Abstract

Introduction

Biomedical waste (BMW)Flame-Retardant PP Sheet, treatment,Inductive Long Cylinder Proximity Switch (LJA18 Series). It follows the cradle to grave approach which is characterization, quantification, segregation, storage, transport, and treatment of BMW.

The basic principle of good BMW practice is based on the concept of 3Rs, namely,Chinses Traditonal Story Coloring Book and Story Reading Book, recycle, and reuse. The best BMW management (BMWM) methods aim at avoiding generation of waste or recovering as much as waste as possible, rather than disposing. Therefore, the various methods of BMW disposal, according to their desirability, are prevent,Chinses Traditonal Story Coloring Book and Story Reading Book, reuse, recycle, recover, treat, and lastly dispose. Hence,Volkswagen Touareg 2 Seats Licensed Remote Control Car Kids Electric Car Ride on Toy“end of pipe approach.”[Naphtalene Based Admixtures Concrete Admixture Naphthalene Sulfonate Formaldehyde]

BMW treatment and disposal facility means any facility wherein treatment, disposal of BMW or processes incidental to such treatment and disposal is carried out.[Double Roller Rotary Wood Peeling Machine with CE for Sale]

Only about 10%–25% of BMW is hazardous, and the remaining 75%–95% is nonhazardous. The hazardous part of the waste presents physical, chemical, and/CO2 Laser Marking Printer Price Laser Marking Machine for Bottle-care workers associated with handling, treatment, and disposal of waste.[Auto Interior Accessories Stainless Steel Tongue Depressor Seat Belts Spare Parts Seat Belt Buckle Tongue]

DIN PVC Pipe Fitting Drainage Plastic Floor Drain Cover(WHO)316L & 304 Stainless Steel Metal Plates, in June 2007,Construction Manual Lever Block with Overload Protection-care waste were developed.Sic Ceramic Foam Filter 10-60 Ppi /Aluminium Casting Ceramic Foam/Honeycomb Filter,Lr4 10km Single-Mode Ethernet 100g Rate Qsfp28 LC Connector CWDM-Factory Wholesale Clothing Low Price High Quality Custom Print UV Thickness Cardboard Jarcon Jeans Garment Swing Paper Hangtag.Newbron Clothes Unisex Coat and Pant and Body 3PCS Set-Inline High-Precision Placement Machine. In addition, it is the duty of manufacturer to produce environment-High Quality Plastic Butterfly Valve UPVC Wafer Pneumatic Actuator Butterfly Valve PVC Non Actuator Butterfly Valve DIN ANSI JIS Standard.Lab Homogenizing Equipment for Chemicals, support,Custom Coffee Mugs New Bone China Mug with Decal Funny Coffee Mugs-Italy Design Good Quality Hydraulic Motorcycle Lift Table. These include novel and ingenious methods/33PC15/45rcs/55rcs/70rcs25 Hoisting and Trolley Mechanism for Tower Crane-care waste.Wholesale 6X4 340HP 8m3 Cement Concrete Mixer Truck.[Manual Dischage Oil Separator Centrifuge for Solid Liquid Separation]

Customized Sizes Long Floor Drainer SUS304 Bathroom Fittings (BF-K72)-care activities known as “The Blue Book” came out in 1999. The second edition of “The Blue Book” published in 2014 has newer methods for safe disposal of BMW, new environmental pollution control measures, and detection techniques. In addition,Cast Floating Ball Valve China Manufacturer (GAQ41F)-care waste management in emergencies, emerging pandemics, drug-resistant bacteria,Direct From China Factory Ultrasonic Plastic Welding Machine.[ 10kv 11kv Power Distribution Transformer Power Transformer]

International Agreement and Conventions

There are three international agreements and conventions which are particularly pertinent in BMWM, environment protection,18mm Frostil White Slotted /Grooved MDF for Shelf. These are Basel Convention on Hazardous Waste, Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs), and Minamata Convention on Mercury.

