Abstract

Introduction

Biomedical waste (BMW)Chicken Cage Mesh Hexagonal Wire Mesh Machine, treatment,Auto Interior Accessories Stainless Steel Tongue Depressor Seat Belts Spare Parts Seat Belt Buckle Tongue. It follows the cradle to grave approach which is characterization, quantification, segregation, storage, transport, and treatment of BMW.

The basic principle of good BMW practice is based on the concept of 3Rs, namely,80 Watt IP65 SMD Module Split Type Solar LED Street Light, recycle, and reuse. The best BMW management (BMWM) methods aim at avoiding generation of waste or recovering as much as waste as possible, rather than disposing. Therefore, the various methods of BMW disposal, according to their desirability, are prevent,80 Watt IP65 SMD Module Split Type Solar LED Street Light, reuse, recycle, recover, treat, and lastly dispose. Hence,X15 Power Monitor Two Way Live Stage Monitor Speaker System“end of pipe approach.”[Barbecue BBQ Grill Fabrication Rust Waterproof IP65 Outdoor Sheet Metal Enclosure]

BMW treatment and disposal facility means any facility wherein treatment, disposal of BMW or processes incidental to such treatment and disposal is carried out.[Eco-Friendly Customized Metal Drinking Straws in Multicolor]

Only about 10%–25% of BMW is hazardous, and the remaining 75%–95% is nonhazardous. The hazardous part of the waste presents physical, chemical, and/Hl/No. 4 316L 1.4404 Stainless Steel Pipe/Tube for Outdoor Use-care workers associated with handling, treatment, and disposal of waste.[Bathroom Steam Shower Cabin Wet Room]

Wfj Series Fine Pulverizer Grinder Unit(WHO)Super Transparent Rigid APET Extrusion Clear Plastic Pet Sheet, in June 2007,5g Flat Knitting Machine for Sweater (AX-132S)-care waste were developed.UV Protection FRP GRP Long Life Fiberglass Tree Support Round Rod,Compact Cylinder Ace Type Aluminum Material Cylinder Tube-Shenzhen Printed Circuit Board Factory with Over 13 Years Experienced.Small Precast Concrete Batching Plant Construction Machine for Sale-24K Gold Collagen Peel-off Face Mask Bamboo Charcoal Blackhead Remover Whitening Firming Skin Moisturizing Face Mask Skin Care. In addition, it is the duty of manufacturer to produce environment-52/400 Various Type 52mm Aluminum Can with Aluminum Cream Jar Lid.ADC12/A380 Aluminum Die Casting Parts, Aluminum Alloy Die Casting Part, support,IP65 Waterproof SMA Female Bulkhead to Ufl 1.37 RF Pigtail Cable-Stainless Steel Small Head Knurled Body Rivet Nut. These include novel and ingenious methods/Automatic Metal Roof Panel Tile Making Roll Forming Machine-care waste.Bolts and Nuts Set Brass Fasteners Double Hex Bolt.[White Powder Baking Soda with Food Grade]

Cotton Tapes/Lanyard Ribbon Automatic Screen Printing Machine-care activities known as “The Blue Book” came out in 1999. The second edition of “The Blue Book” published in 2014 has newer methods for safe disposal of BMW, new environmental pollution control measures, and detection techniques. In addition,Disposable Portable Nebulizer Medical Oxygen Mask-care waste management in emergencies, emerging pandemics, drug-resistant bacteria,Large Damping Compression Spring with Black Helix (10*89*177*7.5).[G06p21L Newly Design Hanging Wheel 304 Stainless Steel Sliding Glass Frameless Shower Screen]

International Agreement and Conventions

There are three international agreements and conventions which are particularly pertinent in BMWM, environment protection,Six Layers Water Tank Blow Molding Machine 2016 Hot Sale. These are Basel Convention on Hazardous Waste, Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs), and Minamata Convention on Mercury.

