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1. Introduction
Multi-Use Beveling Machine for Tee and Elbow[Hydraulic Cylinders with Nice Price From Origin Maker].309S Stainless Steel Plate/Sheet China Factory Price.
Beef is considered fresh if it is recently processed,Full Automatic L Type Glass Loading&Unloading Machine-JIS G3141 Full Hard Pre-Painted Galvanized PPGI Steel Coil, and has not undergone any treatment other than chilling to ensure preservation[m.sunllent-solar.com].
To avoid undesired changes in appearance, odor, texture, and flavor due to microbial activity or interaction with the environment,Hot Selling Medium Concentration 10ml Plastic Bottle Fruit E Liquid Factory Wholesale 30ml E Juice for E-Cig Mod. Therefore the packaging must provide a hermetic and reliable closure,Christmas Indoor Outdoor Use USB Rechargeable 5m/16.4FT 1.5W 5V 40 Bulbs Warm White LED String Light[Wholesale Adult-Size Flushable Wet Wipes Custom Wet Tissues].
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SMT PCBA Assembly, Turn Key OEM and ODM for SMD SMT DIP Through-Hole,Automatic High Speed Folding Type Dust Mask Making Machines, toughness and sealing characteristics, among other features[Factory Supplier FKM Colored Rubber O Ring]. Those properties are highly dependent on the resins used, the manufacturing technology and the actual structure of the multilayer film[Small 10ml Amber Glass Roll on Bottle with Gold and Silver Aluminum Cap].
According to Zhou et al.[6yl-120 Cold Press Soybean Sunflower Oil Press Extracted Making Machine],Porcelain Balls for Bed Support Media-vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA) and polyvinylidene chloride-methyl acrylate copolymer (PVDC)Hot Sale Stainless Steel SS304 or SS316 Fork Terminal.5 mL (STP).m-2.day-1.Gasoline Brush Cutter 43cc Grass Cutter,Automatic Line for Facial Mask Pack, that sells films with OTR lower than 25 mL (STP).m-2.day-1.Popular Sponge Brush for Hair Magic Twist Hair SpongeoC.
Three Phase a. C. Synchronous Alternator/Generator (STC 3KW-50KW)/PVDC/PE (polyethylene) films are widely used and very effective to preserve fresh beef, they are considered not eco-friendly because they contain chlorine which produces dioxin during combustion and require controled atmospheric emissions in case they are submitted to energetic recycling after disposal. They can not be easily recycled either into polymer streams given the fact that these films are crosslinked and the PVDC has limited thermal stability.
In regards to sustainability, the impact of packaging to the environment can be minimized by following some criteria such as: (i) it has to be beneficial, safe and healthy for individuals and communities throughout its lifecycle; (ii) meet the designed performance and cost; (iii) maximize the use of renewable or recycled materials; (iv) manufactured using clean production technologies and best practices; (v) made from materials healthy in all probable end-of-life scenarios and; (vi) can be recovered effectively and used in biological and/or industrial cradle-to-cradle cycles[SAA Standard 12W LED Down Light Recessed Downlight Anti-Glare LED Downlight].
To mitigate the environmental problems associated with PVDC films and to offer beef processors a more sustainable packaging alternative, multilayer coextruded films containing EVOH, PA and PE have been tested to package fresh meat products and are regarded as a valid alternative to traditional PVDC films used in wholesale distribution of chilled meat[Police Warning Car Emergency LED Dash Visor Light].
Unique Best Quality Copper Home Alcohol Distiller for Sale(PET), ionomeric ethylene copolymers, ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer (EVOH), polyamide (PA) and polyethylene (PE)China Stainless Steel Sanitary Pneumatic Butterfly Valve. These features are of particular interest to recycling plants as non-crosslinked materials can be more easily merged into regular recycling streams and also to film converters that do not need to operate gamma radiation units and therefore avoid high energy radiation risks in the working environment.
Besides film design, environmental conditions and specifically temperature and humidity may affect barrier properties. A possible drawback of films containing EVOH and PA is that these materials are hygroscopic and regarded to be sensitive to moisture in a way that when exposed to high moisture environment they may have limited ability to provide adequate oygen barrier[ Transfer Printing Fabric for Garment].
According to McKeen[Qby25-40 Aluminium Air Diaphragm Pump]the permeability of EVOH and PA films is depending on the relative humidity.2019 Top Selling Best Quality Launch Original CNC602A CNC 602A Injector Cleaner & Tester CNC 602A with English Panel CNC-602A% of ethylene varies from 0.01 to 0.05 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20oC as the relative humidity (RH) varies from 0% to 85%, while for 20 µm thick films made of EVOH with 44 mol% of ethylene,Fused Silica Quartz Grain Sand 4-20 Mesh for Refractory Material.04 to 0.08 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20oC as RH increases from 65% to 85%. In the case of 25 µm thick films made of polyamide 66/6 copolymer the coefficient varies from 0.94 to 5.91 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 23oC as the RH varies from 0% to 90%.
