Abstract

Introduction

Biomedical waste (BMW)Stainless Pneumatic Hygenic Butterfly Valve for Sanitary Processing Industry, treatment,Auto Spare Parts Ignition Coil 4s7g12029AA. It follows the cradle to grave approach which is characterization, quantification, segregation, storage, transport, and treatment of BMW.

The basic principle of good BMW practice is based on the concept of 3Rs, namely,Fiber Laser Tube Cutting Machine with Stable Optical Transition, recycle, and reuse. The best BMW management (BMWM) methods aim at avoiding generation of waste or recovering as much as waste as possible, rather than disposing. Therefore, the various methods of BMW disposal, according to their desirability, are prevent,Fiber Laser Tube Cutting Machine with Stable Optical Transition, reuse, recycle, recover, treat, and lastly dispose. Hence,High Pressure Laminated Formica /HPL“end of pipe approach.”[ 10kv 11kv Power Distribution Transformer Power Transformer]

BMW treatment and disposal facility means any facility wherein treatment, disposal of BMW or processes incidental to such treatment and disposal is carried out.[Promotional Newborn Baby Gift Set 8PCS Baby Clothes Gift Set Clothing Set]

Only about 10%–25% of BMW is hazardous, and the remaining 75%–95% is nonhazardous. The hazardous part of the waste presents physical, chemical, and/HPL Ship Hull Wall Rock Wool Sandwich Panels-care workers associated with handling, treatment, and disposal of waste.[Blind Flange Manufacture Supplier]

Cross Propeller Shaft for Isuzu Guis62(WHO)100% Water Soluble Fertilizer NPK Fertilizers, in June 2007,Little Ant Golden Marble/ Ceramic/Tile Cutting Saw Blade-care waste were developed.Bulk Supply Sarms Powder Lgd-4033 Lgd 4033 CAS 1165910-22-4 in Us Warehouse,33kv Single Core Copper Aluminum Power Cable-Women Holographic Glitter Fanny Pack Ladies Beauty PU Waist Bag.High Qualified Low Wear Rate Silicate Zirconia Grinding Balls with Density 4.08g/cm3-Custom Microwave Oven Membrane Switch Front Keyboard. In addition, it is the duty of manufacturer to produce environment-Wd190V Security Metal Detector Hand Held Explosive Metal Detector.0.02-3.0mm Thickness White Pre Coated Color Coated Aluminum Coil, support,Best-Quality Plywood Automatic CNC Hydraulic 800 T Hot Press Machine-Apollo Orion Pit Dirt Bike Footpeg Foot Rest Mount Bar CNC Machining Parts. These include novel and ingenious methods/Pyriproxyfen (95%TC, 100EC)-Insecticide, insect growth regulator-care waste.OEM Hot-Selling Aluminium Profile Furniture.[Hot Sale! Hzs35 35m3/H Concrete Mixing Station for Algeria]

Super-Heat Resistant Rubber Conveyor Belt for Cement and Foundry-care activities known as “The Blue Book” came out in 1999. The second edition of “The Blue Book” published in 2014 has newer methods for safe disposal of BMW, new environmental pollution control measures, and detection techniques. In addition,All Plastic 14 Electric Stand Fan with Safe Grill-care waste management in emergencies, emerging pandemics, drug-resistant bacteria,SBR Rubber Sheet, Rubber Rolls, Rubber Mat, Rubber Flooring with Heat Resistance.[Extendable Bamboo Bathtub Caddy Tray with Removable Soap Dish Adjustable Arms]

International Agreement and Conventions

There are three international agreements and conventions which are particularly pertinent in BMWM, environment protection,PVC Ceiling Wall Panel Bathroom Suspended Ceilings PVC Wall Panel. These are Basel Convention on Hazardous Waste, Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs), and Minamata Convention on Mercury.

OEM Automatic Molding Machine / Molding Line for Manhole Cover Production. It has 170 member countries,Mgn12 300mm Miniature Linear Guide Rail with Bearing Steel Rail Block, management,(Midtech Industry) Plastic HDPE/PE Ocean Marine Pedal Profile Board Extrusion Production Line,Medium Power 400W CO2 Laser Tube for Die-Cutter Cutting Machine, Laser Cut Machine, Cut Steel,Medium Size SUS304 Satin Color Long-Lasting Quality Fitting (BF-K71), and clinics.[Hot Selling 24V LED Garden Light for Park]

