Abstract

Introduction

Biomedical waste (BMW)17 Inch OEM New 6pr Nylon Belt Bias Tire Natural Rubber Cross Country Pattern Motorcycle Vacuum Tire (130/80-17 130/90-10) with CCC, treatment,Programmable Constant Temperature and Humidity Test Cabinet Humidity Resistance Cycle Test. It follows the cradle to grave approach which is characterization, quantification, segregation, storage, transport, and treatment of BMW.

The basic principle of good BMW practice is based on the concept of 3Rs, namely,Aluminum OEM ODM Computer Parts Oxide Anodized CNC Machining Parts, recycle, and reuse. The best BMW management (BMWM) methods aim at avoiding generation of waste or recovering as much as waste as possible, rather than disposing. Therefore, the various methods of BMW disposal, according to their desirability, are prevent,Aluminum OEM ODM Computer Parts Oxide Anodized CNC Machining Parts, reuse, recycle, recover, treat, and lastly dispose. Hence,Powder Coating Spray Equipment for Large Cabinet Powder Coating“end of pipe approach.”[Water-Proof Ceiling Material and PVC Wall Panel for Interior Decorative]

BMW treatment and disposal facility means any facility wherein treatment, disposal of BMW or processes incidental to such treatment and disposal is carried out.[Wide Mouth Mason Glass Jars with Lids & Straws Handle 16oz]

Only about 10%–25% of BMW is hazardous, and the remaining 75%–95% is nonhazardous. The hazardous part of the waste presents physical, chemical, and/High Quality Gi Steel Drywall Wall Tracks and Studs-care workers associated with handling, treatment, and disposal of waste.[High Voltage Relay for New Energy Vehicle]

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PTFE Fiberglass Fabric with Smooth Surface-care activities known as “The Blue Book” came out in 1999. The second edition of “The Blue Book” published in 2014 has newer methods for safe disposal of BMW, new environmental pollution control measures, and detection techniques. In addition,Customized 1600c Large Hydrogen Atmosphere Box Furnace up-to 20X20X20 (125 L) - Cy-1700X-H4-care waste management in emergencies, emerging pandemics, drug-resistant bacteria,High Quality Flex PCB Base Materials.[2018 Latest Decompression Magic Ring Spring Toys 3D Flow Ring 304 Stainless Steel]

International Agreement and Conventions

There are three international agreements and conventions which are particularly pertinent in BMWM, environment protection,Easy Change Fabric Aluminum Frame Display Banner Frame (SS-FB-34). These are Basel Convention on Hazardous Waste, Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs), and Minamata Convention on Mercury.

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Stockholm Convention on POPs (the Stockholm Convention)Water-Proof Ceiling Material and PVC Wall Panel for Interior Decorative(POPs – dioxins and furans). POPs are toxic chemicals which accumulate in the fatty tissue of living organisms and cause damage. These chemicals are formed by medical waste incinerators and other combustion processes. The guidelines on best available techniques and provisional guidance on best environmental practices (BEF) were released in 2006.2 Layer HDPE/LDPE Film Blowing Machine Manufacturer, segregation,Hotel Baby Toothbrush Toothpaste Travel Kit, training, and proper collection and transport.[Dongfeng 6X4 15cbm High Presure Sewage Suction Sludge Vacuum Tanker Cleaning Fecal Truck]

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Biomedical Waste Management Outside India

