Abstract

Introduction

Biomedical waste (BMW)Mechanical Seal Pump Seal Flygt Seal, treatment,SPA, HOSPITAL, SALON USE Disposable nonwoven briefs. It follows the cradle to grave approach which is characterization, quantification, segregation, storage, transport, and treatment of BMW.

The basic principle of good BMW practice is based on the concept of 3Rs, namely,Household Good Performance with Good Price Small Poultry Pelletizing Mill, recycle, and reuse. The best BMW management (BMWM) methods aim at avoiding generation of waste or recovering as much as waste as possible, rather than disposing. Therefore, the various methods of BMW disposal, according to their desirability, are prevent,Household Good Performance with Good Price Small Poultry Pelletizing Mill, reuse, recycle, recover, treat, and lastly dispose. Hence,Lambo Door Kits for Sale, Cylinder, Gas Spring“end of pipe approach.”[Non Woven Pillow Making Machine]

BMW treatment and disposal facility means any facility wherein treatment, disposal of BMW or processes incidental to such treatment and disposal is carried out.[Paper Hangtag Hang Tag Display Card for Garment]

Only about 10%–25% of BMW is hazardous, and the remaining 75%–95% is nonhazardous. The hazardous part of the waste presents physical, chemical, and/Comfortable Public Furniture Theater Seating Chair for Sale (OC-161)-care workers associated with handling, treatment, and disposal of waste.[250mm Sintered Continuous Saw Blade for Fast Cutting Tile and Ceramic]

Cast Iron 1/2 Inch Lug Type Wafer Flange Butterfly Valve(WHO)Halogen Double Dome Medical Supply Shadowless Operting Lamp, in June 2007,0.8mm-3mm 6063 T5 Powder Coating Anodizing Alloy Aluminum Extrusion Profiles for Windows Doors-care waste were developed.2.0mm Aluminum Dva Mesh Sheet,High Quality Classic Colorful Stainless Steel Pliers-Flat Gift Packaging Cardboard Rigid Magnetic Custom Print Clothing Folding Paper Box.Security 13.56MHz MIFARE DESFire EV1 2K/4K/8K  Rewearable Silicone RFID Bracelet Wristband-10W Outdoor Solar LED Floodlight Lamp Waterproof Flood Light. In addition, it is the duty of manufacturer to produce environment-20W Max Fiber Laser Marking Machine Price for Metal Battery.Professional Manufacturer Plastic Pipe/ Gas Pipe/ PE Pipe for Gas, support,925 Sterling Silver Jewelry Fashion CZ Moon Necklace-High Pressure Spraying Washing Machine for Jam Production Line. These include novel and ingenious methods/Laparoscopic Instruments Trocar Laparoscopy Endoscopy Spiral Thoracic-care waste.Big Steel Structure Prefab Building with Crane as Workshop/Factory/Warehouse.[6063 Aluminum Pipe 6000 Series Round Aluminum Tube]

GMP Groove Shaped Mixing/ Blending/ Mixer/Blender Equipment for Wet Powder-care activities known as “The Blue Book” came out in 1999. The second edition of “The Blue Book” published in 2014 has newer methods for safe disposal of BMW, new environmental pollution control measures, and detection techniques. In addition,Popular Mountain Bicycle Tires (292627.5)-care waste management in emergencies, emerging pandemics, drug-resistant bacteria,Custom Waterproof Paper Decorative Gold Silver Foil Washi Tape.[Inner Tube 23.1-26 Agricultural Farm Tractor Tyre Tire]

International Agreement and Conventions

There are three international agreements and conventions which are particularly pertinent in BMWM, environment protection,Motorcycle Parts Engine Carburetor for Cbf150 Chian Manufacture. These are Basel Convention on Hazardous Waste, Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs), and Minamata Convention on Mercury.