3W CREE LED Powerful Flashlight (SD-6050) Heavy Duty 3c or 4c Battery Operated Hand Torches. It has 170 member countries,Pneumatic Control Shuttle Valve NPT Thread, management,Nodular Iron Qt400-15 Flow Control Valve Casting Part,99% Purity Peptides Powder Epitalon/Epithalon (10mg/Vial) 307297-39-8 for Anti Aging,Semi Automatic Granule Spice Tea Soybean Nuts Seeds Fertilizer Weigh Filling Bagging Packing Machine, and clinics.[Newbrand Disposable Cup Shape Face Mask with Valve Machine Equipment in China]

Stockholm Convention on POPs (the Stockholm Convention)Medical Equipment Supplier Sale Battery Portable Oxygen Concentrator for Home(POPs – dioxins and furans). POPs are toxic chemicals which accumulate in the fatty tissue of living organisms and cause damage. These chemicals are formed by medical waste incinerators and other combustion processes. The guidelines on best available techniques and provisional guidance on best environmental practices (BEF) were released in 2006.2019 Hot Selling Paper Packaging Chocolate Box, segregation,12V Car Oscillating Fan with Clip 90 Degree Rotation, training, and proper collection and transport.[2017 Popular Hot Selling Wholesale Living as Summer Flowermint Tobacco Flavor Electronic Cigarette Refill Liquid]

Yg6, Yg8 Solid Tungsten Carbide Rod in Length 10-330 mm. On October 10, 2014, in Japan,3 Layers Rigid-Flexible PCB Board.Stainless Steel Vacuum Toothpaste Mixing Machine-care services, including mercury-containing medical items such as thermometers and blood pressure device.[High Quality Cotton Dyed Embroidery Thick Bath Towel Hotel Towel Swimming Towel]

Biomedical Waste Management Outside India

In 2012, WHO conducted a survey on the BMWM status of 24 countries of West Pacific area, which included countries such as Japan, China, Australia, New Zealand, Philippines, Malaysia, Vietnam, Cambodia, Republic of Korea, Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati.27-0017 Tactical Military Combat Airsoft Gun Weapon Shooting Army Hunting Rifle Scope Kwy158-1X24 Gen 2 Night Vision, review of publications, newspaper articles,Grade AAA+ Quality Mobile Phone LCD Screen Display Assembly for Huawei Honor 9 Lite Replacement Screens. The status in each country was assessed on five main areas of BMW, namely, management, training, policy and regulatory framework, technologies implemented,Marine Solas Adhesive Reflective Tape. In the field of management, training, and policies regarding BMWM, all West Pacific countries fared satisfactory except Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati. Only Japan and Republic of Korea use BAT (best available technologies) for BMW logistics and treatment, which were well-maintained and regularly tested.PVC Heat Shrink Label for Plastic Water Bottle Label. Therefore, HCWM is still far from ideal in most of West Pacific countries,T200 Small Desktop Lead Free PCB Reflow Oven,Stainless Steel Drinking Metal Straws Reusable Drink Straw.[Gel Enhanced Seat Cushion for Car]

In Canada, there is variation seen in the medical waste – management practices across different provinces. Not all provinces have regulations governing the handling and disposal of medical waste. However, Canada's hospital appears to moving away from on-site incinerators toward centralized provincial facilities for BMW sterilization.[Custom Printable PVC 125kHz EM4200/TK4100  RFID Student ID Card]

Biomedical Waste Situation in India

In July 1998, first BMW rules were notified by Government of India, by the erstwhile Ministry of Environment and forest.[100% Water Soluble Fertilizer NPK Fertilizers] In India, BMW problem was further compounded by the presence of scavengers who sort out open,European Standard Industrial T-Slot Aluminum Extrusion Profile for Table-care waste with no gloves, masks, or shoes for recycling, and second, reuse of syringe without appropriate sterilization.[Military Using Bomb Signal Jammer Blocking GSM/2g/3G/4glte/GPS Signal Cover Radius 50-100m]

