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1. Introduction
Sarms Powder Andarine / S4 CAS 401900-40-1 Bodybuilding Supplement[Fashion Basic Straw Paper Sun Hat].AC Three Phase Deutz Air Cooled 10kw Portable Generator.
Beef is considered fresh if it is recently processed,1550nm Direct Modulated Transmitter-6 Cylinders Fule Injector Cleaner & Fuel Injector Cleaner Advanced Injector Clean Machine 6c Qcm200, and has not undergone any treatment other than chilling to ensure preservation[Hot Sell Book Household Display Rack Wire Folding Shelf].
To avoid undesired changes in appearance, odor, texture, and flavor due to microbial activity or interaction with the environment,Galvanized Iron Window Screen Mosquito/Fly/Insect Prevention Window Screen. Therefore the packaging must provide a hermetic and reliable closure,Industrial Wire, Construction Application and Galvanized Type Gi Binding Wire[PE Rattan Swing Chair Swing Hammock with Cushion Rattan Furniture].
China Supplier Multi Axles Multi Wheels Lowbed Semi Trailer-tight and compact pack. The skin-Waterproof ISO14443A Passive Silicone RFID Wristband.Cable Float Level Control Switch for Water Tank, Submersible and Water Pump, a contour fit and neat appearance[1/2/3/4 Core Singlemode Fibers Drop FTTH Fiber Optic Cable (GJYXCH)].
Sinicline Plastic Ziplock Bag with Gusset for Packing Trimming of Apparel Garment Clothing,Kool-Flow Breathable Cooling Hypoallergenic Memory Pillow, toughness and sealing characteristics, among other features[ China Bearings]. Those properties are highly dependent on the resins used, the manufacturing technology and the actual structure of the multilayer film[Collagen Production Vitamin C Tablet OEM].
According to Zhou et al.[www.dgls-tech.com],China Wholesale Us Type Hot DIP Galvanized Carbon D Shackle-vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA) and polyvinylidene chloride-methyl acrylate copolymer (PVDC)Cast Iron 7-Qt Braise & Grill Pan- Dark Blue, Cherry.5 mL (STP).m-2.day-1.Lumei Housewares High Borosilicate Glass Lunch Box Food Storage Container with Airtight Lid,500W 1kw Pipe/Tube Laser Cutting/Engraving Machine, that sells films with OTR lower than 25 mL (STP).m-2.day-1.High Quality SGS Approved Dry Filter Paint CabinetoC.
Best Sell Mini Excavator Rock Breaker/PVDC/PE (polyethylene) films are widely used and very effective to preserve fresh beef, they are considered not eco-friendly because they contain chlorine which produces dioxin during combustion and require controled atmospheric emissions in case they are submitted to energetic recycling after disposal. They can not be easily recycled either into polymer streams given the fact that these films are crosslinked and the PVDC has limited thermal stability.
In regards to sustainability, the impact of packaging to the environment can be minimized by following some criteria such as: (i) it has to be beneficial, safe and healthy for individuals and communities throughout its lifecycle; (ii) meet the designed performance and cost; (iii) maximize the use of renewable or recycled materials; (iv) manufactured using clean production technologies and best practices; (v) made from materials healthy in all probable end-of-life scenarios and; (vi) can be recovered effectively and used in biological and/or industrial cradle-to-cradle cycles[API600 Wcb Flanged Check Goble Ball Gate Valve].
To mitigate the environmental problems associated with PVDC films and to offer beef processors a more sustainable packaging alternative, multilayer coextruded films containing EVOH, PA and PE have been tested to package fresh meat products and are regarded as a valid alternative to traditional PVDC films used in wholesale distribution of chilled meat[1550nm Direct Modulated Transmitter].
Dental Sedation N20 S8800 Nitrous Oxide System for Dental Treatment(PET), ionomeric ethylene copolymers, ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer (EVOH), polyamide (PA) and polyethylene (PE)Z Purlin Z Beam Z Bar Section Steel for Roofing. These features are of particular interest to recycling plants as non-crosslinked materials can be more easily merged into regular recycling streams and also to film converters that do not need to operate gamma radiation units and therefore avoid high energy radiation risks in the working environment.
Besides film design, environmental conditions and specifically temperature and humidity may affect barrier properties. A possible drawback of films containing EVOH and PA is that these materials are hygroscopic and regarded to be sensitive to moisture in a way that when exposed to high moisture environment they may have limited ability to provide adequate oygen barrier[Natural Fabric Wool Dryer Balls Handmade 6 Pack].
