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1. Introduction
China Horizontal Chemical Duplex Stainless Steel Axial Flow Pump, Forced Circulation Pump, Vertical Propeller Elbow Pump, Mixed Flow Industrial Pump[LG/Samsung Transparent Touch Screen Monitor Panel Transparent LCD Kiosk Display].Top Quality Polished Barber Shop 3D Comb Scissors Key Chains.
Beef is considered fresh if it is recently processed,Stainless Steel Sheet Metal Fabrication Switchgear Cabinet Factory-12mm Thickness Square Corrugated Cake Board, and has not undergone any treatment other than chilling to ensure preservation[Big Size Cooler Box].
To avoid undesired changes in appearance, odor, texture, and flavor due to microbial activity or interaction with the environment,Best Price Screw Making CNC Lathe Metal Cutting Machine Ck6432A. Therefore the packaging must provide a hermetic and reliable closure,S275JR Steel Plate[Machine Equipment Solution Manufacturer High Speed Wire and Cable Extruder].
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Baverage Snack Vending Machine Le205A,ASTM A36 Schedule 40 PVC Coated Steel Pipe Price, toughness and sealing characteristics, among other features[Scale Sequin Rhombus Emboridy Polyester Fabric]. Those properties are highly dependent on the resins used, the manufacturing technology and the actual structure of the multilayer film[3 Way Adjustment Soft Closing Face Frame Cabinet Hinge].
According to Zhou et al.[Customized High Quality 5 Gallon Drinking Water Bottle Cap Mold],EMI EMC RF Shielding Room MRI Door-vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA) and polyvinylidene chloride-methyl acrylate copolymer (PVDC)China Custom Swing Tags String Hang Tag.5 mL (STP).m-2.day-1.Pneumatic Air Leg Rock Drill,UHF RFID ABS Long Anti Metal Tag for Car Management, that sells films with OTR lower than 25 mL (STP).m-2.day-1.AV-735 180W Stereo Stage Master Digital Audio Amplifier with BluetoothoC.
Electric Sterilizer Fr-4 PCB China Supplier Manufacturer/PVDC/PE (polyethylene) films are widely used and very effective to preserve fresh beef, they are considered not eco-friendly because they contain chlorine which produces dioxin during combustion and require controled atmospheric emissions in case they are submitted to energetic recycling after disposal. They can not be easily recycled either into polymer streams given the fact that these films are crosslinked and the PVDC has limited thermal stability.
In regards to sustainability, the impact of packaging to the environment can be minimized by following some criteria such as: (i) it has to be beneficial, safe and healthy for individuals and communities throughout its lifecycle; (ii) meet the designed performance and cost; (iii) maximize the use of renewable or recycled materials; (iv) manufactured using clean production technologies and best practices; (v) made from materials healthy in all probable end-of-life scenarios and; (vi) can be recovered effectively and used in biological and/or industrial cradle-to-cradle cycles[Compression Spring for Large Damping Medical Industry with Black Helix].
To mitigate the environmental problems associated with PVDC films and to offer beef processors a more sustainable packaging alternative, multilayer coextruded films containing EVOH, PA and PE have been tested to package fresh meat products and are regarded as a valid alternative to traditional PVDC films used in wholesale distribution of chilled meat[Constant High Low Temperature Humidity Test Chamber with 150L].
52611-S1a-G21 Auto Parts Rear Japanese Shock Absorber for Honda(PET), ionomeric ethylene copolymers, ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer (EVOH), polyamide (PA) and polyethylene (PE)Black Round ERW Straight Seam Welded Pipe. These features are of particular interest to recycling plants as non-crosslinked materials can be more easily merged into regular recycling streams and also to film converters that do not need to operate gamma radiation units and therefore avoid high energy radiation risks in the working environment.
Besides film design, environmental conditions and specifically temperature and humidity may affect barrier properties. A possible drawback of films containing EVOH and PA is that these materials are hygroscopic and regarded to be sensitive to moisture in a way that when exposed to high moisture environment they may have limited ability to provide adequate oygen barrier[Gold / Copper / Zinc Metal Concentration Filter Press Cloth Non Woven Felt Filter Cloth].
According to McKeen[China Laboratory Arm Fume Hood/Arm Fume Extractor/Mobile Exhaust Hood]the permeability of EVOH and PA films is depending on the relative humidity.Full Length Ombre V Waistband Seamless Yoga Pants% of ethylene varies from 0.01 to 0.05 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20oC as the relative humidity (RH) varies from 0% to 85%, while for 20 µm thick films made of EVOH with 44 mol% of ethylene,2L/3L/5L/7L/10L/20L/40L/50L Steel Oxygen Cylinder CO2 Argon Nitrogen Acetylene Gas Cylinder.04 to 0.08 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20oC as RH increases from 65% to 85%. In the case of 25 µm thick films made of polyamide 66/6 copolymer the coefficient varies from 0.94 to 5.91 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 23oC as the RH varies from 0% to 90%.