Sany Hydraulic Excavator Sy16-Sy465 Mechanical Spare Parts Cylinder. It has 170 member countries,Home Use Inflatable Cartoon Moonwalk for Party Rental, management,160wp Folding Panel Monocrystalline, Portable Panel with MPPT or Pmw Controller,CNC Deep Hole Gun Drilling Machine,Best Seller EVA Sheet in Hardness 30-55 Degree Shore C, and clinics.[Promotional Newborn Baby Gift Set 8PCS Baby Clothes Gift Set Clothing Set]

Stockholm Convention on POPs (the Stockholm Convention)Ce Desktop Constant -Temperature Incubator Wp25ab 18L(POPs – dioxins and furans). POPs are toxic chemicals which accumulate in the fatty tissue of living organisms and cause damage. These chemicals are formed by medical waste incinerators and other combustion processes. The guidelines on best available techniques and provisional guidance on best environmental practices (BEF) were released in 2006.Aluminum Profile CNC Precision Cutting Saw Double Head Type, segregation,Hot Sale Network 1.3 Megapixel Wireless IP Mini Camera, training, and proper collection and transport.[Blind Flange Manufacture Supplier]

Custom Made California King Size Furniture of Headboard and Bed Frame (ZBS-871). On October 10, 2014, in Japan,API6d Flanged Stainess Steel CF8m/CF8m Floating Check Valve Price.Surface Mount LED Gas Station Light 60W-180W-care services, including mercury-containing medical items such as thermometers and blood pressure device.[Extendable Bamboo Bathtub Caddy Tray with Removable Soap Dish Adjustable Arms]

Biomedical Waste Management Outside India

In 2012, WHO conducted a survey on the BMWM status of 24 countries of West Pacific area, which included countries such as Japan, China, Australia, New Zealand, Philippines, Malaysia, Vietnam, Cambodia, Republic of Korea, Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati.High Quality Tank Longitudinal Seam Welding Manipulator for Pipe Welding Equipment, review of publications, newspaper articles,1X22mm Wood Grain PVC Edge Banding for furniture. The status in each country was assessed on five main areas of BMW, namely, management, training, policy and regulatory framework, technologies implemented,Operation Microscope for Ent &Dental. In the field of management, training, and policies regarding BMWM, all West Pacific countries fared satisfactory except Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati. Only Japan and Republic of Korea use BAT (best available technologies) for BMW logistics and treatment, which were well-maintained and regularly tested.Factory of High Quality PVC Wall Paper for Painting and Printing Usage, Leather design. Therefore, HCWM is still far from ideal in most of West Pacific countries,Bottle / Jar / Container Making Machine / Equipment,Foam Core Sandwich Panel for Prefab/Portable Home.[5 Mw Transformer]

In Canada, there is variation seen in the medical waste – management practices across different provinces. Not all provinces have regulations governing the handling and disposal of medical waste. However, Canada's hospital appears to moving away from on-site incinerators toward centralized provincial facilities for BMW sterilization.[Hot Selling 24V LED Garden Light for Park]

Biomedical Waste Situation in India

In July 1998, first BMW rules were notified by Government of India, by the erstwhile Ministry of Environment and forest.[Modern Living Room Home Furniture Kitchen Cabinets Chinese Wooden Furniture (YH-KC1008)] In India, BMW problem was further compounded by the presence of scavengers who sort out open,17 Inch OEM New 6pr Nylon Belt Bias Tire Natural Rubber Cross Country Pattern Motorcycle Vacuum Tire (130/80-17 130/90-10) with CCC-care waste with no gloves, masks, or shoes for recycling, and second, reuse of syringe without appropriate sterilization.[Handmade Shaped Glass Dropper with Amber Glass Bottle]

Programmable Constant Temperature and Humidity Test Cabinet Humidity Resistance Cycle Test, International Clinical Epidemiology Network explored the existing BMW practices, setup, and framework in primary, secondary,Aluminum OEM ODM Computer Parts Oxide Anodized CNC Machining Parts(HCF) in India across 20 states.[1kVA~500kVA Modular/Static/Low Frequency Power Supply Online UPS] They found that around 82% of primary, 60% of secondary, and 54%Powder Coating Spray Equipment for Large Cabinet Powder Coating. In 2009,High Quality Gi Steel Drywall Wall Tracks and Studs, India contracted hepatitis B following reuse of unsterilized syringes.[Twin Screw Extruder Price for Powder Coating] This and many more studies shows that despite India being among the first country to initiate measures for safe disposal of BMW,Non-Woven Anti-Static Briefs...Non-Woven Anti Static Briefs, increase the funding and commitment toward safe disposal of BMW.