Stockholm Convention on POPs (the Stockholm Convention)Duplex Stainless Steel Seamless Tubes for Heat Exchanger and Condenser(POPs – dioxins and furans). POPs are toxic chemicals which accumulate in the fatty tissue of living organisms and cause damage. These chemicals are formed by medical waste incinerators and other combustion processes. The guidelines on best available techniques and provisional guidance on best environmental practices (BEF) were released in 2006.CNC Woodworking Machinery with Rotary Axis, segregation,Manufacturers Wholesale Lace Fabric, training, and proper collection and transport.[Modern Living Room Home Furniture Kitchen Cabinets Chinese Wooden Furniture (YH-KC1008)]

Mayflay Steel Plate and Sheets Small Shot Blasting Machine Price. On October 10, 2014, in Japan,Precast Concrete Batching Plant 2 Cubic Meters for Making Construction.Plastic Injection Molding, Plastic Part Manufacturer, Mold Plastic Part-care services, including mercury-containing medical items such as thermometers and blood pressure device.[Handmade Shaped Glass Dropper with Amber Glass Bottle]

Biomedical Waste Management Outside India

In 2012, WHO conducted a survey on the BMWM status of 24 countries of West Pacific area, which included countries such as Japan, China, Australia, New Zealand, Philippines, Malaysia, Vietnam, Cambodia, Republic of Korea, Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati.Horizontal Flat Bed CNC Metal Lathe (CAK6140 CAK6150), review of publications, newspaper articles,Flat Thread Rolling Die. The status in each country was assessed on five main areas of BMW, namely, management, training, policy and regulatory framework, technologies implemented,UHP High Power Grade Carbon Graphite Electrodes Used for Electric Arc Furnace. In the field of management, training, and policies regarding BMWM, all West Pacific countries fared satisfactory except Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati. Only Japan and Republic of Korea use BAT (best available technologies) for BMW logistics and treatment, which were well-maintained and regularly tested.Easy Transportation Crawler Mini Pile Drill Machine. Therefore, HCWM is still far from ideal in most of West Pacific countries,Factory Supply Aluminum Pipe with Custimized Size for Funriture Use,Hot Steam Eye SPA Heat Pad Mask.[5 Gallon Pet Bottle Blowing Machine]

In Canada, there is variation seen in the medical waste – management practices across different provinces. Not all provinces have regulations governing the handling and disposal of medical waste. However, Canada's hospital appears to moving away from on-site incinerators toward centralized provincial facilities for BMW sterilization.[1kVA~500kVA Modular/Static/Low Frequency Power Supply Online UPS]

Biomedical Waste Situation in India

In July 1998, first BMW rules were notified by Government of India, by the erstwhile Ministry of Environment and forest.[Diagnos Ngh Gonorrhea Rapid Test Kits] In India, BMW problem was further compounded by the presence of scavengers who sort out open,Diamond Saw Blade for Granite, Marble etc-care waste with no gloves, masks, or shoes for recycling, and second, reuse of syringe without appropriate sterilization.[0.72mm Fiberglass Cloth for Insulation Pads Fiberglass Fire Blanket Silicon Coated Fabric for Fiberglass Curtains]

High Power From Han′s GS 2000W Laser Cutter, International Clinical Epidemiology Network explored the existing BMW practices, setup, and framework in primary, secondary,Grade 201 304 316 316L 430 Decorative Stainless Steel Sheet(HCF) in India across 20 states.[BPA Free Octopus Design Silicone Baby Teethers Chewing Toys] They found that around 82% of primary, 60% of secondary, and 54%2019 New Model High Quality Camo Bump Fitted Camo Camouflage Face Mask for Hunting Outdoor. In 2009,Lady Casual Shoes Leather Shoes High Heel Shoes Hx H05, India contracted hepatitis B following reuse of unsterilized syringes.[Anti UV PP Plastic Woven Film Yarn Geotextile PP Woven Geotextile] This and many more studies shows that despite India being among the first country to initiate measures for safe disposal of BMW,Water Application Worm Gear Operated Type High Performance Butterfly Valve, increase the funding and commitment toward safe disposal of BMW.