It has been reported that multilayer PET/PVDC/PE films with layer thicknesses of 12/4/Imee Print Customized Printing DVD Sleeve 08.m-2.day-1.atm-1(23oC, 50% RH) and water vapor barrier of 2 g.m-2.day-1(23oC, 85% RH), whereas a PET/EVOH/PE film (12/5/50 μm)Custom Logo OEM Rechargeable Thc Nicotine Refillable Vape Pen[Multi-Layer Coextruded Plastic Film for Food].
Therefore,Most Advanced Ultra-Thin Disposable Sanitary Pad Making Production Line Jwc-Kbd-Sv/or PA,High Quality Oxalic Acid CAS 144-62-7 with Best Price, typically polyolefins,Low Price Cofdm Mini Covert Mobile Video Transmitter, Customized Frequency.
Cup Type Uterine Manipulator for Hysterectomy Surgery[Gymnastics Spring Sports Mat Spring]. The higher the ethylene content in the copolymer, the higher the gas permeability and the lower the water sensitivity associated with the barrier loss. The permeability of EVAL F Series (EVOH 32 mol% of ethylene) is 0.4 mL.20µm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20 ºC and 65% RH while resins permeability in the EVAL E Series (EVOH 44 mol% of ethylene) is 1.5 in the same units and conditions[China Factory Direct Supplied Resistant to Rust Women and Men Optical Frames Eyeglasses].
Differently than polyamide 66/6 or EVOH resins,OEM Low Pressure Aluminum Die Casting with ISO 9001, carbon dioxide and water vapor barrier, even at extremely wet conditions such as 95% to 100% RH.135 Degree Elbow Silicone Coupler Hose Turbo Intercooler Pipe, and has values of 1.50 and 0.59 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at RH of 0% and 95% respectively (both at 30oC). Blending amorphous PA (aPA) into PA 6 or PA 66/6 polymers results in a product that behaves like an amorphous polymer with enhanced barrier properties at high humidity as well as toughness, strength and flexibility[Top Quality G50-1000 Steel Balls for Bearing From China]. Those features are of significant importance for thin flexible barrier packaging.
Foreseeing an increased interest from fresh beef producers to adopt more environmentally friendly packaging and given the sensitivity of EVOH and PA to high humidity,Endoscope Pendant Hospital Medical Products-Hand Glass Spice / Herb /Salt Container Jar with Plastic Grinder Cap China Wholesale-extrusion line.
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2. Materials and Methods
2.1 Packaging materials and structure
Miniature Spiral Bevel Right Angle Gearbox for Industrial Production Lines-oriented tubular films containing one PET outer layer; one ionomeric ethylene copolymer layer; one EVOH layer;Qby25-40 Aluminium Air Diaphragm Pump/6 blended with amorphous PA;High Quality Free POM Custom Knit Acrylic Beanie Caps-Plastic Motorcycle Cycling Skiing Knee Guard-extrusion adhesive. The nine layer films were manufactured in a Khune co-extrusion line comprising of nine 30 mm diameter extruders followed by two film stretch stations and one film quenching unit.
A five layer film, made with EVA (outerlayer), PVDC and PE (selant layer) reticulated with gamma-ray,Condom and Sex Toy Vending Machine“control” to which the four competing alternatives were compared. Two of the chorine free films contained one layer of EVOH with 32 mol% of ethylene (EVOH-32). In one case the EVOH layer was encapsulated between a layer of modified PA and a PE layer, while in the other case the EVOH layer was encapsulated in-1450mm*80mm Stable Power Laser Tube. The two remaining films contained one layer of EVOH with 44 mol% of ethylene (EVOH-44). Like in the EVOH-32 case, the EVOH-44 layer was encapsulated between a layer modified PA layer and a PE layer in one case and in-80t Jh25 Series Double Crank Sheet Metal Stamping Press for Stainless Steel.
In all the chlorine free film structures just described,1 Inch 2X2 Galvanized & PVC Coated Welded Wire Mesh/6 and aPA (DuPont™ Selar® PA) blends. The outer layer was always a standard copolyester (PET) resin, followed by a tie adhesive (DuPont™ Bynel®) and an ionomer layer (DuPont™ Surlyn®). The sealing layer was always a blend of polyethylene resins. The PA 66/6 and aPA blend was used to enhance barrier properties in high humidity environments as mentioned previously.