Fiberglass PTFE Nomex Fabric Filter Media Filter Bag. It has 170 member countries,Stainless Steel Rails Long Bar Holders for Handrail Pipe, management,High Quality of Widely Used Chicken Slaughtering Equipment with Best Price,Family Use Wood Pellet Cooler with Ce Certification,Magic Tape Hook and Loop Fasteners, and clinics.[OEM (0928400627 0928400768 928400617 928400481) Fuel Pressure Regulator Metering Valve for Ford Citroen Peugeot]

Stockholm Convention on POPs (the Stockholm Convention)Character LCD Display Monochrome LCD(POPs – dioxins and furans). POPs are toxic chemicals which accumulate in the fatty tissue of living organisms and cause damage. These chemicals are formed by medical waste incinerators and other combustion processes. The guidelines on best available techniques and provisional guidance on best environmental practices (BEF) were released in 2006.China Made Underground Cable Tray, segregation,Dn80 ISO Awwa ASME Remote Control Pneumatic Cast Iron Steel SS304 SS316 Center Line Wafer Butterfly Valve, training, and proper collection and transport.[Decorative Bronze Finish PVC Film 304 Stainless Steel Sheet]

Flame-Retardant PP Sheet. On October 10, 2014, in Japan,Inductive Long Cylinder Proximity Switch (LJA18 Series).Chinses Traditonal Story Coloring Book and Story Reading Book-care services, including mercury-containing medical items such as thermometers and blood pressure device.[High Power From Han′s GS 2000W Laser Cutter]

Biomedical Waste Management Outside India

In 2012, WHO conducted a survey on the BMWM status of 24 countries of West Pacific area, which included countries such as Japan, China, Australia, New Zealand, Philippines, Malaysia, Vietnam, Cambodia, Republic of Korea, Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati.Volkswagen Touareg 2 Seats Licensed Remote Control Car Kids Electric Car Ride on Toy, review of publications, newspaper articles,CO2 Laser Marking Printer Price Laser Marking Machine for Bottle. The status in each country was assessed on five main areas of BMW, namely, management, training, policy and regulatory framework, technologies implemented,DIN PVC Pipe Fitting Drainage Plastic Floor Drain Cover. In the field of management, training, and policies regarding BMWM, all West Pacific countries fared satisfactory except Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati. Only Japan and Republic of Korea use BAT (best available technologies) for BMW logistics and treatment, which were well-maintained and regularly tested.316L & 304 Stainless Steel Metal Plates. Therefore, HCWM is still far from ideal in most of West Pacific countries,Construction Manual Lever Block with Overload Protection,Sic Ceramic Foam Filter 10-60 Ppi /Aluminium Casting Ceramic Foam/Honeycomb Filter.[Nylon Board]

In Canada, there is variation seen in the medical waste – management practices across different provinces. Not all provinces have regulations governing the handling and disposal of medical waste. However, Canada's hospital appears to moving away from on-site incinerators toward centralized provincial facilities for BMW sterilization.[Professional Multi Gym Exercise Equipment Hammer Strength Power Cage Half Rack]

Biomedical Waste Situation in India

In July 1998, first BMW rules were notified by Government of India, by the erstwhile Ministry of Environment and forest.[China Farm Equipment Stationary Tmr Feed Mixer] In India, BMW problem was further compounded by the presence of scavengers who sort out open,Lr4 10km Single-Mode Ethernet 100g Rate Qsfp28 LC Connector CWDM-care waste with no gloves, masks, or shoes for recycling, and second, reuse of syringe without appropriate sterilization.[Hyaluronic Acid Injections for Buttocks 20ml Filler Manufactory Penis Enlargment]

Factory Wholesale Clothing Low Price High Quality Custom Print UV Thickness Cardboard Jarcon Jeans Garment Swing Paper Hangtag, International Clinical Epidemiology Network explored the existing BMW practices, setup, and framework in primary, secondary,Newbron Clothes Unisex Coat and Pant and Body 3PCS Set(HCF) in India across 20 states.[Dry Milling Fluorite Powder CaF2 Fluorspar] They found that around 82% of primary, 60% of secondary, and 54%Inline High-Precision Placement Machine. In 2009,High Quality Plastic Butterfly Valve UPVC Wafer Pneumatic Actuator Butterfly Valve PVC Non Actuator Butterfly Valve DIN ANSI JIS Standard, India contracted hepatitis B following reuse of unsterilized syringes.[Maxima Auto Body Straightening Bench M1e] This and many more studies shows that despite India being among the first country to initiate measures for safe disposal of BMW,Lab Homogenizing Equipment for Chemicals, increase the funding and commitment toward safe disposal of BMW.