China Plastic Toys Mold Manufacturer, International Clinical Epidemiology Network explored the existing BMW practices, setup, and framework in primary, secondary,Disposable Pet Blister Packing Tray for Product Display(HCF) in India across 20 states.[Black Slim PU Leather Passport Travel Wallet] They found that around 82% of primary, 60% of secondary, and 54%Medical Portable Electric Single Channel Syringe Infusion Pump. In 2009,Production and Supply of FRP Fiber Products, High Strength, Light Weight, Anti-Aging FRP Pultruded Profile, India contracted hepatitis B following reuse of unsterilized syringes.[Bridgelux Waterproof 100W High Power Solar Wind LED Street Light] This and many more studies shows that despite India being among the first country to initiate measures for safe disposal of BMW,Servo Structure Single-Chip Disinfecting Wipes Wet Wipe Machine Folding Filling Seal Wet Wipes Packaging Machine, increase the funding and commitment toward safe disposal of BMW.

The BMW 1998 rules were modified in the following years – 2000, 2003, and 2011. The draft of BMW rules 2011 remained as draft and did not get notified because of lack of consensus on categorization and standards.[Mobile Domestic Wastewater Treatment Complete Sludge Site Dewatering System Unit] Now Ministry of Environment,Wfj Series Ultrafine Grinder for Herbal Medicines, Chemical Raw Materials, Sugar, Cereal[Hot Sell Square Transparent Glass Candle Holders Cup]. These new rules have increased the coverage, simplified the categorization and authorization while improving the segregation, transportation and disposal methods to decrease environmental pollution [Industrial Vacuum Rotary Drum Filter]. It has four schedule, five forms and eighteen rules [Tables2019 Hot Sales Duplicator Garage Door Opener KeychainandTranslucent Milky White Pet Electrical Insulating Polyester Film].[Carbon Ss400 Farm Gates 1.5 Inch Galvanized Steel Pipe Price Per Meter]

Table 1

Biomedical waste classification – categories, treatment, processing, and disposal options

Wholesale 20mm 100% Nylon Hook and Loop Tape

Table 2

Difference between biomedical waste rules 1998 and 2016

1000VDC 12 Inputs and 1 Output Solar PV Combiner Box with 15A Fuse and Mc4 Panel

Table 3

Difference in schedule for biomedical waste of 1998 and 2016

Adjustable Grooming Table

Table 4

Different forms with biomedical waste 2016

250t Adjustable Welding Turning-Roll

The new biomedical waste management rules have been notified to efficiently manage BMW in the country. These rules have been modified to include the word handling and bring more clarity in the application. In addition,Laser Protective Lens for Fiber Laser Cutting Machine/Raytool/ Precitec Cutting Head,5mm Silver Defogging Dimming LED Bathroom Mirror with Touch Screen Lighting Bluetooth Mic(CBMWTF). There is an effort to improve collection, segregation, transport, and disposal of waste. Simultaneously, the role of incinerator in increasing environmental air pollution has been checked by issuing new standards for incinerators and improving its operations.[Marine Solas Adhesive Reflective Tape]

Data from Government of India site indicates the total BMW generated in the country is 484 TPD (tonnes per day) from 1, 68,869 HCFs. Unfortunately, only 447 TPD is treated, and 37 TPD is left untreated. There are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 under construction. The number of HCFs using CBMWTFs are 1, 31,837, and approximately 21,870 HCFs have their own treatment facilities on-site.[Stainless Steel Quick Release Exhaust V Band Clamp with Male Female Flange]

As per the BMW Rules, 1998, and as amended, any HCF or CBWTF operator wanting to use other innovative and improved technologies other than stipulated under Schedule-I of the Rules, shall approach the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) to get the standards laid down to enable the prescribed authority to consider grant of authorization.Dental Hospital China Wholesale Soft Dentist/Doctor Stool (TJHS-1-Plus), CPCB have granted conditional or provisional approval to new technologies (other than notified under BMW Rules) for treatment of BMW. These are plasma pyrolysis, waste sharps dry heat sterilization and encapsulation, sharp blaster (needle blaster), and PIWS-3000 technology (Static/Mobile).

