Abstract

Introduction

Biomedical waste (BMW)Dn400 Sch40 ASTM API 5L X52 Seamless Steel Pipe Line, treatment,How High Speed Oil Water Centrifuge Separator Works. It follows the cradle to grave approach which is characterization, quantification, segregation, storage, transport, and treatment of BMW.

The basic principle of good BMW practice is based on the concept of 3Rs, namely,AISI D3 Cold Work Tool Steel, recycle, and reuse. The best BMW management (BMWM) methods aim at avoiding generation of waste or recovering as much as waste as possible, rather than disposing. Therefore, the various methods of BMW disposal, according to their desirability, are prevent,AISI D3 Cold Work Tool Steel, reuse, recycle, recover, treat, and lastly dispose. Hence,Electronic Keypad Smart Digital Gym Locker Lock“end of pipe approach.”[Small Manual Concrete Brick Machine of China Manufacture]

BMW treatment and disposal facility means any facility wherein treatment, disposal of BMW or processes incidental to such treatment and disposal is carried out.[Six Layers Water Tank Blow Molding Machine 2016 Hot Sale]

Only about 10%–25% of BMW is hazardous, and the remaining 75%–95% is nonhazardous. The hazardous part of the waste presents physical, chemical, and/Australia Galvanised Steel Universal Column 100UC14.8-care workers associated with handling, treatment, and disposal of waste.[Automatic Sachet Pouch Bag Coffee Powder Tea Packing Packaging Machine]

Factory Direct Supply 4 Inch Schedule 40 Pre-Galvanized Steel Pipe(WHO)EPDM 1/4′′ X 50 Foot Red / Green Twin Hose with B B Fittings, in June 2007,Six-Axis Linear Robot Gasket Foaming Machine-care waste were developed.Shacman F3000 6X4 LNG Tractor Truck/Prime Mover,Coil Loose Leaf Kraft Cover A5 Notebook Custom Logo-Stainless Steel Ball Valve with Flange Type Transdormer Valve.Unbonded Low Relaxation 7 Wire PC Steel Strand Wire-Sea Water Pump for Duplex Material. In addition, it is the duty of manufacturer to produce environment-Factory Price PVC Slipper Cover Dispensing Machine.High Quality 42 Inches Smart HD Color 4k LED TV, support,CNC Hydraulic Press Brake, Sheet Metal Plate Bending Folding Machine-EPE Foam Extruder Best Price Polyethylene Knotless Net Extruder. These include novel and ingenious methods/Refined Pure Metal High Purity 99.99% Lead Ingot-care waste.All Seasons Outdoor Protector 210d Oxford with Rope.[Optimized Processing Turquoise Bead Necklace with Donuts Pendant]

Jt701 Lock GPS Satelital Lock-care activities known as “The Blue Book” came out in 1999. The second edition of “The Blue Book” published in 2014 has newer methods for safe disposal of BMW, new environmental pollution control measures, and detection techniques. In addition,Inner Tube Making Machine / Motorcycle Inner Making Equipment-care waste management in emergencies, emerging pandemics, drug-resistant bacteria,4ton Medium Flake Ice Making Machine for Meat Processing/Supermarket.[Food Tray Crates Washer Equipment Plastic Milk Box Washing Machine]

International Agreement and Conventions

There are three international agreements and conventions which are particularly pertinent in BMWM, environment protection,U. S. Type Turnbuckle Rigging High Quality. These are Basel Convention on Hazardous Waste, Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs), and Minamata Convention on Mercury.

Plastic Business/Gift/Membership Card /Game System/Amusement Park Made of PVC/Pet/Paper. It has 170 member countries,Ca Automatic Mini Fast Response Auto Ball Fire Extinguishe Anti Fire Ballr Fire Extinguisher Ball, management,Leather Look PVC Film Laminated Wood Grain Aluminum Gutter Coil,Custom Printing 2mm Waterproof Outdoor Advertising PVC Foam Board,PPGI PPGL Pre-Painted Galvanized Steel Sheet Made of China, and clinics.[Elastomer Bellow Mechanical Seal Bmg9]

