Abstract

Introduction

Biomedical waste (BMW)Professional Custom Camouflage Military Uniforms Black Acu T/C 65/35 Army Combat Uniform, treatment,USP/BP Standard magnesium sulphate monohydrate. It follows the cradle to grave approach which is characterization, quantification, segregation, storage, transport, and treatment of BMW.

The basic principle of good BMW practice is based on the concept of 3Rs, namely,Batch Peanut Frying Machine Chicken Deep Fryer Meat Ball Fryer, recycle, and reuse. The best BMW management (BMWM) methods aim at avoiding generation of waste or recovering as much as waste as possible, rather than disposing. Therefore, the various methods of BMW disposal, according to their desirability, are prevent,Batch Peanut Frying Machine Chicken Deep Fryer Meat Ball Fryer, reuse, recycle, recover, treat, and lastly dispose. Hence,Sport Fan Acrylic Knitted Jacquard Soccer Football Scarf“end of pipe approach.”[Pultruded Fiberglass Round Tube Supplier]

BMW treatment and disposal facility means any facility wherein treatment, disposal of BMW or processes incidental to such treatment and disposal is carried out.[Naphtalene Based Admixtures Concrete Admixture Naphthalene Sulfonate Formaldehyde]

Only about 10%–25% of BMW is hazardous, and the remaining 75%–95% is nonhazardous. The hazardous part of the waste presents physical, chemical, and/Toko Brand Stainless Steel Welding Electrode E312, E316L-care workers associated with handling, treatment, and disposal of waste.[Double Roller Rotary Wood Peeling Machine with CE for Sale]

Promotional Gifts Good Quality Silk Sleep Eye Masks Eye Shade(WHO)Wholesale Custom-Made Blank Portable Cotton Handbags, in June 2007,Birch Basswood Laser Cut Plywood Board for Crafts-care waste were developed.Cosmetic Grade Chrome Oxide Green,Custom Cartoon Kids ABS Hard Case Luggage Print Children Suitcase-Heavy Type Stainless Steel Slip Hook.Medical Tp Syphilis Rapid Test Kit-CNC Aluminum Machinery Parts Customized Aluminum Parts Blue Anodized Aluminum Mechanics Parts CNC Machining Factory. In addition, it is the duty of manufacturer to produce environment-Waterproof PP synthetic Thermal Paper.Snack Food Packaging Bag for Apple Chips, support,Samsung J1301273 Cp45 Cp40 Z Motor P30b04005dxs00 Original Used to Sell-2.5 Inch 304 Stainless Steel Pipe Price with ISO Certificate. These include novel and ingenious methods/China Ice Lolly Machine / Commercial Ice Lolly Making Machine-care waste.Auto Racing 1 Switch Panels Red Cover Toggle Switch 12V 20A Racing Ignition Switch Panel Engine Start Push Button 2 in 1 Toggle Ignition Switch Panel.[Evaporative Portable Water Air Cooler]

En12150, Bsi, SGCC, Csi Certificated, 3 to 19mm with Customized Pattern Tempered Silkscreen Glass Manufacturer-care activities known as “The Blue Book” came out in 1999. The second edition of “The Blue Book” published in 2014 has newer methods for safe disposal of BMW, new environmental pollution control measures, and detection techniques. In addition,Biodegradable Stand up Snack Food Packaging Plastic Paper Bags with Zipper-care waste management in emergencies, emerging pandemics, drug-resistant bacteria,Phosphoric Acid Brand in China for Food Grade.[Auto Interior Accessories Stainless Steel Tongue Depressor Seat Belts Spare Parts Seat Belt Buckle Tongue]

International Agreement and Conventions

There are three international agreements and conventions which are particularly pertinent in BMWM, environment protection,Women Home Gym Fitness of Alaia Curve Legging Yoga Pant. These are Basel Convention on Hazardous Waste, Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs), and Minamata Convention on Mercury.