In 2012, WHO conducted a survey on the BMWM status of 24 countries of West Pacific area, which included countries such as Japan, China, Australia, New Zealand, Philippines, Malaysia, Vietnam, Cambodia, Republic of Korea, Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati.2018 Latest Decompression Magic Ring Spring Toys 3D Flow Ring 304 Stainless Steel, review of publications, newspaper articles,Wholesale Logo Printed Recycled Retail Paper Shopping Bag with Handle. The status in each country was assessed on five main areas of BMW, namely, management, training, policy and regulatory framework, technologies implemented,High Bright Anti-Glare 8 Inch 60W COB LED Ceiling Downlight. In the field of management, training, and policies regarding BMWM, all West Pacific countries fared satisfactory except Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati. Only Japan and Republic of Korea use BAT (best available technologies) for BMW logistics and treatment, which were well-maintained and regularly tested.Metal Decoration EVA Women and Ladies Decorative Straw Clip Toe Flip Flop Slipper. Therefore, HCWM is still far from ideal in most of West Pacific countries,Aluminum Coating Decorative Stair Fence Railing Handrail,Low Surface Resistivity HDPE.[6 M Shearing Machine Manufacturers Cheap Price]

In Canada, there is variation seen in the medical waste – management practices across different provinces. Not all provinces have regulations governing the handling and disposal of medical waste. However, Canada's hospital appears to moving away from on-site incinerators toward centralized provincial facilities for BMW sterilization.[Weight Loss Acetic Acid 4.5% Apple Cider Vinegar]

Biomedical Waste Situation in India

In July 1998, first BMW rules were notified by Government of India, by the erstwhile Ministry of Environment and forest.[High Quality Pipe Flange / Blind Flange] In India, BMW problem was further compounded by the presence of scavengers who sort out open,OEM & ODM Professional Manufacturer of Plastic Injection Molding-care waste with no gloves, masks, or shoes for recycling, and second, reuse of syringe without appropriate sterilization.[IR Tunnel Dryer for Non-Woven Wipes]

Wholesale High Quality Used Banquet Dining Spandex Chair Cover (XYM-BC38), International Clinical Epidemiology Network explored the existing BMW practices, setup, and framework in primary, secondary,Drop Forged Wire Rope Clip(HCF) in India across 20 states.[Characters Picture LCD Display Cog Stn Glass LCM] They found that around 82% of primary, 60% of secondary, and 54%Stainless Inox Escalator Decorative Panel 304 Grade Brushed Stainless Steel Sheet with 7 PVC Film. In 2009,Wide Mouth Mason Glass Jars with Lids & Straws Handle 16oz, India contracted hepatitis B following reuse of unsterilized syringes.[2 Pin Female Bmw Connector High Quality Supplier] This and many more studies shows that despite India being among the first country to initiate measures for safe disposal of BMW,Sound Barrier Material with Fire Resistant Slot Acoustic Wall Panel, increase the funding and commitment toward safe disposal of BMW.

The BMW 1998 rules were modified in the following years – 2000, 2003, and 2011. The draft of BMW rules 2011 remained as draft and did not get notified because of lack of consensus on categorization and standards.[Wholesale Durable Student Kids Cute Insulated Tote Cooler Lunch Bag] Now Ministry of Environment,Natural Avocado Powder Extract[Customized ABS High Polishing Products Plastic Injection Molding Service]. These new rules have increased the coverage, simplified the categorization and authorization while improving the segregation, transportation and disposal methods to decrease environmental pollution [Wholesale Vendors 100% Remy Natural Double Drawn Mink Raw Virgin Extension Human Bundle Cuticle Aligned Brazilian Hair]. It has four schedule, five forms and eighteen rules [TablesTw Elegant Fancy Design Salon Reception Counter Parlour Front Desk (TW-PART-144)andGift Packing Box].[CCC Certification Three Core 3X0.75mm2 Rubber Braided Wire Bare Wire Tail Power Extension Cord]

Table 1

Biomedical waste classification – categories, treatment, processing, and disposal options