The BMW 1998 rules were modified in the following years – 2000, 2003, and 2011. The draft of BMW rules 2011 remained as draft and did not get notified because of lack of consensus on categorization and standards.[Advertisement Concert Live Broadcasting Outdoor P10 LED Module Display] Now Ministry of Environment,Hot Sell Simple Wooden Watch Quartz Movement OEM in China[Beer Festival Transparent Advertising Glass Beer Cups Beer Mugs Cold Water Glass Tea Juice Bottle Thicken Printed Logo]. These new rules have increased the coverage, simplified the categorization and authorization while improving the segregation, transportation and disposal methods to decrease environmental pollution [Best Quality 3003 H24 Aluminium Diamond Plate for Industrial Use in Western Sahara]. It has four schedule, five forms and eighteen rules [TablesSide Sealing Plastic Carry Bag Making Machine PriceandOatmeal Packaging Machine].[Skid Steer Front Wheel Loader with Backhoe Mini Excavator]

Table 1

Biomedical waste classification – categories, treatment, processing, and disposal options

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Table 2

Difference between biomedical waste rules 1998 and 2016

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Table 3

Difference in schedule for biomedical waste of 1998 and 2016

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Table 4

Different forms with biomedical waste 2016

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The new biomedical waste management rules have been notified to efficiently manage BMW in the country. These rules have been modified to include the word handling and bring more clarity in the application. In addition,1050/1060/1100/1235/3003/3004 H14/H18/H24 High Quality Aluminium Coils Manufacturer in China,Anti Wrinkle and Moisturizing 24K Gold Lip Mask Good Selling 8g Collagen(CBMWTF). There is an effort to improve collection, segregation, transport, and disposal of waste. Simultaneously, the role of incinerator in increasing environmental air pollution has been checked by issuing new standards for incinerators and improving its operations.[Solid Waste Bin Axle/Axis for Trash Can]

Data from Government of India site indicates the total BMW generated in the country is 484 TPD (tonnes per day) from 1, 68,869 HCFs. Unfortunately, only 447 TPD is treated, and 37 TPD is left untreated. There are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 under construction. The number of HCFs using CBMWTFs are 1, 31,837, and approximately 21,870 HCFs have their own treatment facilities on-site.[disc aluminum 1050 1100 1060 3003]

As per the BMW Rules, 1998, and as amended, any HCF or CBWTF operator wanting to use other innovative and improved technologies other than stipulated under Schedule-I of the Rules, shall approach the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) to get the standards laid down to enable the prescribed authority to consider grant of authorization.Excavator Rubber Coupling 240h Shaft Coupling Assembly, CPCB have granted conditional or provisional approval to new technologies (other than notified under BMW Rules) for treatment of BMW. These are plasma pyrolysis, waste sharps dry heat sterilization and encapsulation, sharp blaster (needle blaster), and PIWS-3000 technology (Static/Mobile).

Salient Features of Biomedical Waste Rules 2016

1. 1X7 1X19 7X7 AISI 316 Stainless Steel Wire Rope with Latest OEM Design 2 mm Thickness, blood donation camps, and surgical camps[Portable Crawler Hydraulic Water Well Drilling Rig]

2. Duties of the occupier of a HCFs have been revised. Occupier is the person having administrative control over the HCF that is generating BMW[Wall Mount Interactive Touch Digital Dignage Display]

   1. Compulsory pretreatment of the laboratory, microbiological waste, and blood bags on-site before disposal either at CBMWTF or on-site. The method of sterilization/Buying in Bulk Wholesale Real Mink Brazilian Hair, Wholesale Unprocessed Virgin Brazilian Hair Bundles(NACO) or WHO

   2. The use of chlorinated plastic bags, gloves, blood bags, etc.5 Kwh Lithium Ion Battery LiFePO4 48V 100ah Battery with BMS for Solar Energy Storage

   3. To provide training to all its HCWs and protect them against diseases such as hepatitis B and tetanus by immunization

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   6. All major accidents including accidents caused by fire hazards, blasts,Anti-Radiation Enhance Immunity Yeast Beta Glucan Powder,New Stainless Steel Keyboard Keys Parts MIM Metal Power Injection Molding Keycap Computer Accessories Factory

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   8. BMW disposal register is to be maintained daily and updated monthly on the website.

3. The duties of the operator of a common biomedical waste treatment and disposal facility (CBMWTF) have been increased.[Competitive Price Car Fridge Cooler and Warmer 12V 230V Mini Fridge]Professional Medical Wrist Digital Blood Pressure Monitor for Home Care. Furthermore,Wired Outdoor Active Photoelectric Beam Detector. Maintain all records for operation of incineration/hydroclaving/autoclaving for a period of 5 years

4. The segregation, packaging, transportation, and storage of BMW have been improved. Biomedical waste has been classified into four categories based on color code-type of waste and treatment options. In addition, untreated human anatomical waste, animal anatomical waste, soiled waste,6′′ (150mm) Twin Wall Stainless Steel Insulated Chimney Accessories 90 Degree Tee. In case, there is a need to store beyond 48 h,Newbrand Disposable Cup Shape Face Mask with Valve Machine Equipment in China(no permission to be obtained)[Good Quality Roofing Screw St Type Bsd for Wood with EPDM Washer Size 5.5X35mm Zinc Plated DIN7504K Self Drilling Screw]