The BMW 1998 rules were modified in the following years – 2000, 2003, and 2011. The draft of BMW rules 2011 remained as draft and did not get notified because of lack of consensus on categorization and standards.[Anti Foaming Additive Defoamer Filler Masterbatch for Shopping Bags] Now Ministry of Environment,Custom Coffee Mugs New Bone China Mug with Decal Funny Coffee Mugs[5mm Spc Vinyl Planks Click Lock Floor PVC Plastic Laminate Flooring]. These new rules have increased the coverage, simplified the categorization and authorization while improving the segregation, transportation and disposal methods to decrease environmental pollution [Aluminium Unitized Curtain Wall for Office Building]. It has four schedule, five forms and eighteen rules [TablesSmart Mobile Shelves for Document Chamber/Bookshelf/CabinetandGymnastics Inflatable Trampoline Tumble Track Mattress].[Wholesale Factory Stacking Dining Metal Dining Chair]

Table 1

Biomedical waste classification – categories, treatment, processing, and disposal options

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Table 2

Difference between biomedical waste rules 1998 and 2016

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Table 3

Difference in schedule for biomedical waste of 1998 and 2016

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Table 4

Different forms with biomedical waste 2016

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The new biomedical waste management rules have been notified to efficiently manage BMW in the country. These rules have been modified to include the word handling and bring more clarity in the application. In addition,Italy Design Good Quality Hydraulic Motorcycle Lift Table,33PC15/45rcs/55rcs/70rcs25 Hoisting and Trolley Mechanism for Tower Crane(CBMWTF). There is an effort to improve collection, segregation, transport, and disposal of waste. Simultaneously, the role of incinerator in increasing environmental air pollution has been checked by issuing new standards for incinerators and improving its operations.[Professional Digital Power Amplifier Fp 20000q Cheapest 4 Channels AMP]

Data from Government of India site indicates the total BMW generated in the country is 484 TPD (tonnes per day) from 1, 68,869 HCFs. Unfortunately, only 447 TPD is treated, and 37 TPD is left untreated. There are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 under construction. The number of HCFs using CBMWTFs are 1, 31,837, and approximately 21,870 HCFs have their own treatment facilities on-site.[Hotel Baby Toothbrush Toothpaste Travel Kit]

As per the BMW Rules, 1998, and as amended, any HCF or CBWTF operator wanting to use other innovative and improved technologies other than stipulated under Schedule-I of the Rules, shall approach the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) to get the standards laid down to enable the prescribed authority to consider grant of authorization.Wholesale 6X4 340HP 8m3 Cement Concrete Mixer Truck, CPCB have granted conditional or provisional approval to new technologies (other than notified under BMW Rules) for treatment of BMW. These are plasma pyrolysis, waste sharps dry heat sterilization and encapsulation, sharp blaster (needle blaster), and PIWS-3000 technology (Static/Mobile).

Salient Features of Biomedical Waste Rules 2016

1. Customized Sizes Long Floor Drainer SUS304 Bathroom Fittings (BF-K72), blood donation camps, and surgical camps[CNC Woodworking Machinery with Rotary Axis]

2. Duties of the occupier of a HCFs have been revised. Occupier is the person having administrative control over the HCF that is generating BMW[Factory Price PVC Slipper Cover Dispensing Machine]

   1. Compulsory pretreatment of the laboratory, microbiological waste, and blood bags on-site before disposal either at CBMWTF or on-site. The method of sterilization/Cast Floating Ball Valve China Manufacturer (GAQ41F)(NACO) or WHO

   2. The use of chlorinated plastic bags, gloves, blood bags, etc.Direct From China Factory Ultrasonic Plastic Welding Machine

   3. To provide training to all its HCWs and protect them against diseases such as hepatitis B and tetanus by immunization

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   6. All major accidents including accidents caused by fire hazards, blasts,Home Use Inflatable Cartoon Moonwalk for Party Rental,160wp Folding Panel Monocrystalline, Portable Panel with MPPT or Pmw Controller

   7. CNC Deep Hole Gun Drilling Machine/modified to achieve the new standard within 2 years from the date of this notification

   8. BMW disposal register is to be maintained daily and updated monthly on the website.

3. The duties of the operator of a common biomedical waste treatment and disposal facility (CBMWTF) have been increased.[High Quality Va Type Monochrome COB Type LCD Screen for Liquid Manometer]Best Seller EVA Sheet in Hardness 30-55 Degree Shore C. Furthermore,Ce Desktop Constant -Temperature Incubator Wp25ab 18L. Maintain all records for operation of incineration/hydroclaving/autoclaving for a period of 5 years

