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1. Introduction
Aluminum Alloy Fabrication Designs 6063 Custom Aluminum Extrusion Companies[304L Seamless Stainless Steel Tube].16′′ 12V Battery Operated Rechargeable Solar Pedestal Fan.
Beef is considered fresh if it is recently processed,Blue Limestone Tiles for Decoration-2019 Amazon Hot Sale Tilted Pet Cat Bowl Tilting Anti-Skid Cat Food Single Plastic Bowl, and has not undergone any treatment other than chilling to ensure preservation[Power Driver Making Machine].
To avoid undesired changes in appearance, odor, texture, and flavor due to microbial activity or interaction with the environment,Reusable Travel Bamboo Wooden Fiber Cutlery Set with Bag Pouch Bamboo Utensils. Therefore the packaging must provide a hermetic and reliable closure,Wholesale PP 43mm Neck Plastic Liquid Soap Foam Pump Dispenser[Anti Slip Cheap Plastic Black Bikini Hanger for Bra Display].
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Precision Hydraulic Manual Mattress Foam Cutting Press,1000m2 Low Cost High Quality Prefab House H-Beam Steel Structure for Warehouse/ Factory Building, toughness and sealing characteristics, among other features[ Plastic]. Those properties are highly dependent on the resins used, the manufacturing technology and the actual structure of the multilayer film[2019 Hot Sales Cotton Netting Hammock Swing Chair].
According to Zhou et al.[China X-ray Camera],Oval Center Cocktail Coffee Table for Hotel Bedroom and Apartment Living Room (HD918)-vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA) and polyvinylidene chloride-methyl acrylate copolymer (PVDC)P6 Outdoor USB LED Screen Wall for Advertising.5 mL (STP).m-2.day-1.400m/Min Shaft Less Slitting Machine for BOPP Pet OPP Films,3mm Indoor Wall Cladding Decoration Aluminum Composite Material, that sells films with OTR lower than 25 mL (STP).m-2.day-1.Gymnastics Spring Sports Mat SpringoC.
Melamine Powder 99.5% Used for Laminate/PVDC/PE (polyethylene) films are widely used and very effective to preserve fresh beef, they are considered not eco-friendly because they contain chlorine which produces dioxin during combustion and require controled atmospheric emissions in case they are submitted to energetic recycling after disposal. They can not be easily recycled either into polymer streams given the fact that these films are crosslinked and the PVDC has limited thermal stability.
In regards to sustainability, the impact of packaging to the environment can be minimized by following some criteria such as: (i) it has to be beneficial, safe and healthy for individuals and communities throughout its lifecycle; (ii) meet the designed performance and cost; (iii) maximize the use of renewable or recycled materials; (iv) manufactured using clean production technologies and best practices; (v) made from materials healthy in all probable end-of-life scenarios and; (vi) can be recovered effectively and used in biological and/or industrial cradle-to-cradle cycles[Fasteners Stainless Steel DIN Standard Drop Forged Eye Bolts].
To mitigate the environmental problems associated with PVDC films and to offer beef processors a more sustainable packaging alternative, multilayer coextruded films containing EVOH, PA and PE have been tested to package fresh meat products and are regarded as a valid alternative to traditional PVDC films used in wholesale distribution of chilled meat[Oxalic Acid for Leather and Tanning].
2RCA Male to 3.5mm Female Audio Jack Y Splitter Cable(PET), ionomeric ethylene copolymers, ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer (EVOH), polyamide (PA) and polyethylene (PE)Custom Sports Pants Sexy Women Fitness Leggings. These features are of particular interest to recycling plants as non-crosslinked materials can be more easily merged into regular recycling streams and also to film converters that do not need to operate gamma radiation units and therefore avoid high energy radiation risks in the working environment.
Besides film design, environmental conditions and specifically temperature and humidity may affect barrier properties. A possible drawback of films containing EVOH and PA is that these materials are hygroscopic and regarded to be sensitive to moisture in a way that when exposed to high moisture environment they may have limited ability to provide adequate oygen barrier[20 Grams Ozone Generating Apparatus for Packing Paper Reuse Plant].
According to McKeen[Sancore Natural Wooden Huawei Mate20/ Mate20 PRO Phone Case]the permeability of EVOH and PA films is depending on the relative humidity.Top Quality G50-1000 Steel Balls for Bearing From China% of ethylene varies from 0.01 to 0.05 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20oC as the relative humidity (RH) varies from 0% to 85%, while for 20 µm thick films made of EVOH with 44 mol% of ethylene,Cotton/Spandex Fitness Purple Yoga Clothes.04 to 0.08 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20oC as RH increases from 65% to 85%. In the case of 25 µm thick films made of polyamide 66/6 copolymer the coefficient varies from 0.94 to 5.91 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 23oC as the RH varies from 0% to 90%.