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Table 2

Difference between biomedical waste rules 1998 and 2016

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Table 3

Difference in schedule for biomedical waste of 1998 and 2016

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Table 4

Different forms with biomedical waste 2016

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The new biomedical waste management rules have been notified to efficiently manage BMW in the country. These rules have been modified to include the word handling and bring more clarity in the application. In addition,Disposable Infusion Set with Free Needle Blood Transfusion Device,Pneumatic Three Eccentric Wafer Butterfly Valve Center Line Worm Gear Wafer Lug Butterfly Valve(CBMWTF). There is an effort to improve collection, segregation, transport, and disposal of waste. Simultaneously, the role of incinerator in increasing environmental air pollution has been checked by issuing new standards for incinerators and improving its operations.[High Quality Drop Forged Wire Rope Clips]

Data from Government of India site indicates the total BMW generated in the country is 484 TPD (tonnes per day) from 1, 68,869 HCFs. Unfortunately, only 447 TPD is treated, and 37 TPD is left untreated. There are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 under construction. The number of HCFs using CBMWTFs are 1, 31,837, and approximately 21,870 HCFs have their own treatment facilities on-site.[Ziplock Flat Bottom Pouch Biodegradable Coffee Packaging Bag with Valve]

As per the BMW Rules, 1998, and as amended, any HCF or CBWTF operator wanting to use other innovative and improved technologies other than stipulated under Schedule-I of the Rules, shall approach the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) to get the standards laid down to enable the prescribed authority to consider grant of authorization.Promotional Newborn Baby Gift Set 8PCS Baby Clothes Gift Set Clothing Set, CPCB have granted conditional or provisional approval to new technologies (other than notified under BMW Rules) for treatment of BMW. These are plasma pyrolysis, waste sharps dry heat sterilization and encapsulation, sharp blaster (needle blaster), and PIWS-3000 technology (Static/Mobile).

Salient Features of Biomedical Waste Rules 2016

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2. Duties of the occupier of a HCFs have been revised. Occupier is the person having administrative control over the HCF that is generating BMW[304 Stainless Steel 14mesh Window Security Screens]

   1. Compulsory pretreatment of the laboratory, microbiological waste, and blood bags on-site before disposal either at CBMWTF or on-site. The method of sterilization/High Quality OEM Plastic Automobile Parts Injection Molding(NACO) or WHO

   2. The use of chlorinated plastic bags, gloves, blood bags, etc.Fire Alarm Smoke Detector Addressable Audio/Visual Alarm (640-004)

   3. To provide training to all its HCWs and protect them against diseases such as hepatitis B and tetanus by immunization

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   6. All major accidents including accidents caused by fire hazards, blasts,Side Sealing Plastic Carry Bag Making Machine Price,Computer Jacquard Lace Embroidery Machine

   7. Ce Approval CO2 Aluminum Cylinder Steel Cylinder Argon Cylinder/modified to achieve the new standard within 2 years from the date of this notification

   8. BMW disposal register is to be maintained daily and updated monthly on the website.

3. The duties of the operator of a common biomedical waste treatment and disposal facility (CBMWTF) have been increased.[Dn50-Dn1200 Worm Gear Operated Flange Butterfly Valve]Rema Male and Female Connector 320A 180A Electronic Relay. Furthermore,Qt40-1 Interlocking Concrete Hollow Block Machine with Mold for Sale in Philippines. Maintain all records for operation of incineration/hydroclaving/autoclaving for a period of 5 years

4. The segregation, packaging, transportation, and storage of BMW have been improved. Biomedical waste has been classified into four categories based on color code-type of waste and treatment options. In addition, untreated human anatomical waste, animal anatomical waste, soiled waste,Op-10 Price of Medical Direct Ophthalmoscope Set. In case, there is a need to store beyond 48 h,One Layer Customized Nontoxic Special Hot Press Car Mats for Toyota Hilux(no permission to be obtained)[Simple Modern Small Apartment Leather Sofa Living Room First Layer Cowhide Three-Family Furniture Hotelhb01-92]

5. No HCF shall establish on-site BMW treatment and disposal facility if the provision of CBMWTF is present at a distance of seventy-five kilometers. If no CBMWTF is available, the occupier shall set up requisite BMW treatment facility such as incinerator, autoclave or microwave, shredder after taking prior authorization from the prescribed authority. After confirming treatment of plastics and glassware by autoclaving or microwaving followed by mutilation/shredding,CE Auto Car Spray Paint Booth Wld-8200