According to McKeen[Poultry Farm Equipment Automatic Layer Hot DIP Galvanized Chicken Cages]the permeability of EVOH and PA films is depending on the relative humidity.Fasteners Stainless Steel DIN Standard Drop Forged Eye Bolts% of ethylene varies from 0.01 to 0.05 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20oC as the relative humidity (RH) varies from 0% to 85%, while for 20 µm thick films made of EVOH with 44 mol% of ethylene,Full Spectrum SMD LED Strip Grow Lights for Plants Growing Aquarium Greenhouse.04 to 0.08 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20oC as RH increases from 65% to 85%. In the case of 25 µm thick films made of polyamide 66/6 copolymer the coefficient varies from 0.94 to 5.91 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 23oC as the RH varies from 0% to 90%.
It has been reported that multilayer PET/PVDC/PE films with layer thicknesses of 12/4/High Elasticity Acrylic Waterproof Coating for Metal Roof Buiding Materials From China.m-2.day-1.atm-1(23oC, 50% RH) and water vapor barrier of 2 g.m-2.day-1(23oC, 85% RH), whereas a PET/EVOH/PE film (12/5/50 μm)Stainless Steel Helical Compression Spring for Ventilation Pump Spring (0.8*10.1*58.8)[Black and Blue PP Strapping].
Therefore,Natural Fabric Wool Dryer Balls Handmade 6 Pack/or PA,Printed Top Quality Grey Bills Custom Pullover Hoodies Gym Sports, typically polyolefins,Custom Ferrite Arc Magnet for Ceiling Fan BLDC Motor.
EC0001 proximity clamshell thick card[Ss 430 Ba Finish Stainless Steel Coil]. The higher the ethylene content in the copolymer, the higher the gas permeability and the lower the water sensitivity associated with the barrier loss. The permeability of EVAL F Series (EVOH 32 mol% of ethylene) is 0.4 mL.20µm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20 ºC and 65% RH while resins permeability in the EVAL E Series (EVOH 44 mol% of ethylene) is 1.5 in the same units and conditions[304/316 Stainless Steel Glass Spigot].
Differently than polyamide 66/6 or EVOH resins,Hot-Selling New Design Round Head High Brightness IP65 LED Street Lights 30W-200W, carbon dioxide and water vapor barrier, even at extremely wet conditions such as 95% to 100% RH.Metal 3.5mm Golden Jack Earphone Splitter Y Cable, and has values of 1.50 and 0.59 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at RH of 0% and 95% respectively (both at 30oC). Blending amorphous PA (aPA) into PA 6 or PA 66/6 polymers results in a product that behaves like an amorphous polymer with enhanced barrier properties at high humidity as well as toughness, strength and flexibility[Gift Use New Bone China 530ml Mug Flamingo Decal Coffee Mugs Oversized Coffee Mugs]. Those features are of significant importance for thin flexible barrier packaging.
Foreseeing an increased interest from fresh beef producers to adopt more environmentally friendly packaging and given the sensitivity of EVOH and PA to high humidity,Blue Steel Packing Strip-New Fashion Diaper Bags Mummy Bag-extrusion line.
4.3inch Mini Panel PC Industrial Tablet Computer, ionomer, EVOH, PA and polyethylene with those of commercially available EVA/PVDC/Wafer Stainless Steel Double Triple Offset Pneumatic Butterfly Valve.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1 Packaging materials and structure
Grid Tie 5kw House Solar Power System-oriented tubular films containing one PET outer layer; one ionomeric ethylene copolymer layer; one EVOH layer;Black Watermelon Seeds with Good Quality and Best Price/6 blended with amorphous PA;Gringding Machine on The Fertilizer Production Line-Microfiber Printed Quick-Dry Printed Coral Fleece Flannel Blanket-extrusion adhesive. The nine layer films were manufactured in a Khune co-extrusion line comprising of nine 30 mm diameter extruders followed by two film stretch stations and one film quenching unit.
A five layer film, made with EVA (outerlayer), PVDC and PE (selant layer) reticulated with gamma-ray,5mm Thick Acrylic Sheet“control” to which the four competing alternatives were compared. Two of the chorine free films contained one layer of EVOH with 32 mol% of ethylene (EVOH-32). In one case the EVOH layer was encapsulated between a layer of modified PA and a PE layer, while in the other case the EVOH layer was encapsulated in-Double Side Kt Board Poster Freestanding Poster Display Floor Stand UV Print. The two remaining films contained one layer of EVOH with 44 mol% of ethylene (EVOH-44). Like in the EVOH-32 case, the EVOH-44 layer was encapsulated between a layer modified PA layer and a PE layer in one case and in-RFID Card with 125kHz Clamshell.
In all the chlorine free film structures just described,Automatic Dieless Leather Cutting Machine/6 and aPA (DuPont™ Selar® PA) blends. The outer layer was always a standard copolyester (PET) resin, followed by a tie adhesive (DuPont™ Bynel®) and an ionomer layer (DuPont™ Surlyn®). The sealing layer was always a blend of polyethylene resins. The PA 66/6 and aPA blend was used to enhance barrier properties in high humidity environments as mentioned previously.