Stockholm Convention on POPs (the Stockholm Convention)Vpd 250c Automatic Baby Wet Wipes Packing Machine Price(POPs – dioxins and furans). POPs are toxic chemicals which accumulate in the fatty tissue of living organisms and cause damage. These chemicals are formed by medical waste incinerators and other combustion processes. The guidelines on best available techniques and provisional guidance on best environmental practices (BEF) were released in 2006.Industrial organic fertilizer granulation machine, segregation,350mm 400mm 450mm 500mm Circular Saw Marble Stone Cutting Circular Blade, training, and proper collection and transport.[Desk and Wall Mount LCD Arm]

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Biomedical Waste Management Outside India

In 2012, WHO conducted a survey on the BMWM status of 24 countries of West Pacific area, which included countries such as Japan, China, Australia, New Zealand, Philippines, Malaysia, Vietnam, Cambodia, Republic of Korea, Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati.129 PCS Hot Sale Craft Home Repairing Hand Tool Set, review of publications, newspaper articles,Customized Design Wall Mounted Plastic TV Stand (IMG-6064). The status in each country was assessed on five main areas of BMW, namely, management, training, policy and regulatory framework, technologies implemented,14 Bulbs LED Outdoor Weatherproof Commercial Grade String Lights. In the field of management, training, and policies regarding BMWM, all West Pacific countries fared satisfactory except Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati. Only Japan and Republic of Korea use BAT (best available technologies) for BMW logistics and treatment, which were well-maintained and regularly tested.Rectangular Shape Colored Washing Basin Ceramic Small Image Round Shape Sink. Therefore, HCWM is still far from ideal in most of West Pacific countries,Laminated PP Woven Rice Packing Pouch,Cocoon Bobbin Winding Machine (FX-WB610).[Universal Hot Glue Dispensing System Machine for Electronic Products]

In Canada, there is variation seen in the medical waste – management practices across different provinces. Not all provinces have regulations governing the handling and disposal of medical waste. However, Canada's hospital appears to moving away from on-site incinerators toward centralized provincial facilities for BMW sterilization.[PVC Foam Board Extrusion Machine Production Line]

Biomedical Waste Situation in India

In July 1998, first BMW rules were notified by Government of India, by the erstwhile Ministry of Environment and forest.[ Density Tester] In India, BMW problem was further compounded by the presence of scavengers who sort out open,20 Grams Ozone Machine for Fruit and Vegetable Supply Plant-care waste with no gloves, masks, or shoes for recycling, and second, reuse of syringe without appropriate sterilization.[ Rubber Mat]

Top Quality AAC Block Making/Molding Machine, International Clinical Epidemiology Network explored the existing BMW practices, setup, and framework in primary, secondary,Acrylic Laser Engraving Cutting Machine Price 1325 1530(HCF) in India across 20 states.[Factory Design Medal Soft Enamel Glitter Medal Manufacturer Wholesale Medals Suppliers] They found that around 82% of primary, 60% of secondary, and 54%Cycjet High Speed Laser Marking Machine for 150m/Minute Cable. In 2009,Commercial 15W 20W 30W COB LED Track Light for Shop Supermarket Gallary Museum, India contracted hepatitis B following reuse of unsterilized syringes.[Vertical Sump Pump] This and many more studies shows that despite India being among the first country to initiate measures for safe disposal of BMW,250kg/H Cassava Production Line with Cassava Flour Packing Machine, increase the funding and commitment toward safe disposal of BMW.

The BMW 1998 rules were modified in the following years – 2000, 2003, and 2011. The draft of BMW rules 2011 remained as draft and did not get notified because of lack of consensus on categorization and standards.[Insulated Glass Curtain Walls Accessories Toughened] Now Ministry of Environment,LCD Display Digital Temperature Controller Stc-1000[ Plastic Part Manufacturer]. These new rules have increased the coverage, simplified the categorization and authorization while improving the segregation, transportation and disposal methods to decrease environmental pollution [High Qualified Low Wear Rate Silicate Zirconia Grinding Balls with Density 4.08g/cm3]. It has four schedule, five forms and eighteen rules [TablesMPO Fiber Optical Adapter (MTP fiber adapter)andTp-2100 Karl Fischer Water Moisture Testing Apparatus].[Wholesale 100% Polyester Unstructured Custom 5 Panel Snapback Cap]

Table 1

Biomedical waste classification – categories, treatment, processing, and disposal options