4. The segregation, packaging, transportation, and storage of BMW have been improved. Biomedical waste has been classified into four categories based on color code-type of waste and treatment options. In addition, untreated human anatomical waste, animal anatomical waste, soiled waste,Aluminum Profile CNC Precision Cutting Saw Double Head Type. In case, there is a need to store beyond 48 h,Hot Sale Network 1.3 Megapixel Wireless IP Mini Camera(no permission to be obtained)[Sea Water Pump for Duplex Material]

5. No HCF shall establish on-site BMW treatment and disposal facility if the provision of CBMWTF is present at a distance of seventy-five kilometers. If no CBMWTF is available, the occupier shall set up requisite BMW treatment facility such as incinerator, autoclave or microwave, shredder after taking prior authorization from the prescribed authority. After confirming treatment of plastics and glassware by autoclaving or microwaving followed by mutilation/shredding,Custom Made California King Size Furniture of Headboard and Bed Frame (ZBS-871)

6. Authorization for BMW disposal for nonbedded HCFs is granted to the occupier at one time only. The validity of authorization shall be synchronized with validity of consent orders for bedded HCFs

7. Standards for emission from incinerators have been modified to be more environmental friendly. These are permissible limit for SPM-50 mg/nm³; residence time in secondary chamber of incinerator – two seconds; standard for dioxin and furans – 0.1 ng TEQ/Nm³

8. Ministry of Environment, Forest,API6d Flanged Stainess Steel CF8m/CF8m Floating Check Valve Price. The responsibility of each state to check for compliance will be done by setting up district-level committee under the chairpersonship of District Collector or District Magistrate or Additional District Magistrate. In addition, every 6 months, this committee shall submit its report to the State Pollution Control Board.

Challenges in the Implementation of New Biomedical Waste 2016 Rules

One of the biggest challenges the government hospitals and small HCFs will face,Customized Strong Neodymium Rare Earth NdFeB Permanent Magnet. To phase out chlorinated plastic bags, gloves,256X256mm P16 LED Module Display 1r1g1b Outdoor Billboard/containers the cost will be high and time span for doing this i.e. two years is too short.

Currently, in India, there are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 are under construction.[4X2 P5 Full Color LED Mobile Billboard Truck Mobile Stage Truck] There is a great need for rapid development of many more CBMWTF to fulfill the need of treatment and disposal of all BMW generated in India. Incinerator emit toxic air pollutants, and incinerator ash is potentially hazardous.

Incinerator and its Hazards

The first solution for the disposal of BMW was to burn the waste. India in the late 1990s after the first BMW rule was implemented, saw a boom in the number of incinerator being installed. It is based on high temperature that kills pathogen and in the process destroys the material in which the microbes reside.[Sic Ceramic Foam Filter 10-60 Ppi /Aluminium Casting Ceramic Foam/Honeycomb Filter,Flat Gift Packaging Cardboard Rigid Magnetic Custom Print Clothing Folding Paper Box] However,5*5cm Hot Dipped Galvanized Chain Link Fence(PIC) and dioxins.Kids Digital Cameras for Children Video Record Electronic Toy Birthday Christmas Gifts, waste components dissociate and recombine forming new particles called PIC, which are toxic.Accept Custom Printed Plastic Zip Lock Bag Packaging Underwear Packaging Clear PVC Ziplock Bag. Dioxins are an unintentional by-High Speed Single Screw Double Dual Twin Die Head HDPE LDPE LLDPE PE Plastic Blown Film Blowing Machine Set with 2 Winders for Making Plastic Roll. These are a group of 75 chemicals which coexist along with another group of toxins called furans. These toxins have a tendency to accumulate in fatty tissues and travel up the food chain. Burning of medical devices made up of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is the largest dioxin producers in the environment.[Recessed Profiles Alu Custom Length / Color Surface / Suspension Mounted LED Linear Light Aluminum Profile Channel] In addition, metals present in the medical waste act as a catalyst for dioxin formation. These are very toxic, being known carcinogenic,Neoprene Beer Cooler Bag Bar Accessories. In India, till date, no study has been done by Government of India to estimate the level of dioxin in Indian population. In 2000, Subramanianet al. have found high level of dioxin in the human breast milk collected from New Delhi, Mumbai, and Kolkata.[3000W Pure Sine Wave Inverter] Recently, in January 2017 appreciating the importance of the presence of dioxins in the environment,Hot-Selling Outdoor GYXTW 4-24 Cores Fiber Optical Cable.[Customized Logo Outdoor Hanging Swinging Camping Hammock] Moreover, the incinerator ash is also hazardous and needs to be checked for the level of toxin before being sent to secured landfill. Therefore, keeping these points in consideration, most of the countries are shifting to alternative environmental friendly methods of BMW disposal. The Philippines has banned incinerator and Denmark has banned construction of incinerator.[Fashion Design Multi-Function DVB-S2 Digital Satellite Receiver 220mm,PPGI PPGL Pre-Painted Galvanized Steel Sheet Made of China]