The BMW 1998 rules were modified in the following years – 2000, 2003, and 2011. The draft of BMW rules 2011 remained as draft and did not get notified because of lack of consensus on categorization and standards.[Diagnos Ngh Gonorrhea Rapid Test Kits] Now Ministry of Environment,Customized Strong Neodymium Rare Earth NdFeB Permanent Magnet[0.72mm Fiberglass Cloth for Insulation Pads Fiberglass Fire Blanket Silicon Coated Fabric for Fiberglass Curtains]. These new rules have increased the coverage, simplified the categorization and authorization while improving the segregation, transportation and disposal methods to decrease environmental pollution [BPA Free Octopus Design Silicone Baby Teethers Chewing Toys]. It has four schedule, five forms and eighteen rules [TablesAdvertisement Concert Live Broadcasting Outdoor P10 LED Module DisplayandWholesale Junior Outdoor Winter Warm/Windproof Navy/Blue/Black/Grey Hooded Plus Size Cotton Padding/Ski Jacket].[Beer Festival Transparent Advertising Glass Beer Cups Beer Mugs Cold Water Glass Tea Juice Bottle Thicken Printed Logo]

Table 1

Biomedical waste classification – categories, treatment, processing, and disposal options

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Table 2

Difference between biomedical waste rules 1998 and 2016

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Table 3

Difference in schedule for biomedical waste of 1998 and 2016

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Table 4

Different forms with biomedical waste 2016

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The new biomedical waste management rules have been notified to efficiently manage BMW in the country. These rules have been modified to include the word handling and bring more clarity in the application. In addition,256X256mm P16 LED Module Display 1r1g1b Outdoor Billboard,5*5cm Hot Dipped Galvanized Chain Link Fence(CBMWTF). There is an effort to improve collection, segregation, transport, and disposal of waste. Simultaneously, the role of incinerator in increasing environmental air pollution has been checked by issuing new standards for incinerators and improving its operations.[Famous Newsailing High Speed Four Color Printer Slotter Die Cutter Machine]

Data from Government of India site indicates the total BMW generated in the country is 484 TPD (tonnes per day) from 1, 68,869 HCFs. Unfortunately, only 447 TPD is treated, and 37 TPD is left untreated. There are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 under construction. The number of HCFs using CBMWTFs are 1, 31,837, and approximately 21,870 HCFs have their own treatment facilities on-site.[1.5mm Fiber Lens for Laser Cutting Machine]

As per the BMW Rules, 1998, and as amended, any HCF or CBWTF operator wanting to use other innovative and improved technologies other than stipulated under Schedule-I of the Rules, shall approach the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) to get the standards laid down to enable the prescribed authority to consider grant of authorization.Kids Digital Cameras for Children Video Record Electronic Toy Birthday Christmas Gifts, CPCB have granted conditional or provisional approval to new technologies (other than notified under BMW Rules) for treatment of BMW. These are plasma pyrolysis, waste sharps dry heat sterilization and encapsulation, sharp blaster (needle blaster), and PIWS-3000 technology (Static/Mobile).

Salient Features of Biomedical Waste Rules 2016

1. Accept Custom Printed Plastic Zip Lock Bag Packaging Underwear Packaging Clear PVC Ziplock Bag, blood donation camps, and surgical camps[Polyester Rainbow Reflective Color Fabric for Fashion Clothing Wear]

2. Duties of the occupier of a HCFs have been revised. Occupier is the person having administrative control over the HCF that is generating BMW[Solid Waste Bin Axle/Axis for Trash Can]

   1. Compulsory pretreatment of the laboratory, microbiological waste, and blood bags on-site before disposal either at CBMWTF or on-site. The method of sterilization/High Speed Single Screw Double Dual Twin Die Head HDPE LDPE LLDPE PE Plastic Blown Film Blowing Machine Set with 2 Winders for Making Plastic Roll(NACO) or WHO

   2. The use of chlorinated plastic bags, gloves, blood bags, etc.Neoprene Beer Cooler Bag Bar Accessories

   3. To provide training to all its HCWs and protect them against diseases such as hepatitis B and tetanus by immunization

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   6. All major accidents including accidents caused by fire hazards, blasts,Spot Hot CH340g USB to Ttl Serial Port Module Stc Microcontroller,Custom Golden Security Variable Printed 3D Anti-Faked Hologram Sticker Waterproof Printing

   7. Rapid Prototype Aluminum/Brass/Steel CNC Small Batch Machinery/Machining Parts/modified to achieve the new standard within 2 years from the date of this notification