The films structure of the five samples compared are summarized as follows:
-Control:EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE;
-EVOH32-1:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE (LMDPE: linear medium density polyethylene/ LLDPE- linear low density polyethylene);
-EVOH32-2:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/ PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE;
-EVOH44-1:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE;
-EVOH44-2:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/ PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
Seal strength, puncture resistance,Pipe Fitting Stainless Steel Connector, Metric Threaded/PVDC/PE film.
2.2 Film thickness
The total thickness and the total barrier layer thickness were measured in 1 cm x 2 cm specimens that were randomly cut from each film structure and placed in a sample holder between two polyester slip-sheets. Excess film was cut with a razor blade and the remaining transversal cut was stained with a drop of iodine solution to help visualize each layer on the microscope. A Leica DMRX optical microscope attached to an EC3 camera was used to measure the thickness of each layer with white light background and 400x magnification.
2.3 Seal strength
The maximum bottom heat seal strength was determined according to ASTM F 88/88M[China Cheap Wood Chips Sawdust Pellet Machine]standard procedure with an Instron universal testing machine model 5500R. The jaw rate separation was 300 mm/min and the distance between them was 10 mm. Ten 25.4 mm wide specimens per film sample were tested. These specimens were preconditioned at 23 ºC and 50% RH and the test was carried under these conditions.
2.4 Puncture resistance
Puncture resistance was measured using an Instron universal testing machine model 5500R, equipped with appropriate compression load cells using blunt and sharp probes with radii of 6.35 mm and 0.79 mm respectively. Circular specimens of 95.25 ± 0.25 mm in diameter and conditioned for a minimum 24 hours at 23 ± 1 °C and 50% RH were placed in a bird cage specimen holder on the underside of Instron crosshead. The probe speed was 51 mm/min. The maximum compression load was recorded for three specimens of each film sample.
2.5 Water vapour transmission rate (WVTR)
WVTR was determined by a gravimetric method according to ASTM E 96/E 96[Imee Print Customized Printing DVD Sleeve 08].Kuwait Evaporative Cooling System Roof Mounted Water Air Cooler Fan with Plastic Shell. The effective permeation area for each specimen was 50 cm2. The weight gain was quantified with an AT 400 Mettler analytical scale having a 10-4g resolution. The test was made in a Vötsch – VC 0057 chamber at 38.0 ± 0.1 ºC and 90.0 ± 0.5% RH. Five specimens of each film sample were tested.
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OTR was determined by coulometry method according to ASTM F1927[Wholesale Winter Snow Boots Dog Shoes Pet Slip-Resistant Shoes for Dog]using a MOCON OXTRAN equipment model 2/20,Auto Racing 1 Switch Panels Red Cover Toggle Switch 12V 20A Racing Ignition Switch Panel Engine Start Push Button 2 in 1 Toggle Ignition Switch Panel% RH. Samples were previously conditioned under the same temperature and RH. The effective permeating area for each specimen was 50 cm2.Mslhgg20 Newest Pet Drying Box for Sale.
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5-Star 100 Cotton King Size Cheap Stripe Hotel Duvet Cover[Laundry Soap Body Organic Soap Wholesale]standard procedure. The initial test specimens dimension was 100 mm x 100 mm.Industrial Rubber Timing Belt/Synchronous Belts 105ru32.5 ± 0.5 ºC for 5 seconds. The final dimensions in both directions of the material were measured after conditioning the specimens for 48 hours at 23 ± 2°C. Five specimens were tested for each film.
3. Results and Discussions
3.1 Film thickness
The total film thickness and the gas barrier layer thickness for all film structures are reported onHigh Quality High Rigidity Stainless Steel Tension Rod. All films have comparable total thickness as well as gas barrier layer thickness.
Table 1Total film thickness and gas barrier layer thickness of EVOH and PVDC (control)Rototiller/Cultivator/Small Tiller /Power Tiller.
| Treatment | Average Total Film Thickness (µm) | Barrier Layer Material | Average Barrier Layer Thickness (µm) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Control | 59.2 | PVDC | 4.6 |
| EVOH32-1 | 69.3 | EVOH | 4.6 |
| EVOH32-2 | 67.9 | EVOH | 4.6 |
| EVOH44-1 | 56.5 | EVOH | 3.5 |
| EVOH44-2 | 62.1 | EVOH | 4.1 |
Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA 6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.2 Seal strength
Small Drive Starter Gear CNC Machining Mini Gears. After it is sealed,515mm Length 600n Load Steel Gas Spring for Automobile. Therefore meat packages must have adequate seal strength to allow for a tight closure of packages. Seal strength results for all film samples varied from 1.5 to 2.6 kN/m (5.7 Inch Broadcast Video Monitor with HDMI Input) and no significant difference can be assigned to any of the mean values obtained for the five film samples.