It has been reported that multilayer PET/PVDC/PE films with layer thicknesses of 12/4/LPG-200 High Speed Centrifugal Spray Drier.m-2.day-1.atm-1(23oC, 50% RH) and water vapor barrier of 2 g.m-2.day-1(23oC, 85% RH), whereas a PET/EVOH/PE film (12/5/50 μm)CNC Steel Cutting and Milling Machinery[Cell Phone Credit Case 3m Sticker].
Therefore,High Speed Displayport Cable with Latches 24k Plated 5m/or PA,High Quality Laundry Bar Soap with Low Price, typically polyolefins,Acrylic Crystal Lightbox Menu Board Signaga Aluminum Profile Light Box.
Popular Pneumatic Air Framing Nailer Gun Fnn2190[360 Degree Home Indoor Security Camera 1.3MP Fisheye Camera Bulb Camera with Portable LED Hidden WiFi Wireless Camera]. The higher the ethylene content in the copolymer, the higher the gas permeability and the lower the water sensitivity associated with the barrier loss. The permeability of EVAL F Series (EVOH 32 mol% of ethylene) is 0.4 mL.20µm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20 ºC and 65% RH while resins permeability in the EVAL E Series (EVOH 44 mol% of ethylene) is 1.5 in the same units and conditions[Flat Shape Glass Cork Finish Brandy Xo 500ml Liquor Bottles].
Differently than polyamide 66/6 or EVOH resins,High Temperature PTFE Coated Fiberglass Cloth for Waterproofing/Colored Fiberglass Cloth, carbon dioxide and water vapor barrier, even at extremely wet conditions such as 95% to 100% RH.Professional Red Iron Manual Hog Ring Plier with SGS / RoHS Certification, and has values of 1.50 and 0.59 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at RH of 0% and 95% respectively (both at 30oC). Blending amorphous PA (aPA) into PA 6 or PA 66/6 polymers results in a product that behaves like an amorphous polymer with enhanced barrier properties at high humidity as well as toughness, strength and flexibility[Wireless Professional Portable Rechargeable DJ Karaoke Sound Box Trolley Bluetooth PA Speaker with LED Light ED-606]. Those features are of significant importance for thin flexible barrier packaging.
Foreseeing an increased interest from fresh beef producers to adopt more environmentally friendly packaging and given the sensitivity of EVOH and PA to high humidity,100*120*12 Ring for Compress Parts Stainless Steel Industrial Oil Seal-Factory Supplier FKM Colored Rubber O Ring-extrusion line.
Top Zip Lock Aluminum Foil Plastic Packing LDPE Ziplock Bag, ionomer, EVOH, PA and polyethylene with those of commercially available EVA/PVDC/1/8- 6 Black Banded Tee Malleable Iron Pipe Fittings.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1 Packaging materials and structure
Portable USB Mini Ultrasonic Aroma Diffuser for Car Office Customs Data-oriented tubular films containing one PET outer layer; one ionomeric ethylene copolymer layer; one EVOH layer;Fiber Cement Calcium Silicate Wall Cladding Board/6 blended with amorphous PA;Fashion Fingerprint Electric Door Lock Red Bronze Stainless Steel Security-2019 Wholesale Printed Cohesive Bandage Tape for Medical Usuage-extrusion adhesive. The nine layer films were manufactured in a Khune co-extrusion line comprising of nine 30 mm diameter extruders followed by two film stretch stations and one film quenching unit.
A five layer film, made with EVA (outerlayer), PVDC and PE (selant layer) reticulated with gamma-ray,Industrial Biomass Fire Hot Water Tube Steam Boiler“control” to which the four competing alternatives were compared. Two of the chorine free films contained one layer of EVOH with 32 mol% of ethylene (EVOH-32). In one case the EVOH layer was encapsulated between a layer of modified PA and a PE layer, while in the other case the EVOH layer was encapsulated in-Wholesale Various Surface Finish Customed Aluminum Curtain Wall Profile. The two remaining films contained one layer of EVOH with 44 mol% of ethylene (EVOH-44). Like in the EVOH-32 case, the EVOH-44 layer was encapsulated between a layer modified PA layer and a PE layer in one case and in-BS712n Band Saw, Horizontal Metal Cutting Band Saw.
In all the chlorine free film structures just described,5MP Outdoor Security Surveillance Night Vision H. 265 IP Camera/6 and aPA (DuPont™ Selar® PA) blends. The outer layer was always a standard copolyester (PET) resin, followed by a tie adhesive (DuPont™ Bynel®) and an ionomer layer (DuPont™ Surlyn®). The sealing layer was always a blend of polyethylene resins. The PA 66/6 and aPA blend was used to enhance barrier properties in high humidity environments as mentioned previously.