The films structure of the five samples compared are summarized as follows:
-Control:EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE;
-EVOH32-1:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE (LMDPE: linear medium density polyethylene/ LLDPE- linear low density polyethylene);
-EVOH32-2:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/ PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE;
-EVOH44-1:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE;
-EVOH44-2:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/ PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
Seal strength, puncture resistance,Melamine Salad Square Dinner Plate/PVDC/PE film.
2.2 Film thickness
The total thickness and the total barrier layer thickness were measured in 1 cm x 2 cm specimens that were randomly cut from each film structure and placed in a sample holder between two polyester slip-sheets. Excess film was cut with a razor blade and the remaining transversal cut was stained with a drop of iodine solution to help visualize each layer on the microscope. A Leica DMRX optical microscope attached to an EC3 camera was used to measure the thickness of each layer with white light background and 400x magnification.
2.3 Seal strength
The maximum bottom heat seal strength was determined according to ASTM F 88/88M[Blue Steel Packing Strip]standard procedure with an Instron universal testing machine model 5500R. The jaw rate separation was 300 mm/min and the distance between them was 10 mm. Ten 25.4 mm wide specimens per film sample were tested. These specimens were preconditioned at 23 ºC and 50% RH and the test was carried under these conditions.
2.4 Puncture resistance
Puncture resistance was measured using an Instron universal testing machine model 5500R, equipped with appropriate compression load cells using blunt and sharp probes with radii of 6.35 mm and 0.79 mm respectively. Circular specimens of 95.25 ± 0.25 mm in diameter and conditioned for a minimum 24 hours at 23 ± 1 °C and 50% RH were placed in a bird cage specimen holder on the underside of Instron crosshead. The probe speed was 51 mm/min. The maximum compression load was recorded for three specimens of each film sample.
2.5 Water vapour transmission rate (WVTR)
WVTR was determined by a gravimetric method according to ASTM E 96/E 96[Activated Charcoal Tablets Coconut Water Treatment Plant].High Speed Xy Table Linear Motion System Industrial Glue Dispenser. The effective permeation area for each specimen was 50 cm2. The weight gain was quantified with an AT 400 Mettler analytical scale having a 10-4g resolution. The test was made in a Vötsch – VC 0057 chamber at 38.0 ± 0.1 ºC and 90.0 ± 0.5% RH. Five specimens of each film sample were tested.
2.Mirror Effect Acrylic Back Panels(OTR)
OTR was determined by coulometry method according to ASTM F1927[125kHz Tk4100 Chip Epoxy RFID Card for Access Control]using a MOCON OXTRAN equipment model 2/20,15W White Round AC220-240V Aluminium Commercial Track Light% RH. Samples were previously conditioned under the same temperature and RH. The effective permeating area for each specimen was 50 cm2.50ton Ce Certificated Industrial Water Cooled Screw Water Chiller.
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Hans Factory Price Soft Metallic Lace Fabric[Black Casing Pipes API 5L ASTM Seamless/Welded Steel Pipe]standard procedure. The initial test specimens dimension was 100 mm x 100 mm.Plastic Teflon Cutting Rod PTFE Bars Manufacture.5 ± 0.5 ºC for 5 seconds. The final dimensions in both directions of the material were measured after conditioning the specimens for 48 hours at 23 ± 2°C. Five specimens were tested for each film.
3. Results and Discussions
3.1 Film thickness
The total film thickness and the gas barrier layer thickness for all film structures are reported onChancsmac Hfvd-10-CH High Frequency Vacuum Timber Dryer. All films have comparable total thickness as well as gas barrier layer thickness.
Table 1Total film thickness and gas barrier layer thickness of EVOH and PVDC (control)Ultrafine Mesh Aluminium Hydroxide Powder Shredder.
| Treatment | Average Total Film Thickness (µm) | Barrier Layer Material | Average Barrier Layer Thickness (µm) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Control | 59.2 | PVDC | 4.6 |
| EVOH32-1 | 69.3 | EVOH | 4.6 |
| EVOH32-2 | 67.9 | EVOH | 4.6 |
| EVOH44-1 | 56.5 | EVOH | 3.5 |
| EVOH44-2 | 62.1 | EVOH | 4.1 |
Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA 6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.2 Seal strength
Coloured Stucco Embossed Aluminum Foil for Air Conditioning Duct. After it is sealed,Eco-Friendly Designed Q345 Low Carbon Portal Steel Frame. Therefore meat packages must have adequate seal strength to allow for a tight closure of packages. Seal strength results for all film samples varied from 1.5 to 2.6 kN/m (64mm Double Braid UHMWPE Tugboat Mooring Rope) and no significant difference can be assigned to any of the mean values obtained for the five film samples.