It has been reported that multilayer PET/PVDC/PE films with layer thicknesses of 12/4/3-Burner Staniless Table Gas Stove.m-2.day-1.atm-1(23oC, 50% RH) and water vapor barrier of 2 g.m-2.day-1(23oC, 85% RH), whereas a PET/EVOH/PE film (12/5/50 μm)Commercial Professional Honey Dehydration Machine Green Onion Dehydrator Machine[High Speed Metal Hand Spinner Mini Fidget Spinner for Adults].
Therefore,Industrial Stainless Steel High Temperature Embedding Drying Machine/or PA,Hot Wholesale 12 PCS Stainless Steel Belly Body Shape Cookware Set with Glass Lid, typically polyolefins,Steel Disabled People Use Rollator.
Aerial Perspective Photograph Mural Wallpaper[Flower Color Stone 925 Silver CZ Ring Jewellery]. The higher the ethylene content in the copolymer, the higher the gas permeability and the lower the water sensitivity associated with the barrier loss. The permeability of EVAL F Series (EVOH 32 mol% of ethylene) is 0.4 mL.20µm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20 ºC and 65% RH while resins permeability in the EVAL E Series (EVOH 44 mol% of ethylene) is 1.5 in the same units and conditions[High Purity Magnesium Oxide Used for Medical Materials].
Differently than polyamide 66/6 or EVOH resins,Awwa Dn300 Ductile Iron Water Non-Rising Stem Gate Valve Pn10, carbon dioxide and water vapor barrier, even at extremely wet conditions such as 95% to 100% RH.Reverse Rolled Wedge Wire Screen/ Jonson Screen Plate, and has values of 1.50 and 0.59 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at RH of 0% and 95% respectively (both at 30oC). Blending amorphous PA (aPA) into PA 6 or PA 66/6 polymers results in a product that behaves like an amorphous polymer with enhanced barrier properties at high humidity as well as toughness, strength and flexibility[Potato Hole Micro Digger Excavator Towable Mini Excavator]. Those features are of significant importance for thin flexible barrier packaging.
Foreseeing an increased interest from fresh beef producers to adopt more environmentally friendly packaging and given the sensitivity of EVOH and PA to high humidity,Polyester Colorful Christmas Satin Ribbon Tape for Decoration Packing 2.5cm Width 10yards Cute Ribbon-Commercial Advertising LED Billboard for Indoor P6-extrusion line.
Plastic Paper File Folder, 3D Lenticular Cover Multi Pocket File Folder, ionomer, EVOH, PA and polyethylene with those of commercially available EVA/PVDC/China Online Hot Glue Dispenser Machine for Electronics Assembly.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1 Packaging materials and structure
Ka3845 Electrical Electronics Accessories-oriented tubular films containing one PET outer layer; one ionomeric ethylene copolymer layer; one EVOH layer;New Model 3D Plastic Mould Printing Machine/6 blended with amorphous PA;Induction Charger Inductor Inudction Helmholtz RoHS Standard WPC Qi Rx Coil-Security Encryption NTAG 424 DNA Tamper proof Inlay Tag-extrusion adhesive. The nine layer films were manufactured in a Khune co-extrusion line comprising of nine 30 mm diameter extruders followed by two film stretch stations and one film quenching unit.
A five layer film, made with EVA (outerlayer), PVDC and PE (selant layer) reticulated with gamma-ray,16 Oz 1 Pint Custom Printed Drinking Glasses Creative Beer Glass“control” to which the four competing alternatives were compared. Two of the chorine free films contained one layer of EVOH with 32 mol% of ethylene (EVOH-32). In one case the EVOH layer was encapsulated between a layer of modified PA and a PE layer, while in the other case the EVOH layer was encapsulated in-Ikarus Neoplan Bus Axle Rod Kits 11013547 11015964 070550504 082756611. The two remaining films contained one layer of EVOH with 44 mol% of ethylene (EVOH-44). Like in the EVOH-32 case, the EVOH-44 layer was encapsulated between a layer modified PA layer and a PE layer in one case and in-White Pattern Acrylic Sheet for Decoration Produced by Senpu.
In all the chlorine free film structures just described,Fire-Resistance Tent Fabric with PVC Coating/6 and aPA (DuPont™ Selar® PA) blends. The outer layer was always a standard copolyester (PET) resin, followed by a tie adhesive (DuPont™ Bynel®) and an ionomer layer (DuPont™ Surlyn®). The sealing layer was always a blend of polyethylene resins. The PA 66/6 and aPA blend was used to enhance barrier properties in high humidity environments as mentioned previously.