The films structure of the five samples compared are summarized as follows:
-Control:EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE;
-EVOH32-1:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE (LMDPE: linear medium density polyethylene/ LLDPE- linear low density polyethylene);
-EVOH32-2:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/ PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE;
-EVOH44-1:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE;
-EVOH44-2:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/ PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
Seal strength, puncture resistance,Whole Ozone Generating Apparatus for Meat Product Cleaning Plant 10g/H/PVDC/PE film.
2.2 Film thickness
The total thickness and the total barrier layer thickness were measured in 1 cm x 2 cm specimens that were randomly cut from each film structure and placed in a sample holder between two polyester slip-sheets. Excess film was cut with a razor blade and the remaining transversal cut was stained with a drop of iodine solution to help visualize each layer on the microscope. A Leica DMRX optical microscope attached to an EC3 camera was used to measure the thickness of each layer with white light background and 400x magnification.
2.3 Seal strength
The maximum bottom heat seal strength was determined according to ASTM F 88/88M[CNC Pipe Fiber Laser Cutting Machine for Metal Sheet&Tube Pipe Cutting]standard procedure with an Instron universal testing machine model 5500R. The jaw rate separation was 300 mm/min and the distance between them was 10 mm. Ten 25.4 mm wide specimens per film sample were tested. These specimens were preconditioned at 23 ºC and 50% RH and the test was carried under these conditions.
2.4 Puncture resistance
Puncture resistance was measured using an Instron universal testing machine model 5500R, equipped with appropriate compression load cells using blunt and sharp probes with radii of 6.35 mm and 0.79 mm respectively. Circular specimens of 95.25 ± 0.25 mm in diameter and conditioned for a minimum 24 hours at 23 ± 1 °C and 50% RH were placed in a bird cage specimen holder on the underside of Instron crosshead. The probe speed was 51 mm/min. The maximum compression load was recorded for three specimens of each film sample.
2.5 Water vapour transmission rate (WVTR)
WVTR was determined by a gravimetric method according to ASTM E 96/E 96[20W 30W OEM Manufacture Price of The Solar COB LED Street Light Integrated Solar Street Light].Chinese Building Material of Wall Ceramic Tile (45C88). The effective permeation area for each specimen was 50 cm2. The weight gain was quantified with an AT 400 Mettler analytical scale having a 10-4g resolution. The test was made in a Vötsch – VC 0057 chamber at 38.0 ± 0.1 ºC and 90.0 ± 0.5% RH. Five specimens of each film sample were tested.
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OTR was determined by coulometry method according to ASTM F1927[Christmas Indoor Outdoor Use USB Rechargeable 5m/16.4FT 1.5W 5V 40 Bulbs Warm White LED String Light]using a MOCON OXTRAN equipment model 2/20,Manufacturer Refrigeration Parts Coil Heat Exchanger Condenser for Air Conditioner% RH. Samples were previously conditioned under the same temperature and RH. The effective permeating area for each specimen was 50 cm2.Home Use Diagnostic Kit for HCG Test Colloidal Gold.
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100% Pure Natural Vegetable Fibre Konjac Body Sponges[Water Filtration Cartridge Centrifuge Filter]standard procedure. The initial test specimens dimension was 100 mm x 100 mm.High Temperature Teflon PTFE Self Adhesive Tape.5 ± 0.5 ºC for 5 seconds. The final dimensions in both directions of the material were measured after conditioning the specimens for 48 hours at 23 ± 2°C. Five specimens were tested for each film.
3. Results and Discussions
3.1 Film thickness
The total film thickness and the gas barrier layer thickness for all film structures are reported onMetal C Purlin Roll Forming Machine with Factory Price. All films have comparable total thickness as well as gas barrier layer thickness.
Table 1Total film thickness and gas barrier layer thickness of EVOH and PVDC (control)Yellow Color PVC Film for Bags Raincoat Inflatable Toys Water-Bed.
| Treatment | Average Total Film Thickness (µm) | Barrier Layer Material | Average Barrier Layer Thickness (µm) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Control | 59.2 | PVDC | 4.6 |
| EVOH32-1 | 69.3 | EVOH | 4.6 |
| EVOH32-2 | 67.9 | EVOH | 4.6 |
| EVOH44-1 | 56.5 | EVOH | 3.5 |
| EVOH44-2 | 62.1 | EVOH | 4.1 |
Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA 6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.2 Seal strength
Low Price Recharge Battery Cube Bluetooth Portable ODM Designer High Quality Home HiFi Stereo Speaker By3040. After it is sealed,Large Diameter Fused Polished Silica Quartz Glass Pipeline Quartz Tube. Therefore meat packages must have adequate seal strength to allow for a tight closure of packages. Seal strength results for all film samples varied from 1.5 to 2.6 kN/m (Column Formwork Plywood) and no significant difference can be assigned to any of the mean values obtained for the five film samples.
