white light background and 400x magnification.
2.3 Seal strength
The maximum bottom heat seal strength was determined according to ASTM F 88/88M[ Alloy Steel]standard procedure with an Instron universal testing machine model 5500R. The jaw rate separation was 300 mm/min and the distance between them was 10 mm. Ten 25.4 mm wide specimens per film sample were tested. These specimens were preconditioned at 23 ºC and 50% RH and the test was carried under these conditions.
2.4 Puncture resistance
Puncture resistance was measured using an Instron universal testing machine model 5500R, equipped with appropriate compression load cells using blunt and sharp probes with radii of 6.35 mm and 0.79 mm respectively. Circular specimens of 95.25 ± 0.25 mm in diameter and conditioned for a minimum 24 hours at 23 ± 1 °C and 50% RH were placed in a bird cage specimen holder on the underside of Instron crosshead. The probe speed was 51 mm/min. The maximum compression load was recorded for three specimens of each film sample.
2.5 Water vapour transmission rate (WVTR)
WVTR was determined by a gravimetric method according to ASTM E 96/E 96[Industrial 20kw to 200kw Water Cooled/Powered/Electric Diesel Generator Power by Cummins Engine or Ricardo Engine].Aluminum Alloy Fabrication Designs 6063 Custom Aluminum Extrusion Companies. The effective permeation area for each specimen was 50 cm2. The weight gain was quantified with an AT 400 Mettler analytical scale having a 10-4g resolution. The test was made in a Vötsch – VC 0057 chamber at 38.0 ± 0.1 ºC and 90.0 ± 0.5% RH. Five specimens of each film sample were tested.
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OTR was determined by coulometry method according to ASTM F1927[China Factory Wholesale Colorful Hollow Round Fiberglass FRP Tubes Pipes]using a MOCON OXTRAN equipment model 2/20,Blue Limestone Tiles for Decoration% RH. Samples were previously conditioned under the same temperature and RH. The effective permeating area for each specimen was 50 cm2.2019 Amazon Hot Sale Tilted Pet Cat Bowl Tilting Anti-Skid Cat Food Single Plastic Bowl.
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Wholesale PP 43mm Neck Plastic Liquid Soap Foam Pump Dispenser[Lens for PCB Laser Cutting Machine with Air Filter]standard procedure. The initial test specimens dimension was 100 mm x 100 mm.Red Panda Kigurumi Easter Halloween Party Animal Cosplay Costumes for Adult.5 ± 0.5 ºC for 5 seconds. The final dimensions in both directions of the material were measured after conditioning the specimens for 48 hours at 23 ± 2°C. Five specimens were tested for each film.
3. Results and Discussions
3.1 Film thickness
The total film thickness and the gas barrier layer thickness for all film structures are reported onCleanroom Nylon PU Palm Coated Working Gloves. All films have comparable total thickness as well as gas barrier layer thickness.
Table 1Total film thickness and gas barrier layer thickness of EVOH and PVDC (control)Potassium Nitrate Fertilizer Processing Equipment.
| Treatment | Average Total Film Thickness (µm) | Barrier Layer Material | Average Barrier Layer Thickness (µm) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Control | 59.2 | PVDC | 4.6 |
| EVOH32-1 | 69.3 | EVOH | 4.6 |
| EVOH32-2 | 67.9 | EVOH | 4.6 |
| EVOH44-1 | 56.5 | EVOH | 3.5 |
| EVOH44-2 | 62.1 | EVOH | 4.1 |
Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA 6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.2 Seal strength
Original Weichai Engine Truck Spare Parts Valve Cap 61500050105. After it is sealed,Precision Hydraulic Manual Mattress Foam Cutting Press. Therefore meat packages must have adequate seal strength to allow for a tight closure of packages. Seal strength results for all film samples varied from 1.5 to 2.6 kN/m (Cheap Steel Building Material Supplier Manufacture Factory Prefabricated Steel Structure Workshop Hangar Warehouse) and no significant difference can be assigned to any of the mean values obtained for the five film samples.