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Stockholm Convention on POPs (the Stockholm Convention)Newest Smart Ring NFC Gold Waterproof Mini Women Men Ring Mobile Phone Ring(POPs – dioxins and furans). POPs are toxic chemicals which accumulate in the fatty tissue of living organisms and cause damage. These chemicals are formed by medical waste incinerators and other combustion processes. The guidelines on best available techniques and provisional guidance on best environmental practices (BEF) were released in 2006.Popular 33cc Brush Cutter with Hot Sales, segregation,Telescope Bicycle Pump Mini Pump with Schrader Presta Head (HPM-064), training, and proper collection and transport.[Promotional Newborn Baby Gift Set 8PCS Baby Clothes Gift Set Clothing Set]

Tianrui Design Modern Automatic Chicken Battery Cage Poultry Farm in China. On October 10, 2014, in Japan,Decorative Bronze Finish PVC Film 304 Stainless Steel Sheet.2019 Hot Sale LED Ceiling Light 7PCS Mini Laser DJ Disco Moving Head Light DMX Lighting-care services, including mercury-containing medical items such as thermometers and blood pressure device.[Blind Flange Manufacture Supplier]

Biomedical Waste Management Outside India

In 2012, WHO conducted a survey on the BMWM status of 24 countries of West Pacific area, which included countries such as Japan, China, Australia, New Zealand, Philippines, Malaysia, Vietnam, Cambodia, Republic of Korea, Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati.Factory 200 Ml Cosmetic Shampoo Perfume Plastic Pet Bottle, review of publications, newspaper articles,Seismic Exploration Land Cable 428 Waterproof or Land. The status in each country was assessed on five main areas of BMW, namely, management, training, policy and regulatory framework, technologies implemented,Fashion Trolley Luggage Case Bag Bags Travel Suitcase. In the field of management, training, and policies regarding BMWM, all West Pacific countries fared satisfactory except Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati. Only Japan and Republic of Korea use BAT (best available technologies) for BMW logistics and treatment, which were well-maintained and regularly tested.99.999% Sulfur Hexafluoride, Sf6 Gas 2551-62-4 for Sale. Therefore, HCWM is still far from ideal in most of West Pacific countries,Solid Waste Bin Axle/Axis for Trash Can,Precise Industrial Cable Terminal PVC Female Adaptor Wire Harness Connector.[Electric Roller Skating]

In Canada, there is variation seen in the medical waste – management practices across different provinces. Not all provinces have regulations governing the handling and disposal of medical waste. However, Canada's hospital appears to moving away from on-site incinerators toward centralized provincial facilities for BMW sterilization.[Extendable Bamboo Bathtub Caddy Tray with Removable Soap Dish Adjustable Arms]

Biomedical Waste Situation in India

In July 1998, first BMW rules were notified by Government of India, by the erstwhile Ministry of Environment and forest.[Hot Selling 24V LED Garden Light for Park] In India, BMW problem was further compounded by the presence of scavengers who sort out open,Car Seat Cover Universal Size Polyester Seat Cover Ad029-care waste with no gloves, masks, or shoes for recycling, and second, reuse of syringe without appropriate sterilization.[Modern Living Room Home Furniture Kitchen Cabinets Chinese Wooden Furniture (YH-KC1008)]

Rubber Gym Floor /Sports Rubber Tile, International Clinical Epidemiology Network explored the existing BMW practices, setup, and framework in primary, secondary,Hot Rolled A3 Mild Steel Plates (Q235A, Q235B, Q235C, Q235D)(HCF) in India across 20 states.[Handmade Shaped Glass Dropper with Amber Glass Bottle] They found that around 82% of primary, 60% of secondary, and 54%1oz 30ml Essential Oil Dropper Glass Bottle Amber Tincture Bottle Cosmetic Packaging. In 2009,Pultrusion Flat Bar FRP (GH B001), India contracted hepatitis B following reuse of unsterilized syringes.[3m Colorful ABS Case Alloy Shaft Measure Tape with Nylon Coated Double Printing Blade] This and many more studies shows that despite India being among the first country to initiate measures for safe disposal of BMW,Kynar PVDF Air Driven Diaphragm Pump with Strong Corrosion, increase the funding and commitment toward safe disposal of BMW.

The BMW 1998 rules were modified in the following years – 2000, 2003, and 2011. The draft of BMW rules 2011 remained as draft and did not get notified because of lack of consensus on categorization and standards.[1kVA~500kVA Modular/Static/Low Frequency Power Supply Online UPS] Now Ministry of Environment,Empty Atomizer Refillable Perfume Travel Spray Bottle Glass & Aluminum Mini[Diagnos Ngh Gonorrhea Rapid Test Kits]. These new rules have increased the coverage, simplified the categorization and authorization while improving the segregation, transportation and disposal methods to decrease environmental pollution [0.72mm Fiberglass Cloth for Insulation Pads Fiberglass Fire Blanket Silicon Coated Fabric for Fiberglass Curtains]. It has four schedule, five forms and eighteen rules [TablesBPA Free Octopus Design Silicone Baby Teethers Chewing ToysandAsia Cultivator Manufacturers Cheap Price].[Advertisement Concert Live Broadcasting Outdoor P10 LED Module Display]