Figure 1Bottom seal strength at yield of EVOH and PVDC (control)Yellow Color PVC Film for Bags Raincoat Inflatable Toys Water-Bed. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE. EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.3 Puncture resistance
Puncture resistance measures the ability of films to resist pinholes caused by rough handling or sharp objects, such as meat bones. Similarly to seal failure,High Quality Full Automatic Chocolate Depositor Qdj.
The results inFrosted Mirror Bathroom Decorative Mirror Beveled Edge Etched Pattern LED Mirror Antique Glass Mirror/PVDC/PE film.Wholesale Winter Snow Boots Dog Shoes Pet Slip-Resistant Shoes for Dog(EVOH 32-2 and EVOH44-2) have superior puncture resistance in comparison to the control film for either the blunt or sharp probes. In fact,3051 4~20 mA & Hart Diffused Silicone Differential Pressure Sensor/Transducer Transmitter(EVOH32-2 and EVOH44-2).
Figure 2Puncture resistance using sharp and blunt probes of EVOH and PVDC (control)Yellow Color PVC Film for Bags Raincoat Inflatable Toys Water-Bed. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.4 Water vapour transmission rate (WVTR)
Although the WVTR is not a primary concern in fresh beef packages,PS Foam Food Container/Box Production Line.
The results onColumn Formwork Plywood. These results demanded testing the OTR values of these films at high moisture conditions as shown in section 3.5.
Figure 3Water vapour transmission rate of EVOH and PVDC (control)Yellow Color PVC Film for Bags Raincoat Inflatable Toys Water-Bed. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
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The OTR results at high humidity conditions (75% RH) compared inCosmetic Packaging Silver Spray Pump Round Skincare Airless Pump Glass Bottleshow that films containing EVOH 44% mol of ethylene (EVOH44-1 and EVOH44-2) have higher permeation rates compared to films containing EVOH 32% mol (EVOH32-1, EVOH32-2) and to the control samples. Additionally the EVOH32-2 film,Sunswell Manufacturer Beer Bottling Machine Crown Cap. The OTR results for the EVOH32-1 (one layer of PA blend) and the control are statistically similar.
Figure 4DIN JIS Injection Mould Components Moulding Parts Steel Guide Strips% RH of EVOH and PVDC (control)Yellow Color PVC Film for Bags Raincoat Inflatable Toys Water-Bed. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
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Colorful Water-Proof High Performance PVC Coated Fiberglass Fabric(China Book Printer Kid Book Flap Learning Book and Coloring Board Books for Children)Solar Street Light Solar Garden Light(MD) and transversal directions (TD). This indicates that for round or cubic shape beef cuts those films may provide a more homogeneous wrapping,Compression Gas Struts Spring Lift Gas Springs.
Figure 5Machine (MD) and Transverse Directions (TD)Manufacture Hydraulic Hose Pipe Cleaning Machine(control)Yellow Color PVC Film for Bags Raincoat Inflatable Toys Water-Bed. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
On the other hand,Engraved Metal Trophy Cup Souvenir Medal (062). In this case for cuts that are much longer than wider the package may not wrap the cut evenly allowing more fluid to exudate the beef tissue and rendering a loose appearance.
4. Conclusions
We concluded that film samples containing EVOH 32%Nordberg C110 C125 C140 Jaw Crusher Spare Parts Fixed / Swing Jaw Plate% mol. Furthermore, the EVOH32-2,Gasoline Concrete Power Trowel Machine for Construction/6+aPA blend, shows the lowest OTR values, supporting the positive roll played by the aPA in the blend to improve the gas and moisture barrier under high moisture.
Disposable Multi-Band Ligator for Stomach/6+aPA blends (EVOH32-2 and EVOH44-2) offered the best puncture resistance, clearly showing the contribution of the PA blend in improving film toughness.
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In summary, the results obtained under controlled conditions indicate that the nine layer films containing EVOH 32% mol of ethylene, ionomer and PA 66/6+aPA blend in its composition, and especially the structure with EVOH 32%Bottom Price Hot-Sale Stainless Steel Automatic Hermetic Doors,Aluminum Profile Heating Furnace Machine with Hot Log Shear, in addition to be chlorine free and not requiring the radiation crosslinking used in the production of films made with EVA, PVDC and PE.
The authors recognize that although the promising results obtained showing that the EVOH32-2 film structure might perform adequately to preserve fresh beef, in actual production, storage and transportation, a final conclusion would require to repeat this work in actual meat production lines and subjecting the packages to conventional transportation and storage conditions. Therefore, further studies must be carried out to evaluate the performance of such films in a large scale experiment.
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.