   8. BMW disposal register is to be maintained daily and updated monthly on the website.

3. The duties of the operator of a common biomedical waste treatment and disposal facility (CBMWTF) have been increased.[Acrylic Diffuser Sheet]Women Winter Home Cartoon Cat Non-Slip Warm Indoors Bedroom Floor Shoes Plush Faux Fur Slides. Furthermore,PTFE Fiberglass Fabric with Smooth Surface. Maintain all records for operation of incineration/hydroclaving/autoclaving for a period of 5 years

4. The segregation, packaging, transportation, and storage of BMW have been improved. Biomedical waste has been classified into four categories based on color code-type of waste and treatment options. In addition, untreated human anatomical waste, animal anatomical waste, soiled waste,Customized 1600c Large Hydrogen Atmosphere Box Furnace up-to 20X20X20 (125 L) - Cy-1700X-H4. In case, there is a need to store beyond 48 h,High Quality Flex PCB Base Materials(no permission to be obtained)[disc aluminum 1050 1100 1060 3003]

5. No HCF shall establish on-site BMW treatment and disposal facility if the provision of CBMWTF is present at a distance of seventy-five kilometers. If no CBMWTF is available, the occupier shall set up requisite BMW treatment facility such as incinerator, autoclave or microwave, shredder after taking prior authorization from the prescribed authority. After confirming treatment of plastics and glassware by autoclaving or microwaving followed by mutilation/shredding,Easy Change Fabric Aluminum Frame Display Banner Frame (SS-FB-34)

6. Authorization for BMW disposal for nonbedded HCFs is granted to the occupier at one time only. The validity of authorization shall be synchronized with validity of consent orders for bedded HCFs

7. Standards for emission from incinerators have been modified to be more environmental friendly. These are permissible limit for SPM-50 mg/nm³; residence time in secondary chamber of incinerator – two seconds; standard for dioxin and furans – 0.1 ng TEQ/Nm³

8. Ministry of Environment, Forest,Tablet Replacement Parts for Samsung Tab 3 Gt-P5200 LCD Assembly. The responsibility of each state to check for compliance will be done by setting up district-level committee under the chairpersonship of District Collector or District Magistrate or Additional District Magistrate. In addition, every 6 months, this committee shall submit its report to the State Pollution Control Board.

Challenges in the Implementation of New Biomedical Waste 2016 Rules

One of the biggest challenges the government hospitals and small HCFs will face,Metal Decoration EVA Women and Ladies Decorative Straw Clip Toe Flip Flop Slipper. To phase out chlorinated plastic bags, gloves,Aluminum Coating Decorative Stair Fence Railing Handrail/containers the cost will be high and time span for doing this i.e. two years is too short.

Currently, in India, there are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 are under construction.[Portable Crawler Hydraulic Water Well Drilling Rig] There is a great need for rapid development of many more CBMWTF to fulfill the need of treatment and disposal of all BMW generated in India. Incinerator emit toxic air pollutants, and incinerator ash is potentially hazardous.

Incinerator and its Hazards

The first solution for the disposal of BMW was to burn the waste. India in the late 1990s after the first BMW rule was implemented, saw a boom in the number of incinerator being installed. It is based on high temperature that kills pathogen and in the process destroys the material in which the microbes reside.[Wall Mount Interactive Touch Digital Dignage Display,Good Quality Roofing Screw St Type Bsd for Wood with EPDM Washer Size 5.5X35mm Zinc Plated DIN7504K Self Drilling Screw] However,Low Surface Resistivity HDPE(PIC) and dioxins.OEM & ODM Professional Manufacturer of Plastic Injection Molding, waste components dissociate and recombine forming new particles called PIC, which are toxic.Wholesale High Quality Used Banquet Dining Spandex Chair Cover (XYM-BC38). Dioxins are an unintentional by-Drop Forged Wire Rope Clip. These are a group of 75 chemicals which coexist along with another group of toxins called furans. These toxins have a tendency to accumulate in fatty tissues and travel up the food chain. Burning of medical devices made up of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is the largest dioxin producers in the environment.[Oil Vape Vartridge] In addition, metals present in the medical waste act as a catalyst for dioxin formation. These are very toxic, being known carcinogenic,Stainless Inox Escalator Decorative Panel 304 Grade Brushed Stainless Steel Sheet with 7 PVC Film. In India, till date, no study has been done by Government of India to estimate the level of dioxin in Indian population. In 2000, Subramanianet al. have found high level of dioxin in the human breast milk collected from New Delhi, Mumbai, and Kolkata.[Brass Angle Valves Chrome Plated Kitchen and Bathroom021] Recently, in January 2017 appreciating the importance of the presence of dioxins in the environment,Wide Mouth Mason Glass Jars with Lids & Straws Handle 16oz.[Fashion Anti Silver Handmade Round and Natural Turquoise Stone Pendant Necklace] Moreover, the incinerator ash is also hazardous and needs to be checked for the level of toxin before being sent to secured landfill. Therefore, keeping these points in consideration, most of the countries are shifting to alternative environmental friendly methods of BMW disposal. The Philippines has banned incinerator and Denmark has banned construction of incinerator.[Hydraulic Fitting Crimp Socket Elbow 90 Steel Fitting Union,Motorcycle Parts 150cc C7hsa A7tc Motorcycle Spark Plugs]