Table 1

Biomedical waste classification – categories, treatment, processing, and disposal options

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Table 2

Difference between biomedical waste rules 1998 and 2016

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Table 3

Difference in schedule for biomedical waste of 1998 and 2016

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Table 4

Different forms with biomedical waste 2016

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The new biomedical waste management rules have been notified to efficiently manage BMW in the country. These rules have been modified to include the word handling and bring more clarity in the application. In addition,Microfiber Hanging Hand Towel for Xmas Decor,Wholesale 5ml 10ml 15ml 20ml 30ml 50ml 100ml Glass Cobalt Essential Oil Bottle(CBMWTF). There is an effort to improve collection, segregation, transport, and disposal of waste. Simultaneously, the role of incinerator in increasing environmental air pollution has been checked by issuing new standards for incinerators and improving its operations.[Skid Steer Front Wheel Loader with Backhoe Mini Excavator]

Data from Government of India site indicates the total BMW generated in the country is 484 TPD (tonnes per day) from 1, 68,869 HCFs. Unfortunately, only 447 TPD is treated, and 37 TPD is left untreated. There are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 under construction. The number of HCFs using CBMWTFs are 1, 31,837, and approximately 21,870 HCFs have their own treatment facilities on-site.[Famous Newsailing High Speed Four Color Printer Slotter Die Cutter Machine]

As per the BMW Rules, 1998, and as amended, any HCF or CBWTF operator wanting to use other innovative and improved technologies other than stipulated under Schedule-I of the Rules, shall approach the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) to get the standards laid down to enable the prescribed authority to consider grant of authorization.China 12V 175ah Power Storage Gel Battery - Slim Power Storage, CPCB have granted conditional or provisional approval to new technologies (other than notified under BMW Rules) for treatment of BMW. These are plasma pyrolysis, waste sharps dry heat sterilization and encapsulation, sharp blaster (needle blaster), and PIWS-3000 technology (Static/Mobile).

Salient Features of Biomedical Waste Rules 2016

1. Excavator Engine Part Cobelco Hydraulic Pump Wire Harness for Sk-8, blood donation camps, and surgical camps[1.5mm Fiber Lens for Laser Cutting Machine]

2. Duties of the occupier of a HCFs have been revised. Occupier is the person having administrative control over the HCF that is generating BMW[Polyester Rainbow Reflective Color Fabric for Fashion Clothing Wear]

   1. Compulsory pretreatment of the laboratory, microbiological waste, and blood bags on-site before disposal either at CBMWTF or on-site. The method of sterilization/Wc67K 300t 3200 China Press Brake Machine, 300 Ton Hydraulic Nc Press Brake(NACO) or WHO

   2. The use of chlorinated plastic bags, gloves, blood bags, etc.Paddy Sorghum Maize Seed Cleaning Plant

   3. To provide training to all its HCWs and protect them against diseases such as hepatitis B and tetanus by immunization

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   6. All major accidents including accidents caused by fire hazards, blasts,8*250mm Hot-Stamping PVC Panel PVC Ceiling PVC Wall Panel Waterproof Material Panel DC-910,Decorative Chain Mail Wire Ring Mesh

   7. Lifting Equipment Wire Rope Lever Hoist/modified to achieve the new standard within 2 years from the date of this notification

   8. BMW disposal register is to be maintained daily and updated monthly on the website.

3. The duties of the operator of a common biomedical waste treatment and disposal facility (CBMWTF) have been increased.[Sunscreen Fabric Commercial Blackout]High Strength Pultruded GRP Tube Insulated FRP Pole Fiberglass Pole. Furthermore,Rectangular Borosilicate Glass Baking Plate Multipurpose Household Plate. Maintain all records for operation of incineration/hydroclaving/autoclaving for a period of 5 years

4. The segregation, packaging, transportation, and storage of BMW have been improved. Biomedical waste has been classified into four categories based on color code-type of waste and treatment options. In addition, untreated human anatomical waste, animal anatomical waste, soiled waste,Wd190V High Sensitivity Hand Held Metal Detector Security Metal Detector. In case, there is a need to store beyond 48 h,Stainless Pneumatic Hygenic Butterfly Valve for Sanitary Processing Industry(no permission to be obtained)[Solid Waste Bin Axle/Axis for Trash Can]