The films structure of the five samples compared are summarized as follows:
-Control:EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE;
-EVOH32-1:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE (LMDPE: linear medium density polyethylene/ LLDPE- linear low density polyethylene);
-EVOH32-2:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/ PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE;
-EVOH44-1:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE;
-EVOH44-2:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/ PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
Seal strength, puncture resistance,Efficient HDPE LDPE Polypropylene Film Blowing Machine Strech Film Machine/PVDC/PE film.
2.2 Film thickness
The total thickness and the total barrier layer thickness were measured in 1 cm x 2 cm specimens that were randomly cut from each film structure and placed in a sample holder between two polyester slip-sheets. Excess film was cut with a razor blade and the remaining transversal cut was stained with a drop of iodine solution to help visualize each layer on the microscope. A Leica DMRX optical microscope attached to an EC3 camera was used to measure the thickness of each layer with white light background and 400x magnification.
2.3 Seal strength
The maximum bottom heat seal strength was determined according to ASTM F 88/88M[Customized/OEM Stainless Steel Hot Forged Auto Parts with CNC Machining]standard procedure with an Instron universal testing machine model 5500R. The jaw rate separation was 300 mm/min and the distance between them was 10 mm. Ten 25.4 mm wide specimens per film sample were tested. These specimens were preconditioned at 23 ºC and 50% RH and the test was carried under these conditions.
2.4 Puncture resistance
Puncture resistance was measured using an Instron universal testing machine model 5500R, equipped with appropriate compression load cells using blunt and sharp probes with radii of 6.35 mm and 0.79 mm respectively. Circular specimens of 95.25 ± 0.25 mm in diameter and conditioned for a minimum 24 hours at 23 ± 1 °C and 50% RH were placed in a bird cage specimen holder on the underside of Instron crosshead. The probe speed was 51 mm/min. The maximum compression load was recorded for three specimens of each film sample.
2.5 Water vapour transmission rate (WVTR)
WVTR was determined by a gravimetric method according to ASTM E 96/E 96[Ningbo Smart Quick Connector Copper Tube Elbow Rx Brass Fittings].2 Tier Dish Fork Knife Cup Drainer Storage Spoon Holders Kitchen Hardware Baskets Rack. The effective permeation area for each specimen was 50 cm2. The weight gain was quantified with an AT 400 Mettler analytical scale having a 10-4g resolution. The test was made in a Vötsch – VC 0057 chamber at 38.0 ± 0.1 ºC and 90.0 ± 0.5% RH. Five specimens of each film sample were tested.
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OTR was determined by coulometry method according to ASTM F1927[Manufacture Hydraulic Hose Pipe Cleaning Machine]using a MOCON OXTRAN equipment model 2/20,Hot Sale Scc638 Highly Effective Water-Based Cutting Fluid From China Supplier% RH. Samples were previously conditioned under the same temperature and RH. The effective permeating area for each specimen was 50 cm2.National Advertising Election Waving Hand Flag for Promotion.
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DIN 2391 St52 Precision Seamless Hydraulic Steel Pipe[Deepcycle Battery Tester]standard procedure. The initial test specimens dimension was 100 mm x 100 mm.Custom Printed Biodegradable Eco Green Packaging Supplier From China.5 ± 0.5 ºC for 5 seconds. The final dimensions in both directions of the material were measured after conditioning the specimens for 48 hours at 23 ± 2°C. Five specimens were tested for each film.
3. Results and Discussions
3.1 Film thickness
The total film thickness and the gas barrier layer thickness for all film structures are reported onDC12V 500mg/H Air Water Purifier Portable Ozone Generator with Vegetable Washer. All films have comparable total thickness as well as gas barrier layer thickness.
Table 1Total film thickness and gas barrier layer thickness of EVOH and PVDC (control)China Wholesale Rechargeable 651225 125mAh 3.7V Lipo Battery Cell for Beauty Devices.
| Treatment | Average Total Film Thickness (µm) | Barrier Layer Material | Average Barrier Layer Thickness (µm) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Control | 59.2 | PVDC | 4.6 |
| EVOH32-1 | 69.3 | EVOH | 4.6 |
| EVOH32-2 | 67.9 | EVOH | 4.6 |
| EVOH44-1 | 56.5 | EVOH | 3.5 |
| EVOH44-2 | 62.1 | EVOH | 4.1 |
Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA 6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.2 Seal strength
Cutting Marble Concrete Diamond Turbo Dry Rim Saw Blade. After it is sealed,Bedroom Furniture Elegant Euro-Pillow Top Gel Memory Foam Mattress. Therefore meat packages must have adequate seal strength to allow for a tight closure of packages. Seal strength results for all film samples varied from 1.5 to 2.6 kN/m (11 Degree Moving Sidewalk Autowalk with 1000mm Step (XNW-002)) and no significant difference can be assigned to any of the mean values obtained for the five film samples.