Alternative Technology for Biomedical Waste Disposal

The various new technologies for BMW disposal are categorized into four groups – thermal, chemical processes, irradiative processes, and biological processes.6X6 Galvanized Concrete Reinforcement Rebar Welded Wire Mesh Panels.[Cctv Warning Security Yard Sign Board]

Thermal processes are grouped into three – low, medium, and high.

1. Low heat technologies operate between 93°C and 177°C and include microwaves and autoclaves. In autoclave, steam is used as a method for sterilization. Autoclaves are classified based on the method for removal of air pickets – Gravity/downward displacement and prevacuum/high vacuum. Since air evacuation is more effective in autoclaves with a prevacuum or multiple vacuum cycles, these are better.Spot Hot CH340g USB to Ttl Serial Port Module Stc Microcontroller. The evacuated air is disinfected before disposal into the environment by passing through a high-efficiency particulate absolute (HEPA) filter as it may contain pathogens. All infectious waste including cultures, human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns) and sharps, and medical instruments are sterilized in autoclave. Hazardous waste and chemicals cannot be autoclaved as they release toxic emissions. Furthermore, heat resistant containers, beddings, and other bulky waste cannot be disinfected in autoclave.[Cheap Primer MDF Ceiling Crown Molding Flooring Accessories Made in China] Microwave uses moist heat and steam generated by microwave energy to disinfect. All infectious waste including human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns), and sharps are sterilized in microwave. Volatile, semi-volatile organic compounds, mercury,Custom Golden Security Variable Printed 3D Anti-Faked Hologram Sticker Waterproof Printing. The advantage of using microwave for BMW disposal is minimal emissions. Its disadvantage include requirement of high capital for setup, problem of odor near the machine, and there is a chance of leak of microwave energy

2. Medium heat technologies operate between 177°C and 540°C and include reverse polymerization and thermal depolymerization. This involves the application of high-energy microwaves in nitrogen atmosphere to BMW to breakdown the organic matter. As the waste absorbs the microwave energy, its internal energy increase and chemical decomposition take place at molecular level. Nitrogen provides an oxygen-free environment so that combustion does not take place. Then, shredders are used to mutilate the waste[China Factory and Manufacturers Industrial Grade Cellulose Ethers HPMC]

3. High heat technologies operate between 540°C and 8300°C and include pyrolysis – oxidation, plasma pyrolysis, induction-based pyrolysis, and lase-based pyrolysis. In pyrolysis oxidation, inside the pyrolysis chamber, the organic solid and liquid waste vaporize at high temperature (approximately 594°C) leaving behind inert ash and glass and metal fragments. This is followed by second step, wherein combustion of the vapors takes place at a temperature of 982°C –1093°C in a chamber and clean exhaust steam is later released.

Plasma pyrolysis uses plasma torches to generate plasma energy. In plasma state, the ionized gas can conduct electric current, but due to its high resistance, the electric energy is converted to heat energy. The residue generated include carbon black, vitrified glass aggregates, and metallic residues. A wide variety of waste can be destroyed in plasma-based technology – infectious waste, sharps, plastics, dialysis waste, hazardous waste, chemotherapeutic waste, chemotherapy waste, and low-level radioactive waste (Rapid Prototype Aluminum/Brass/Steel CNC Small Batch Machinery/Machining Parts).Women Winter Home Cartoon Cat Non-Slip Warm Indoors Bedroom Floor Shoes Plush Faux Fur Slides, waste residue is inert and sterile, i.e., environment friendly,PTFE Fiberglass Fabric with Smooth Surface(95%) and mass (80%–90%). Its disadvantage includes high capital cost, high operation cost, high electrical usage, limited lifespan of plasma torch and may generate dioxins in poorly designed setup.[China Manufacturer 5 Ton 50 Kn Low Speed Hydraulic Winch for Truck]

Conclusions

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References