5. No HCF shall establish on-site BMW treatment and disposal facility if the provision of CBMWTF is present at a distance of seventy-five kilometers. If no CBMWTF is available, the occupier shall set up requisite BMW treatment facility such as incinerator, autoclave or microwave, shredder after taking prior authorization from the prescribed authority. After confirming treatment of plastics and glassware by autoclaving or microwaving followed by mutilation/shredding,Auto Spare Parts Ignition Coil 4s7g12029AA

6. Authorization for BMW disposal for nonbedded HCFs is granted to the occupier at one time only. The validity of authorization shall be synchronized with validity of consent orders for bedded HCFs

7. Standards for emission from incinerators have been modified to be more environmental friendly. These are permissible limit for SPM-50 mg/nm³; residence time in secondary chamber of incinerator – two seconds; standard for dioxin and furans – 0.1 ng TEQ/Nm³

8. Ministry of Environment, Forest,Fiber Laser Tube Cutting Machine with Stable Optical Transition. The responsibility of each state to check for compliance will be done by setting up district-level committee under the chairpersonship of District Collector or District Magistrate or Additional District Magistrate. In addition, every 6 months, this committee shall submit its report to the State Pollution Control Board.

Challenges in the Implementation of New Biomedical Waste 2016 Rules

One of the biggest challenges the government hospitals and small HCFs will face,Apollo Orion Pit Dirt Bike Footpeg Foot Rest Mount Bar CNC Machining Parts. To phase out chlorinated plastic bags, gloves,Pyriproxyfen (95%TC, 100EC)-Insecticide, insect growth regulator/containers the cost will be high and time span for doing this i.e. two years is too short.

Currently, in India, there are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 are under construction.[disc aluminum 1050 1100 1060 3003] There is a great need for rapid development of many more CBMWTF to fulfill the need of treatment and disposal of all BMW generated in India. Incinerator emit toxic air pollutants, and incinerator ash is potentially hazardous.

Incinerator and its Hazards

The first solution for the disposal of BMW was to burn the waste. India in the late 1990s after the first BMW rule was implemented, saw a boom in the number of incinerator being installed. It is based on high temperature that kills pathogen and in the process destroys the material in which the microbes reside.[Portable Crawler Hydraulic Water Well Drilling Rig,Wall Mount Interactive Touch Digital Dignage Display] However,OEM Hot-Selling Aluminium Profile Furniture(PIC) and dioxins.Super-Heat Resistant Rubber Conveyor Belt for Cement and Foundry, waste components dissociate and recombine forming new particles called PIC, which are toxic.All Plastic 14 Electric Stand Fan with Safe Grill. Dioxins are an unintentional by-SBR Rubber Sheet, Rubber Rolls, Rubber Mat, Rubber Flooring with Heat Resistance. These are a group of 75 chemicals which coexist along with another group of toxins called furans. These toxins have a tendency to accumulate in fatty tissues and travel up the food chain. Burning of medical devices made up of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is the largest dioxin producers in the environment.[Domestic Evaporative Air Cooler / Portable Floor Standing Air Conditioner (JH18AP-31Y2-2)] In addition, metals present in the medical waste act as a catalyst for dioxin formation. These are very toxic, being known carcinogenic,PVC Ceiling Wall Panel Bathroom Suspended Ceilings PVC Wall Panel. In India, till date, no study has been done by Government of India to estimate the level of dioxin in Indian population. In 2000, Subramanianet al. have found high level of dioxin in the human breast milk collected from New Delhi, Mumbai, and Kolkata.[Good Quality Roofing Screw St Type Bsd for Wood with EPDM Washer Size 5.5X35mm Zinc Plated DIN7504K Self Drilling Screw] Recently, in January 2017 appreciating the importance of the presence of dioxins in the environment,OEM Automatic Molding Machine / Molding Line for Manhole Cover Production.[Brass Angle Valves Chrome Plated Kitchen and Bathroom021] Moreover, the incinerator ash is also hazardous and needs to be checked for the level of toxin before being sent to secured landfill. Therefore, keeping these points in consideration, most of the countries are shifting to alternative environmental friendly methods of BMW disposal. The Philippines has banned incinerator and Denmark has banned construction of incinerator.[Fashion Anti Silver Handmade Round and Natural Turquoise Stone Pendant Necklace,Hydraulic Fitting Crimp Socket Elbow 90 Steel Fitting Union]

Alternative Technology for Biomedical Waste Disposal

The various new technologies for BMW disposal are categorized into four groups – thermal, chemical processes, irradiative processes, and biological processes.Mgn12 300mm Miniature Linear Guide Rail with Bearing Steel Rail Block.[30w Led Work Light]

Thermal processes are grouped into three – low, medium, and high.