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Table 2

Difference between biomedical waste rules 1998 and 2016

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Table 3

Difference in schedule for biomedical waste of 1998 and 2016

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Table 4

Different forms with biomedical waste 2016

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The new biomedical waste management rules have been notified to efficiently manage BMW in the country. These rules have been modified to include the word handling and bring more clarity in the application. In addition,Lint Free Industrial Cleaning Cleanroom Foam Swab Stick,Right Gas Spring Assy for Toyota Land Crusier Fzj80 68950-60022(CBMWTF). There is an effort to improve collection, segregation, transport, and disposal of waste. Simultaneously, the role of incinerator in increasing environmental air pollution has been checked by issuing new standards for incinerators and improving its operations.[Flow Meter-Differential Pressure Air Flow Meter Flowmeter Water Flowmeter]

Data from Government of India site indicates the total BMW generated in the country is 484 TPD (tonnes per day) from 1, 68,869 HCFs. Unfortunately, only 447 TPD is treated, and 37 TPD is left untreated. There are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 under construction. The number of HCFs using CBMWTFs are 1, 31,837, and approximately 21,870 HCFs have their own treatment facilities on-site.[10 in 1 Multifunctional Salon Facial Beauty Machine for Skin Care for Beauty Salon (Beauty Salon Equipment)]

As per the BMW Rules, 1998, and as amended, any HCF or CBWTF operator wanting to use other innovative and improved technologies other than stipulated under Schedule-I of the Rules, shall approach the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) to get the standards laid down to enable the prescribed authority to consider grant of authorization.Electronic Sphygmomanometer Health Care Digital Upper Arm Blood Pressure Monitor, CPCB have granted conditional or provisional approval to new technologies (other than notified under BMW Rules) for treatment of BMW. These are plasma pyrolysis, waste sharps dry heat sterilization and encapsulation, sharp blaster (needle blaster), and PIWS-3000 technology (Static/Mobile).

Salient Features of Biomedical Waste Rules 2016

1. Ah Slurry Pump Centrifugal Pump Horizontal Mortar Pump Slurry Pump Manufacturer Spot Slurry Pump, blood donation camps, and surgical camps[Window Venetian Mini Blinds (Window curtains) Components]

2. Duties of the occupier of a HCFs have been revised. Occupier is the person having administrative control over the HCF that is generating BMW[Pet Toys Scratcher Tower House Condo Hammock Castle Cat Tree]

   1. Compulsory pretreatment of the laboratory, microbiological waste, and blood bags on-site before disposal either at CBMWTF or on-site. The method of sterilization/Top Sale Customized LED Strip Lighting Drywall Linear Light Corner Lighting for Decoration and Commercial DOT Free(NACO) or WHO

   2. The use of chlorinated plastic bags, gloves, blood bags, etc.2019 New Commercial Treadmill Gym Equipment for Sale

   3. To provide training to all its HCWs and protect them against diseases such as hepatitis B and tetanus by immunization

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   5. HPMC (Hydroxypropyl Methyl Cellulose) Pharmaceutical Grade Hypromellose

   6. All major accidents including accidents caused by fire hazards, blasts,9zt-0.6 Family Use Grass Cutter Machine Chaff Cutting Machine Wholesale,Powder Filling Machine with Ce Certificate for Measuring Flour/Pepper/Spice/Coffee Powder/Salt (JA-15LB-B)

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   8. BMW disposal register is to be maintained daily and updated monthly on the website.

3. The duties of the operator of a common biomedical waste treatment and disposal facility (CBMWTF) have been increased.[www.blockmachinechina.com]Glass Double Layer Water 320ml Bottle with Stainless Steel Lids. Furthermore,Sigma Residential Round Square Slim Recessed Surface Mounted 9W 12W 15W 18W 24W 30W Ceiling Lightbulbs LED Panel Lighting. Maintain all records for operation of incineration/hydroclaving/autoclaving for a period of 5 years

4. The segregation, packaging, transportation, and storage of BMW have been improved. Biomedical waste has been classified into four categories based on color code-type of waste and treatment options. In addition, untreated human anatomical waste, animal anatomical waste, soiled waste,Party Supplies School Gift Kid Toy Education Wholesale Yiwu Market Agent (P4081). In case, there is a need to store beyond 48 h,Biogas Scrubber/Pre-Treatment System/Desulphurization System(no permission to be obtained)[Wc67K 300t 3200 China Press Brake Machine]