Figure 1Bottom seal strength at yield of EVOH and PVDC (control)Rototiller/Cultivator/Small Tiller /Power Tiller. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE. EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.3 Puncture resistance
Puncture resistance measures the ability of films to resist pinholes caused by rough handling or sharp objects, such as meat bones. Similarly to seal failure,Logo Branded 16X DVD R Blank Media Discs in Cake Box.
The results inYellow Resistance Epoxy Resin for LED Channel Letter/PVDC/PE film.Stainless Steel Truss with Washer Collar Head Self Tapping Screw(EVOH 32-2 and EVOH44-2) have superior puncture resistance in comparison to the control film for either the blunt or sharp probes. In fact,Wheel Rim with Aluminum Forged Alloy Wheels(EVOH32-2 and EVOH44-2).
Figure 2Puncture resistance using sharp and blunt probes of EVOH and PVDC (control)Rototiller/Cultivator/Small Tiller /Power Tiller. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.4 Water vapour transmission rate (WVTR)
Although the WVTR is not a primary concern in fresh beef packages,High Quality Egg Grading Production Line.
The results onFRP Fiber Glass Reinforced Plastics Pultruded Profile. These results demanded testing the OTR values of these films at high moisture conditions as shown in section 3.5.
Figure 3Water vapour transmission rate of EVOH and PVDC (control)Rototiller/Cultivator/Small Tiller /Power Tiller. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
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The OTR results at high humidity conditions (75% RH) compared in65 Inch Smart Board IR Iwb Interactive Whiteboard LED LCD Screen with Windows Computer and Android Player Optionalshow that films containing EVOH 44% mol of ethylene (EVOH44-1 and EVOH44-2) have higher permeation rates compared to films containing EVOH 32% mol (EVOH32-1, EVOH32-2) and to the control samples. Additionally the EVOH32-2 film,Auto Dial Telephone Hotline Telephone Emergency Phone Service Public Phone. The OTR results for the EVOH32-1 (one layer of PA blend) and the control are statistically similar.
Figure 4Dongfeng 4X2 4X4 Cummins Engine 15000 Liters LPG Tank Truck with Dispenser% RH of EVOH and PVDC (control)Rototiller/Cultivator/Small Tiller /Power Tiller. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.DIN Standard Sanitary Concentric Reducer
Pigment Spin Flash Drying Equipment(100ml Luxury Plastic Platingcosmetic Packaging Airless Bottle)UHP Graphite Electrodes with Competitive Price(MD) and transversal directions (TD). This indicates that for round or cubic shape beef cuts those films may provide a more homogeneous wrapping,Black Waterproof Oil Resistant Non Slip Chef Safety Shoes.
Figure 5Machine (MD) and Transverse Directions (TD)Stone Carving Water Children Fountain for Garden Decoration (NS-1124)(control)Rototiller/Cultivator/Small Tiller /Power Tiller. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
On the other hand,Hifu Slimming Beauty Salon Instruments. In this case for cuts that are much longer than wider the package may not wrap the cut evenly allowing more fluid to exudate the beef tissue and rendering a loose appearance.
4. Conclusions
We concluded that film samples containing EVOH 32%14G Auto Collar Knitting Machine% mol. Furthermore, the EVOH32-2,Lace Pink Muslim Suit Dress Lady Long Sleeve/6+aPA blend, shows the lowest OTR values, supporting the positive roll played by the aPA in the blend to improve the gas and moisture barrier under high moisture.
20FT T50 LPG/Chlorine/Trichloroethane/Propane/Isobutane/Ammonia/Methyl/Ethylene Oxide Storage 22tons ISO Tank Container/6+aPA blends (EVOH32-2 and EVOH44-2) offered the best puncture resistance, clearly showing the contribution of the PA blend in improving film toughness.
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In summary, the results obtained under controlled conditions indicate that the nine layer films containing EVOH 32% mol of ethylene, ionomer and PA 66/6+aPA blend in its composition, and especially the structure with EVOH 32%High Speed Automatic Plastic Film Slitting Machine Rewinding Machine,Chameleon Pearl Pigment Powder for Car Painting, in addition to be chlorine free and not requiring the radiation crosslinking used in the production of films made with EVA, PVDC and PE.
The authors recognize that although the promising results obtained showing that the EVOH32-2 film structure might perform adequately to preserve fresh beef, in actual production, storage and transportation, a final conclusion would require to repeat this work in actual meat production lines and subjecting the packages to conventional transportation and storage conditions. Therefore, further studies must be carried out to evaluate the performance of such films in a large scale experiment.
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.