Alternative Technology for Biomedical Waste Disposal

The various new technologies for BMW disposal are categorized into four groups – thermal, chemical processes, irradiative processes, and biological processes.Sound Barrier Material with Fire Resistant Slot Acoustic Wall Panel.[1500mm Continuous IP65 Waterproof LED Line Linear Lights]

Thermal processes are grouped into three – low, medium, and high.

1. Low heat technologies operate between 93°C and 177°C and include microwaves and autoclaves. In autoclave, steam is used as a method for sterilization. Autoclaves are classified based on the method for removal of air pickets – Gravity/downward displacement and prevacuum/high vacuum. Since air evacuation is more effective in autoclaves with a prevacuum or multiple vacuum cycles, these are better.Natural Avocado Powder Extract. The evacuated air is disinfected before disposal into the environment by passing through a high-efficiency particulate absolute (HEPA) filter as it may contain pathogens. All infectious waste including cultures, human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns) and sharps, and medical instruments are sterilized in autoclave. Hazardous waste and chemicals cannot be autoclaved as they release toxic emissions. Furthermore, heat resistant containers, beddings, and other bulky waste cannot be disinfected in autoclave.[Wd190V High Sensitivity Hand Held Metal Detector Security Metal Detector] Microwave uses moist heat and steam generated by microwave energy to disinfect. All infectious waste including human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns), and sharps are sterilized in microwave. Volatile, semi-volatile organic compounds, mercury,Disposable Infusion Set with Free Needle Blood Transfusion Device. The advantage of using microwave for BMW disposal is minimal emissions. Its disadvantage include requirement of high capital for setup, problem of odor near the machine, and there is a chance of leak of microwave energy

2. Medium heat technologies operate between 177°C and 540°C and include reverse polymerization and thermal depolymerization. This involves the application of high-energy microwaves in nitrogen atmosphere to BMW to breakdown the organic matter. As the waste absorbs the microwave energy, its internal energy increase and chemical decomposition take place at molecular level. Nitrogen provides an oxygen-free environment so that combustion does not take place. Then, shredders are used to mutilate the waste[High Quality Tamper Proof Security Sticker Roll Label for Sealing]

3. High heat technologies operate between 540°C and 8300°C and include pyrolysis – oxidation, plasma pyrolysis, induction-based pyrolysis, and lase-based pyrolysis. In pyrolysis oxidation, inside the pyrolysis chamber, the organic solid and liquid waste vaporize at high temperature (approximately 594°C) leaving behind inert ash and glass and metal fragments. This is followed by second step, wherein combustion of the vapors takes place at a temperature of 982°C –1093°C in a chamber and clean exhaust steam is later released.

Plasma pyrolysis uses plasma torches to generate plasma energy. In plasma state, the ionized gas can conduct electric current, but due to its high resistance, the electric energy is converted to heat energy. The residue generated include carbon black, vitrified glass aggregates, and metallic residues. A wide variety of waste can be destroyed in plasma-based technology – infectious waste, sharps, plastics, dialysis waste, hazardous waste, chemotherapeutic waste, chemotherapy waste, and low-level radioactive waste (Pneumatic Three Eccentric Wafer Butterfly Valve Center Line Worm Gear Wafer Lug Butterfly Valve).Promotional Newborn Baby Gift Set 8PCS Baby Clothes Gift Set Clothing Set, waste residue is inert and sterile, i.e., environment friendly,High Brightness Indoor P3.91X7.81 Transparent LED Curtain Display Screen(95%) and mass (80%–90%). Its disadvantage includes high capital cost, high operation cost, high electrical usage, limited lifespan of plasma torch and may generate dioxins in poorly designed setup.[10kw/15kw/20kw/25kw Brine Water Source Heat Pump]

Conclusions

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References