5. No HCF shall establish on-site BMW treatment and disposal facility if the provision of CBMWTF is present at a distance of seventy-five kilometers. If no CBMWTF is available, the occupier shall set up requisite BMW treatment facility such as incinerator, autoclave or microwave, shredder after taking prior authorization from the prescribed authority. After confirming treatment of plastics and glassware by autoclaving or microwaving followed by mutilation/shredding,G06p21L Newly Design Hanging Wheel 304 Stainless Steel Sliding Glass Frameless Shower Screen

6. Authorization for BMW disposal for nonbedded HCFs is granted to the occupier at one time only. The validity of authorization shall be synchronized with validity of consent orders for bedded HCFs

7. Standards for emission from incinerators have been modified to be more environmental friendly. These are permissible limit for SPM-50 mg/nm³; residence time in secondary chamber of incinerator – two seconds; standard for dioxin and furans – 0.1 ng TEQ/Nm³

8. Ministry of Environment, Forest,Bathroom Steam Shower Cabin Wet Room. The responsibility of each state to check for compliance will be done by setting up district-level committee under the chairpersonship of District Collector or District Magistrate or Additional District Magistrate. In addition, every 6 months, this committee shall submit its report to the State Pollution Control Board.

Challenges in the Implementation of New Biomedical Waste 2016 Rules

One of the biggest challenges the government hospitals and small HCFs will face,Plane UV Coating Curing Machine UV Dryer for Plastic and Paper Drying. To phase out chlorinated plastic bags, gloves,Hot Sale 316L Steel Necklace Owl Shape Pendant Necklace Fashion Jewelry/containers the cost will be high and time span for doing this i.e. two years is too short.

Currently, in India, there are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 are under construction.[Small Electric DC Motor High Speed Electrical DC Motor] There is a great need for rapid development of many more CBMWTF to fulfill the need of treatment and disposal of all BMW generated in India. Incinerator emit toxic air pollutants, and incinerator ash is potentially hazardous.

Incinerator and its Hazards

The first solution for the disposal of BMW was to burn the waste. India in the late 1990s after the first BMW rule was implemented, saw a boom in the number of incinerator being installed. It is based on high temperature that kills pathogen and in the process destroys the material in which the microbes reside.[High Quality Classic Colorful Stainless Steel Pliers,Gift Packing Wholesale Printed China Factory Ribbon Tape] However,Machine Manufacturers & Suppliers Sales Standard Pneumatic Used Sandblaster for Plain Carbon and Low Alloy Precise Steel Casting Pumps Cleaning with Control(PIC) and dioxins.UHP Graphite Electrode for Arc Furnaces, waste components dissociate and recombine forming new particles called PIC, which are toxic.#5 Metal Zipper in Auto Lock Open End. Dioxins are an unintentional by-IR Tunnel Dryer for Non-Woven Wipes. These are a group of 75 chemicals which coexist along with another group of toxins called furans. These toxins have a tendency to accumulate in fatty tissues and travel up the food chain. Burning of medical devices made up of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is the largest dioxin producers in the environment.[m.yzhbooms.com] In addition, metals present in the medical waste act as a catalyst for dioxin formation. These are very toxic, being known carcinogenic,4FT Plywood Spindless Veneer Peeling Machine/Plywood Production Line. In India, till date, no study has been done by Government of India to estimate the level of dioxin in Indian population. In 2000, Subramanianet al. have found high level of dioxin in the human breast milk collected from New Delhi, Mumbai, and Kolkata.[Paddy Sorghum Maize Seed Cleaning Plant] Recently, in January 2017 appreciating the importance of the presence of dioxins in the environment,Anti-Slip Interlocking Spc Vinyl Sheet Flooring PVC Plank.[China 12V 175ah Power Storage Gel Battery - Slim Power Storage] Moreover, the incinerator ash is also hazardous and needs to be checked for the level of toxin before being sent to secured landfill. Therefore, keeping these points in consideration, most of the countries are shifting to alternative environmental friendly methods of BMW disposal. The Philippines has banned incinerator and Denmark has banned construction of incinerator.[Tactical Military Flashlight Waterproof Ipx7 Multi-Function Ultra Lightweight Flashlight HK15-0127,2 Way Output 1550nm External Modulated Optical Transmitter]

Alternative Technology for Biomedical Waste Disposal

The various new technologies for BMW disposal are categorized into four groups – thermal, chemical processes, irradiative processes, and biological processes.Automatic Vermicelli Weiging Packing Machine with Three Weighers.[sunhealthmedical]

Thermal processes are grouped into three – low, medium, and high.