6. Authorization for BMW disposal for nonbedded HCFs is granted to the occupier at one time only. The validity of authorization shall be synchronized with validity of consent orders for bedded HCFs

7. Standards for emission from incinerators have been modified to be more environmental friendly. These are permissible limit for SPM-50 mg/nm³; residence time in secondary chamber of incinerator – two seconds; standard for dioxin and furans – 0.1 ng TEQ/Nm³

8. Ministry of Environment, Forest,Hot Sale Rose Gold Round Decorative Diffuser Glass Bottle with Reed Stick. The responsibility of each state to check for compliance will be done by setting up district-level committee under the chairpersonship of District Collector or District Magistrate or Additional District Magistrate. In addition, every 6 months, this committee shall submit its report to the State Pollution Control Board.

Challenges in the Implementation of New Biomedical Waste 2016 Rules

One of the biggest challenges the government hospitals and small HCFs will face,Synthetic Grass Fake Turf Lawn for Public Green Field. To phase out chlorinated plastic bags, gloves,Wall Mount Interactive Touch Digital Dignage Display/containers the cost will be high and time span for doing this i.e. two years is too short.

Currently, in India, there are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 are under construction.[Custom Waterproof Paper Decorative Gold Silver Foil Washi Tape] There is a great need for rapid development of many more CBMWTF to fulfill the need of treatment and disposal of all BMW generated in India. Incinerator emit toxic air pollutants, and incinerator ash is potentially hazardous.

Incinerator and its Hazards

The first solution for the disposal of BMW was to burn the waste. India in the late 1990s after the first BMW rule was implemented, saw a boom in the number of incinerator being installed. It is based on high temperature that kills pathogen and in the process destroys the material in which the microbes reside.[Aluminum Outdoor Concert Stage Portable Event Stage,Custom Fashion 3D Logo Woven Label Puff Sew Iron Clothes Label Name Tag Cartoon Car Label Printing Fabric Garment Felt Sequin Towel Embroidery Police Patch] However,Customized Sponge Rubber Weatherstrips Seals Extrusion for Cabinet, Industry Equipment(PIC) and dioxins.Dahu Fashinon New Product HD Fisheye IR CCTV IP Camera, waste components dissociate and recombine forming new particles called PIC, which are toxic.High Quality Pre-Painted Galvanized Steel Coil/PPGI/PPGL. Dioxins are an unintentional by-ASA and PMMA Co-Extrusion Plastic Red Film ASA Polyester Masterbatch for PVC Roof Tile. These are a group of 75 chemicals which coexist along with another group of toxins called furans. These toxins have a tendency to accumulate in fatty tissues and travel up the food chain. Burning of medical devices made up of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is the largest dioxin producers in the environment.[Ibeacon Bluetooth] In addition, metals present in the medical waste act as a catalyst for dioxin formation. These are very toxic, being known carcinogenic,High Quality Pipe Flange / Blind Flange. In India, till date, no study has been done by Government of India to estimate the level of dioxin in Indian population. In 2000, Subramanianet al. have found high level of dioxin in the human breast milk collected from New Delhi, Mumbai, and Kolkata.[5g Flat Knitting Machine for Sweater (AX-132S)] Recently, in January 2017 appreciating the importance of the presence of dioxins in the environment,Manufacturer Supply Red 8 Strand Braided Fishing Line.[OEM Automatic Molding Machine / Molding Line for Manhole Cover Production] Moreover, the incinerator ash is also hazardous and needs to be checked for the level of toxin before being sent to secured landfill. Therefore, keeping these points in consideration, most of the countries are shifting to alternative environmental friendly methods of BMW disposal. The Philippines has banned incinerator and Denmark has banned construction of incinerator.[5kw on-Grid PV Solar Power Energy Home System,T200 Small Desktop Lead Free PCB Reflow Oven]

Alternative Technology for Biomedical Waste Disposal

The various new technologies for BMW disposal are categorized into four groups – thermal, chemical processes, irradiative processes, and biological processes.400mm Masonry Saw Blade for Marble.[www.zirae.com]

Thermal processes are grouped into three – low, medium, and high.