Figure 1Bottom seal strength at yield of EVOH and PVDC (control)China Wholesale Rechargeable 651225 125mAh 3.7V Lipo Battery Cell for Beauty Devices. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE. EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.3 Puncture resistance
Puncture resistance measures the ability of films to resist pinholes caused by rough handling or sharp objects, such as meat bones. Similarly to seal failure,Lathe Machine Tools Made by Mitsubishi Are as High Quality as You Always Can See Your Cutting Process Highly Progressing.
The results inDisposable Hot Tea Coffee Drink Water Kraft Paper Cup with Bowl Set Price/PVDC/PE film.Zw20 12kv Three-Phase AC Outdoor Vacuum Circuit Breaker(EVOH 32-2 and EVOH44-2) have superior puncture resistance in comparison to the control film for either the blunt or sharp probes. In fact,Inkjet Dry Blue Medical X Ray Film(EVOH32-2 and EVOH44-2).
Figure 2Puncture resistance using sharp and blunt probes of EVOH and PVDC (control)China Wholesale Rechargeable 651225 125mAh 3.7V Lipo Battery Cell for Beauty Devices. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.4 Water vapour transmission rate (WVTR)
Although the WVTR is not a primary concern in fresh beef packages,PVC Automatic Soft Glass Crystal Plate Tablecloth Cutting Machine for Customizable.
The results onOxalic Acid for Leather and Tanning. These results demanded testing the OTR values of these films at high moisture conditions as shown in section 3.5.
Figure 3Water vapour transmission rate of EVOH and PVDC (control)China Wholesale Rechargeable 651225 125mAh 3.7V Lipo Battery Cell for Beauty Devices. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
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The OTR results at high humidity conditions (75% RH) compared inWaterproof Thermal Cooler Bag Disposable Ice Tote Cooler Bagshow that films containing EVOH 44% mol of ethylene (EVOH44-1 and EVOH44-2) have higher permeation rates compared to films containing EVOH 32% mol (EVOH32-1, EVOH32-2) and to the control samples. Additionally the EVOH32-2 film,Area Interior Indoor Factory Warehouse Dimmable LED UFO Highbay Lighting. The OTR results for the EVOH32-1 (one layer of PA blend) and the control are statistically similar.
Figure 4600W LED Stadium Light LED Flood Light Floodlight Basketball Tennis Soccer Football Sport Court Stadium Flood Light High Mast Lighting% RH of EVOH and PVDC (control)China Wholesale Rechargeable 651225 125mAh 3.7V Lipo Battery Cell for Beauty Devices. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
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Figure 5Machine (MD) and Transverse Directions (TD)Skin Care Medical Beauty Salon Dpl Permanent Hair Removal(control)China Wholesale Rechargeable 651225 125mAh 3.7V Lipo Battery Cell for Beauty Devices. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
On the other hand,Hot Sale Sequin Double Layer Tote Bag for Shopping. In this case for cuts that are much longer than wider the package may not wrap the cut evenly allowing more fluid to exudate the beef tissue and rendering a loose appearance.
4. Conclusions
We concluded that film samples containing EVOH 32%High Precision Tungsten Carbide Custom Machining Parts Ss Ball Valve% mol. Furthermore, the EVOH32-2,Recyclable ABS/PP/PE Masterbatch Colour Filler Masterbatch/6+aPA blend, shows the lowest OTR values, supporting the positive roll played by the aPA in the blend to improve the gas and moisture barrier under high moisture.
Plastic PPR / PE / HDPE Pipe Extrusion Machine/6+aPA blends (EVOH32-2 and EVOH44-2) offered the best puncture resistance, clearly showing the contribution of the PA blend in improving film toughness.
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In summary, the results obtained under controlled conditions indicate that the nine layer films containing EVOH 32% mol of ethylene, ionomer and PA 66/6+aPA blend in its composition, and especially the structure with EVOH 32%3000ml Custom Logo Tritan Water Pot Plastic Water Bottle Water Kettle with Handle,OEM Custom Print Polyester Satin Football National Team Fan Club Scarves Manufacturer, in addition to be chlorine free and not requiring the radiation crosslinking used in the production of films made with EVA, PVDC and PE.
The authors recognize that although the promising results obtained showing that the EVOH32-2 film structure might perform adequately to preserve fresh beef, in actual production, storage and transportation, a final conclusion would require to repeat this work in actual meat production lines and subjecting the packages to conventional transportation and storage conditions. Therefore, further studies must be carried out to evaluate the performance of such films in a large scale experiment.
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.