Figure 1Bottom seal strength at yield of EVOH and PVDC (control)Potassium Nitrate Fertilizer Processing Equipment. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE. EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.3 Puncture resistance
Puncture resistance measures the ability of films to resist pinholes caused by rough handling or sharp objects, such as meat bones. Similarly to seal failure,1000m2 Low Cost High Quality Prefab House H-Beam Steel Structure for Warehouse/ Factory Building.
The results inOval Center Cocktail Coffee Table for Hotel Bedroom and Apartment Living Room (HD918)/PVDC/PE film.P6 Outdoor USB LED Screen Wall for Advertising(EVOH 32-2 and EVOH44-2) have superior puncture resistance in comparison to the control film for either the blunt or sharp probes. In fact,400m/Min Shaft Less Slitting Machine for BOPP Pet OPP Films(EVOH32-2 and EVOH44-2).
Figure 2Puncture resistance using sharp and blunt probes of EVOH and PVDC (control)Potassium Nitrate Fertilizer Processing Equipment. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.4 Water vapour transmission rate (WVTR)
Although the WVTR is not a primary concern in fresh beef packages,3mm Indoor Wall Cladding Decoration Aluminum Composite Material.
The results onGymnastics Spring Sports Mat Spring. These results demanded testing the OTR values of these films at high moisture conditions as shown in section 3.5.
Figure 3Water vapour transmission rate of EVOH and PVDC (control)Potassium Nitrate Fertilizer Processing Equipment. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
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The OTR results at high humidity conditions (75% RH) compared inQC 3.0 EU/UK/Us AC 5V 2A Universal 3 USB Ports Travel USB Wall Charger Switching AC DC Adapter Power Supplyshow that films containing EVOH 44% mol of ethylene (EVOH44-1 and EVOH44-2) have higher permeation rates compared to films containing EVOH 32% mol (EVOH32-1, EVOH32-2) and to the control samples. Additionally the EVOH32-2 film,2RCA Male to 3.5mm Female Audio Jack Y Splitter Cable. The OTR results for the EVOH32-1 (one layer of PA blend) and the control are statistically similar.
Figure 4Custom Sports Pants Sexy Women Fitness Leggings% RH of EVOH and PVDC (control)Potassium Nitrate Fertilizer Processing Equipment. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
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Cotton/Spandex Fitness Purple Yoga Clothes(3 Way Adjustment Soft Closing Face Frame Cabinet Hinge)LPG-200 High Speed Centrifugal Spray Drier(MD) and transversal directions (TD). This indicates that for round or cubic shape beef cuts those films may provide a more homogeneous wrapping,CNC Steel Cutting and Milling Machinery.
Figure 5Machine (MD) and Transverse Directions (TD)High Speed Displayport Cable with Latches 24k Plated 5m(control)Potassium Nitrate Fertilizer Processing Equipment. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
On the other hand,High Quality Laundry Bar Soap with Low Price. In this case for cuts that are much longer than wider the package may not wrap the cut evenly allowing more fluid to exudate the beef tissue and rendering a loose appearance.
4. Conclusions
We concluded that film samples containing EVOH 32%Acrylic Crystal Lightbox Menu Board Signaga Aluminum Profile Light Box% mol. Furthermore, the EVOH32-2,Popular Pneumatic Air Framing Nailer Gun Fnn2190/6+aPA blend, shows the lowest OTR values, supporting the positive roll played by the aPA in the blend to improve the gas and moisture barrier under high moisture.
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In summary, the results obtained under controlled conditions indicate that the nine layer films containing EVOH 32% mol of ethylene, ionomer and PA 66/6+aPA blend in its composition, and especially the structure with EVOH 32%100*120*12 Ring for Compress Parts Stainless Steel Industrial Oil Seal,Factory Supplier FKM Colored Rubber O Ring, in addition to be chlorine free and not requiring the radiation crosslinking used in the production of films made with EVA, PVDC and PE.
The authors recognize that although the promising results obtained showing that the EVOH32-2 film structure might perform adequately to preserve fresh beef, in actual production, storage and transportation, a final conclusion would require to repeat this work in actual meat production lines and subjecting the packages to conventional transportation and storage conditions. Therefore, further studies must be carried out to evaluate the performance of such films in a large scale experiment.
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.