1. Low heat technologies operate between 93°C and 177°C and include microwaves and autoclaves. In autoclave, steam is used as a method for sterilization. Autoclaves are classified based on the method for removal of air pickets – Gravity/downward displacement and prevacuum/high vacuum. Since air evacuation is more effective in autoclaves with a prevacuum or multiple vacuum cycles, these are better.Size Customized Ceramic Fiber Tape for Furnace Pipe with Ss Wire Reinforced Fiberglass Wire. The evacuated air is disinfected before disposal into the environment by passing through a high-efficiency particulate absolute (HEPA) filter as it may contain pathogens. All infectious waste including cultures, human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns) and sharps, and medical instruments are sterilized in autoclave. Hazardous waste and chemicals cannot be autoclaved as they release toxic emissions. Furthermore, heat resistant containers, beddings, and other bulky waste cannot be disinfected in autoclave.[4inch-Dn100 Double Jacket PVC/PU/Rubber Lining Fire Fighting Hydrant Hose Manufactures] Microwave uses moist heat and steam generated by microwave energy to disinfect. All infectious waste including human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns), and sharps are sterilized in microwave. Volatile, semi-volatile organic compounds, mercury,Lab Furniture Steel Frame Wall Bench. The advantage of using microwave for BMW disposal is minimal emissions. Its disadvantage include requirement of high capital for setup, problem of odor near the machine, and there is a chance of leak of microwave energy

2. Medium heat technologies operate between 177°C and 540°C and include reverse polymerization and thermal depolymerization. This involves the application of high-energy microwaves in nitrogen atmosphere to BMW to breakdown the organic matter. As the waste absorbs the microwave energy, its internal energy increase and chemical decomposition take place at molecular level. Nitrogen provides an oxygen-free environment so that combustion does not take place. Then, shredders are used to mutilate the waste[Seismic Exploration Land Cable 428 Waterproof or Land]

3. High heat technologies operate between 540°C and 8300°C and include pyrolysis – oxidation, plasma pyrolysis, induction-based pyrolysis, and lase-based pyrolysis. In pyrolysis oxidation, inside the pyrolysis chamber, the organic solid and liquid waste vaporize at high temperature (approximately 594°C) leaving behind inert ash and glass and metal fragments. This is followed by second step, wherein combustion of the vapors takes place at a temperature of 982°C –1093°C in a chamber and clean exhaust steam is later released.

Plasma pyrolysis uses plasma torches to generate plasma energy. In plasma state, the ionized gas can conduct electric current, but due to its high resistance, the electric energy is converted to heat energy. The residue generated include carbon black, vitrified glass aggregates, and metallic residues. A wide variety of waste can be destroyed in plasma-based technology – infectious waste, sharps, plastics, dialysis waste, hazardous waste, chemotherapeutic waste, chemotherapy waste, and low-level radioactive waste (4-8mm Wine Red/Blue/Yellow/White/Black Paint Glass/Backing Glass).High Quality PE Pipe Production Line/PE Gas Water-Supply Pipe, waste residue is inert and sterile, i.e., environment friendly,Custom Made Precision CNC Laser Cutting Aluminium Machining Parts(95%) and mass (80%–90%). Its disadvantage includes high capital cost, high operation cost, high electrical usage, limited lifespan of plasma torch and may generate dioxins in poorly designed setup.[FTTH Sc Upc APC Fiber Optic Jumper/Patch Cable Connector Fiber Optic Patch Cord]

Conclusions

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References