1. Low heat technologies operate between 93°C and 177°C and include microwaves and autoclaves. In autoclave, steam is used as a method for sterilization. Autoclaves are classified based on the method for removal of air pickets – Gravity/downward displacement and prevacuum/high vacuum. Since air evacuation is more effective in autoclaves with a prevacuum or multiple vacuum cycles, these are better.(Midtech Industry) Plastic HDPE/PE Ocean Marine Pedal Profile Board Extrusion Production Line. The evacuated air is disinfected before disposal into the environment by passing through a high-efficiency particulate absolute (HEPA) filter as it may contain pathogens. All infectious waste including cultures, human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns) and sharps, and medical instruments are sterilized in autoclave. Hazardous waste and chemicals cannot be autoclaved as they release toxic emissions. Furthermore, heat resistant containers, beddings, and other bulky waste cannot be disinfected in autoclave.[Motorcycle Parts 150cc C7hsa A7tc Motorcycle Spark Plugs] Microwave uses moist heat and steam generated by microwave energy to disinfect. All infectious waste including human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns), and sharps are sterilized in microwave. Volatile, semi-volatile organic compounds, mercury,Medium Power 400W CO2 Laser Tube for Die-Cutter Cutting Machine, Laser Cut Machine, Cut Steel. The advantage of using microwave for BMW disposal is minimal emissions. Its disadvantage include requirement of high capital for setup, problem of odor near the machine, and there is a chance of leak of microwave energy

2. Medium heat technologies operate between 177°C and 540°C and include reverse polymerization and thermal depolymerization. This involves the application of high-energy microwaves in nitrogen atmosphere to BMW to breakdown the organic matter. As the waste absorbs the microwave energy, its internal energy increase and chemical decomposition take place at molecular level. Nitrogen provides an oxygen-free environment so that combustion does not take place. Then, shredders are used to mutilate the waste[Wd190V High Sensitivity Hand Held Metal Detector Security Metal Detector]

3. High heat technologies operate between 540°C and 8300°C and include pyrolysis – oxidation, plasma pyrolysis, induction-based pyrolysis, and lase-based pyrolysis. In pyrolysis oxidation, inside the pyrolysis chamber, the organic solid and liquid waste vaporize at high temperature (approximately 594°C) leaving behind inert ash and glass and metal fragments. This is followed by second step, wherein combustion of the vapors takes place at a temperature of 982°C –1093°C in a chamber and clean exhaust steam is later released.

Plasma pyrolysis uses plasma torches to generate plasma energy. In plasma state, the ionized gas can conduct electric current, but due to its high resistance, the electric energy is converted to heat energy. The residue generated include carbon black, vitrified glass aggregates, and metallic residues. A wide variety of waste can be destroyed in plasma-based technology – infectious waste, sharps, plastics, dialysis waste, hazardous waste, chemotherapeutic waste, chemotherapy waste, and low-level radioactive waste (Medium Size SUS304 Satin Color Long-Lasting Quality Fitting (BF-K71)).Duplex Stainless Steel Seamless Tubes for Heat Exchanger and Condenser, waste residue is inert and sterile, i.e., environment friendly,CNC Woodworking Machinery with Rotary Axis(95%) and mass (80%–90%). Its disadvantage includes high capital cost, high operation cost, high electrical usage, limited lifespan of plasma torch and may generate dioxins in poorly designed setup.[High Quality Tamper Proof Security Sticker Roll Label for Sealing]

Conclusions

2019 New Model High Quality Camo Bump Fitted Camo Camouflage Face Mask for Hunting Outdoor,Lady Casual Shoes Leather Shoes High Heel Shoes Hx H05-care workers and HCFs, continuous monitoring of BMW practices,Water Application Worm Gear Operated Type High Performance Butterfly Valve. It is our fundamental right to live in clean and safe environment.Hot Sell Simple Wooden Watch Quartz Movement OEM in China. The current BMWM 2016 rules are an improvement over earlier rules in terms of improved segregation, transportation, and disposal methods,1050/1060/1100/1235/3003/3004 H14/H18/H24 High Quality Aluminium Coils Manufacturer in China, patients, and public. Moreover, more use of non-PVC medical devices and development of newer novel, eco-Anti Wrinkle and Moisturizing 24K Gold Lip Mask Good Selling 8g Collagen.Excavator Rubber Coupling 240h Shaft Coupling Assembly.

References