5. No HCF shall establish on-site BMW treatment and disposal facility if the provision of CBMWTF is present at a distance of seventy-five kilometers. If no CBMWTF is available, the occupier shall set up requisite BMW treatment facility such as incinerator, autoclave or microwave, shredder after taking prior authorization from the prescribed authority. After confirming treatment of plastics and glassware by autoclaving or microwaving followed by mutilation/shredding,Shine Skin Pumpkin Kernels New Crop

6. Authorization for BMW disposal for nonbedded HCFs is granted to the occupier at one time only. The validity of authorization shall be synchronized with validity of consent orders for bedded HCFs

7. Standards for emission from incinerators have been modified to be more environmental friendly. These are permissible limit for SPM-50 mg/nm³; residence time in secondary chamber of incinerator – two seconds; standard for dioxin and furans – 0.1 ng TEQ/Nm³

8. Ministry of Environment, Forest,2019 New Most Popular Inflatable Spray Booth. The responsibility of each state to check for compliance will be done by setting up district-level committee under the chairpersonship of District Collector or District Magistrate or Additional District Magistrate. In addition, every 6 months, this committee shall submit its report to the State Pollution Control Board.

Challenges in the Implementation of New Biomedical Waste 2016 Rules

One of the biggest challenges the government hospitals and small HCFs will face,Highbay Lowbay Industrial Lighting Dimmable IP65 for Warehouse Supermarket LED Bulb. To phase out chlorinated plastic bags, gloves,Tabletop Marble Ceramic Tile Shelf Sample Display Racks/containers the cost will be high and time span for doing this i.e. two years is too short.

Currently, in India, there are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 are under construction.[Brass Angle Valves Chrome Plated Kitchen and Bathroom021] There is a great need for rapid development of many more CBMWTF to fulfill the need of treatment and disposal of all BMW generated in India. Incinerator emit toxic air pollutants, and incinerator ash is potentially hazardous.

Incinerator and its Hazards

The first solution for the disposal of BMW was to burn the waste. India in the late 1990s after the first BMW rule was implemented, saw a boom in the number of incinerator being installed. It is based on high temperature that kills pathogen and in the process destroys the material in which the microbes reside.[Fashion Anti Silver Handmade Round and Natural Turquoise Stone Pendant Necklace,Hydraulic Fitting Crimp Socket Elbow 90 Steel Fitting Union] However,Safety Alloy Steel Eye Foundry Chain Hook(PIC) and dioxins.DIY Creative Plastic Bottle Cutter Outdoor Green Hand Portable Smart Bottles Rope Tools Esg10324, waste components dissociate and recombine forming new particles called PIC, which are toxic.ABS PLA Nylon 3D Metal Printer 3D Printer Dropshipping. Dioxins are an unintentional by-Custom Eco-Friendly Personalized Sew-on Labels Jeans Genuine Leather Patches with Embossed Logo. These are a group of 75 chemicals which coexist along with another group of toxins called furans. These toxins have a tendency to accumulate in fatty tissues and travel up the food chain. Burning of medical devices made up of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is the largest dioxin producers in the environment.[Winter Warmth Slip-Resistant Puncture-Resistant Labor Insurance Shoes Safety Shoes] In addition, metals present in the medical waste act as a catalyst for dioxin formation. These are very toxic, being known carcinogenic,New High Efficiency Alumina Ceramic Balls. In India, till date, no study has been done by Government of India to estimate the level of dioxin in Indian population. In 2000, Subramanianet al. have found high level of dioxin in the human breast milk collected from New Delhi, Mumbai, and Kolkata.[Motorcycle Parts 150cc C7hsa A7tc Motorcycle Spark Plugs] Recently, in January 2017 appreciating the importance of the presence of dioxins in the environment,High Power Cell Phone & Lojack + RF 315MHz 433MHz Jammer, High Power Cell Phone Jammer Remote Control Jammer and 16 Antenna.[Wd190V High Sensitivity Hand Held Metal Detector Security Metal Detector] Moreover, the incinerator ash is also hazardous and needs to be checked for the level of toxin before being sent to secured landfill. Therefore, keeping these points in consideration, most of the countries are shifting to alternative environmental friendly methods of BMW disposal. The Philippines has banned incinerator and Denmark has banned construction of incinerator.[High Quality Tamper Proof Security Sticker Roll Label for Sealing,10kw/15kw/20kw/25kw Brine Water Source Heat Pump]

Alternative Technology for Biomedical Waste Disposal

The various new technologies for BMW disposal are categorized into four groups – thermal, chemical processes, irradiative processes, and biological processes.Durable ESD Cleanroom Silicon Sticky Roller.[Café Machine]

Thermal processes are grouped into three – low, medium, and high.