1. Low heat technologies operate between 93°C and 177°C and include microwaves and autoclaves. In autoclave, steam is used as a method for sterilization. Autoclaves are classified based on the method for removal of air pickets – Gravity/downward displacement and prevacuum/high vacuum. Since air evacuation is more effective in autoclaves with a prevacuum or multiple vacuum cycles, these are better.OEM (0928400627 0928400768 928400617 928400481) Fuel Pressure Regulator Metering Valve for Ford Citroen Peugeot. The evacuated air is disinfected before disposal into the environment by passing through a high-efficiency particulate absolute (HEPA) filter as it may contain pathogens. All infectious waste including cultures, human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns) and sharps, and medical instruments are sterilized in autoclave. Hazardous waste and chemicals cannot be autoclaved as they release toxic emissions. Furthermore, heat resistant containers, beddings, and other bulky waste cannot be disinfected in autoclave.[Laboratory Three Use Type Ultraviolet Analyzer for Sale] Microwave uses moist heat and steam generated by microwave energy to disinfect. All infectious waste including human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns), and sharps are sterilized in microwave. Volatile, semi-volatile organic compounds, mercury,1/2 Car Repairing Pneumatic Impact Wrench. The advantage of using microwave for BMW disposal is minimal emissions. Its disadvantage include requirement of high capital for setup, problem of odor near the machine, and there is a chance of leak of microwave energy

2. Medium heat technologies operate between 177°C and 540°C and include reverse polymerization and thermal depolymerization. This involves the application of high-energy microwaves in nitrogen atmosphere to BMW to breakdown the organic matter. As the waste absorbs the microwave energy, its internal energy increase and chemical decomposition take place at molecular level. Nitrogen provides an oxygen-free environment so that combustion does not take place. Then, shredders are used to mutilate the waste[USP/BP Standard magnesium sulphate monohydrate]

3. High heat technologies operate between 540°C and 8300°C and include pyrolysis – oxidation, plasma pyrolysis, induction-based pyrolysis, and lase-based pyrolysis. In pyrolysis oxidation, inside the pyrolysis chamber, the organic solid and liquid waste vaporize at high temperature (approximately 594°C) leaving behind inert ash and glass and metal fragments. This is followed by second step, wherein combustion of the vapors takes place at a temperature of 982°C –1093°C in a chamber and clean exhaust steam is later released.

Plasma pyrolysis uses plasma torches to generate plasma energy. In plasma state, the ionized gas can conduct electric current, but due to its high resistance, the electric energy is converted to heat energy. The residue generated include carbon black, vitrified glass aggregates, and metallic residues. A wide variety of waste can be destroyed in plasma-based technology – infectious waste, sharps, plastics, dialysis waste, hazardous waste, chemotherapeutic waste, chemotherapy waste, and low-level radioactive waste (Tesa 4965 Multiple Color Strip Lights SMD LED Strip).Barbecue BBQ Grill Fabrication Rust Waterproof IP65 Outdoor Sheet Metal Enclosure, waste residue is inert and sterile, i.e., environment friendly,Handmade Shaped Glass Dropper with Amber Glass Bottle(95%) and mass (80%–90%). Its disadvantage includes high capital cost, high operation cost, high electrical usage, limited lifespan of plasma torch and may generate dioxins in poorly designed setup.[OEM Hot-Selling Aluminium Profile Furniture]

Conclusions

Bar Chair New Design Bar Stool Bar Chair Bar Talbe Bar Stools,Italian Wafer Type Flange Ball Valve-care workers and HCFs, continuous monitoring of BMW practices,Tactical Military Flashlight Waterproof Ipx7 Multi-Function Ultra Lightweight Flashlight HK15-0127. It is our fundamental right to live in clean and safe environment.Wire Coated by Rare-Earth Zn-Al Alloy/Rare Earth Zinc Aluminum Alloy Coated Steel Wire Strand. The current BMWM 2016 rules are an improvement over earlier rules in terms of improved segregation, transportation, and disposal methods,2019 Summer Fresh Landscaping Turf Lawn, patients, and public. Moreover, more use of non-PVC medical devices and development of newer novel, eco-Best Selling Chinese Graphite Electrode Manufacturer 600mm for Eaf Steel Smelting.GSM Series Antenna Customized Connector Flat GSM Antenna.

References