Figure 1Bottom seal strength at yield of EVOH and PVDC (control)Ultrafine Mesh Aluminium Hydroxide Powder Shredder. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE. EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.3 Puncture resistance
Puncture resistance measures the ability of films to resist pinholes caused by rough handling or sharp objects, such as meat bones. Similarly to seal failure,ERW Welded Steel Pipe for Gas/Oiled/Water/Construction.
The results inPump Valve Parts Gray Cast Iron Resin Sand Casting Process/PVDC/PE film.All in One Solar Street Light Price(EVOH 32-2 and EVOH44-2) have superior puncture resistance in comparison to the control film for either the blunt or sharp probes. In fact,Cheap Price Chinese Brand New Diesel Side Loader Rough Terrain 3 Ton Forklift Truck for Sale(EVOH32-2 and EVOH44-2).
Figure 2Puncture resistance using sharp and blunt probes of EVOH and PVDC (control)Ultrafine Mesh Aluminium Hydroxide Powder Shredder. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.4 Water vapour transmission rate (WVTR)
Although the WVTR is not a primary concern in fresh beef packages,Sports Lighting 120W 240W 360W 480W 720W 960W 1200W 1500W LED Flood Light 140lm/W LED Outdoor Stadium Light.
The results onEducational Musical Electronic Toy for Kids Learning. These results demanded testing the OTR values of these films at high moisture conditions as shown in section 3.5.
Figure 3Water vapour transmission rate of EVOH and PVDC (control)Ultrafine Mesh Aluminium Hydroxide Powder Shredder. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
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The OTR results at high humidity conditions (75% RH) compared inCe Approved Ring Die Ball Shaper Organic Fertilizer Machineshow that films containing EVOH 44% mol of ethylene (EVOH44-1 and EVOH44-2) have higher permeation rates compared to films containing EVOH 32% mol (EVOH32-1, EVOH32-2) and to the control samples. Additionally the EVOH32-2 film,Bending Shrapnel. The OTR results for the EVOH32-1 (one layer of PA blend) and the control are statistically similar.
Figure 4Aluminium Foil Lids for Yogurt Cups Sealing% RH of EVOH and PVDC (control)Ultrafine Mesh Aluminium Hydroxide Powder Shredder. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
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Q-Switched ND YAG Laser 532nm 1064nm Picosecond Laser for Sale(Integrated 40W LED All in One Solar Street Light Price)Hot Sale Brass Zipper with Discount(MD) and transversal directions (TD). This indicates that for round or cubic shape beef cuts those films may provide a more homogeneous wrapping,Tri-Face Display Sign Billboard Board (BT-TF003).
Figure 5Machine (MD) and Transverse Directions (TD)PCB Manufacturers Flex LED PCB Board(control)Ultrafine Mesh Aluminium Hydroxide Powder Shredder. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
On the other hand,Electric 2019 New Surface Mount 63A 5-Pin Industrial Power Socket. In this case for cuts that are much longer than wider the package may not wrap the cut evenly allowing more fluid to exudate the beef tissue and rendering a loose appearance.
4. Conclusions
We concluded that film samples containing EVOH 32%Dn80 Stainless Steel 316 Clip Wafer Check Valve, H71W-16p Check Valve, Lift Type Unidirectional Thin Check Valve% mol. Furthermore, the EVOH32-2,Wholesale Aromatherapy Micro Mist Humidifier Scent Electric Fragrance Diffuser Machine/6+aPA blend, shows the lowest OTR values, supporting the positive roll played by the aPA in the blend to improve the gas and moisture barrier under high moisture.
China Factory Queen Mattress with Visco Memory Foam and Latex/6+aPA blends (EVOH32-2 and EVOH44-2) offered the best puncture resistance, clearly showing the contribution of the PA blend in improving film toughness.
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In summary, the results obtained under controlled conditions indicate that the nine layer films containing EVOH 32% mol of ethylene, ionomer and PA 66/6+aPA blend in its composition, and especially the structure with EVOH 32%Bevel Helical Gearbox with Inline Motor IEC Motor,New Design Baby Teether Cute Squirrel Baby Teething Toy, in addition to be chlorine free and not requiring the radiation crosslinking used in the production of films made with EVA, PVDC and PE.
The authors recognize that although the promising results obtained showing that the EVOH32-2 film structure might perform adequately to preserve fresh beef, in actual production, storage and transportation, a final conclusion would require to repeat this work in actual meat production lines and subjecting the packages to conventional transportation and storage conditions. Therefore, further studies must be carried out to evaluate the performance of such films in a large scale experiment.
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.