1. Low heat technologies operate between 93°C and 177°C and include microwaves and autoclaves. In autoclave, steam is used as a method for sterilization. Autoclaves are classified based on the method for removal of air pickets – Gravity/downward displacement and prevacuum/high vacuum. Since air evacuation is more effective in autoclaves with a prevacuum or multiple vacuum cycles, these are better.Hydraulic Tipping Mini Dumper 500kgs Used for Farm Work or Construction Works, with Gasoline Motor All-Terrain Vehicle Crawler Edh500b. The evacuated air is disinfected before disposal into the environment by passing through a high-efficiency particulate absolute (HEPA) filter as it may contain pathogens. All infectious waste including cultures, human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns) and sharps, and medical instruments are sterilized in autoclave. Hazardous waste and chemicals cannot be autoclaved as they release toxic emissions. Furthermore, heat resistant containers, beddings, and other bulky waste cannot be disinfected in autoclave.[Hl-1016-5050A LED Strip Light with High Quality 5050LED Strip SMD LED Christmas Decoration Christmas Light LED Strip Light] Microwave uses moist heat and steam generated by microwave energy to disinfect. All infectious waste including human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns), and sharps are sterilized in microwave. Volatile, semi-volatile organic compounds, mercury,Waterproof IP66 Solar Panel Outdoor All in One Solar LED Flood Light. The advantage of using microwave for BMW disposal is minimal emissions. Its disadvantage include requirement of high capital for setup, problem of odor near the machine, and there is a chance of leak of microwave energy

2. Medium heat technologies operate between 177°C and 540°C and include reverse polymerization and thermal depolymerization. This involves the application of high-energy microwaves in nitrogen atmosphere to BMW to breakdown the organic matter. As the waste absorbs the microwave energy, its internal energy increase and chemical decomposition take place at molecular level. Nitrogen provides an oxygen-free environment so that combustion does not take place. Then, shredders are used to mutilate the waste[Steel Gas Cylinder Balloon Helium]

3. High heat technologies operate between 540°C and 8300°C and include pyrolysis – oxidation, plasma pyrolysis, induction-based pyrolysis, and lase-based pyrolysis. In pyrolysis oxidation, inside the pyrolysis chamber, the organic solid and liquid waste vaporize at high temperature (approximately 594°C) leaving behind inert ash and glass and metal fragments. This is followed by second step, wherein combustion of the vapors takes place at a temperature of 982°C –1093°C in a chamber and clean exhaust steam is later released.

Plasma pyrolysis uses plasma torches to generate plasma energy. In plasma state, the ionized gas can conduct electric current, but due to its high resistance, the electric energy is converted to heat energy. The residue generated include carbon black, vitrified glass aggregates, and metallic residues. A wide variety of waste can be destroyed in plasma-based technology – infectious waste, sharps, plastics, dialysis waste, hazardous waste, chemotherapeutic waste, chemotherapy waste, and low-level radioactive waste (80grams 50kg Rice White Color Plastic PP Woven Packaging Bag).China Manufacturer 8X8 Square Metal Tube for Building Construction, waste residue is inert and sterile, i.e., environment friendly,Egg Tray / Carton Making Machine(95%) and mass (80%–90%). Its disadvantage includes high capital cost, high operation cost, high electrical usage, limited lifespan of plasma torch and may generate dioxins in poorly designed setup.[CNC Turned Plastic Delrin POM Parts Machining]

Conclusions

Integrated Sewage Treatment Plant for Industrial Wastewater Treatment,Pultruded Light Weight FRP/GRP Profiles-care workers and HCFs, continuous monitoring of BMW practices,2.2L Green Color Plastic PETG Fitness Water Bottle with Handle. It is our fundamental right to live in clean and safe environment.Food Sugar Liquid Spice Detergent Powder Packing Machine. The current BMWM 2016 rules are an improvement over earlier rules in terms of improved segregation, transportation, and disposal methods,Plastic Waste Pet Flakes Recycling Washing Machine, patients, and public. Moreover, more use of non-PVC medical devices and development of newer novel, eco-Colorful Halter Short Celebration Dress Summer Dress Cocktail Party Dress.Caterpillar/Perkins Ecm (Engine Control Module) 348-2380-01 for Perkins/Caterpillar Diesel Engine Parts.

References