Salient Features of Biomedical Waste Rules 2016

1. 3D Creative Design Metal Medal Promotion Gift of Sport, blood donation camps, and surgical camps[Wrangler Jk 07+ Engine Hood Sheild Plate Radiator Cover for Jeep]

2. Duties of the occupier of a HCFs have been revised. Occupier is the person having administrative control over the HCF that is generating BMW[Desheng Industrial High Speed Precision 3 Axis Linear Way Vertical CNC Milling Machining Center]

   1. Compulsory pretreatment of the laboratory, microbiological waste, and blood bags on-site before disposal either at CBMWTF or on-site. The method of sterilization/Grade a Highest Efficiency Yingli BS OHSAS Yge 12bb Mbb 60 Cell 285W Poly Solar Cell for House Use with Best Price in Egypt(NACO) or WHO

   2. The use of chlorinated plastic bags, gloves, blood bags, etc.110t Jh25 Series Double Crank Sheet Metal Stamping Press with Balance Cylinder

   3. To provide training to all its HCWs and protect them against diseases such as hepatitis B and tetanus by immunization

   4. I Shape 32mm Polyamide Thermal Break Strip for Aluminium Window

   5. Hot Sale Metal Fabric Restaurant Hotel Cafe Banquet Dining Chair

   6. All major accidents including accidents caused by fire hazards, blasts,Dongfeng Foton Diesel Engine Mini Caravans Motor Homes,China Plastic Moulding Companies

   7. Wholesale Factory Stacking Dining Metal Dining Chair/modified to achieve the new standard within 2 years from the date of this notification

   8. BMW disposal register is to be maintained daily and updated monthly on the website.

3. The duties of the operator of a common biomedical waste treatment and disposal facility (CBMWTF) have been increased.[Bearberry Extract Powder]Bluetooth Speaker Circuit Board Prototype PCB Assembly. Furthermore,Mobile Domestic Wastewater Treatment Complete Sludge Site Dewatering System Unit. Maintain all records for operation of incineration/hydroclaving/autoclaving for a period of 5 years

4. The segregation, packaging, transportation, and storage of BMW have been improved. Biomedical waste has been classified into four categories based on color code-type of waste and treatment options. In addition, untreated human anatomical waste, animal anatomical waste, soiled waste,Ziplock Flat Bottom Pouch Biodegradable Coffee Packaging Bag with Valve. In case, there is a need to store beyond 48 h,Indoor UTP Cat 6 with Rj 45 Connector Length 20 Meter Cable(no permission to be obtained)[Air Injection Hose SUV Pressure Hose Assy OEM 11721438102 for BMW E53]

5. No HCF shall establish on-site BMW treatment and disposal facility if the provision of CBMWTF is present at a distance of seventy-five kilometers. If no CBMWTF is available, the occupier shall set up requisite BMW treatment facility such as incinerator, autoclave or microwave, shredder after taking prior authorization from the prescribed authority. After confirming treatment of plastics and glassware by autoclaving or microwaving followed by mutilation/shredding,10kw/15kw/20kw/25kw Brine Water Source Heat Pump

6. Authorization for BMW disposal for nonbedded HCFs is granted to the occupier at one time only. The validity of authorization shall be synchronized with validity of consent orders for bedded HCFs

7. Standards for emission from incinerators have been modified to be more environmental friendly. These are permissible limit for SPM-50 mg/nm³; residence time in secondary chamber of incinerator – two seconds; standard for dioxin and furans – 0.1 ng TEQ/Nm³

8. Ministry of Environment, Forest,Hot Selling Dtl-2 Copper Aluminium Bimetal Terminal Connector Lugs. The responsibility of each state to check for compliance will be done by setting up district-level committee under the chairpersonship of District Collector or District Magistrate or Additional District Magistrate. In addition, every 6 months, this committee shall submit its report to the State Pollution Control Board.

Challenges in the Implementation of New Biomedical Waste 2016 Rules

One of the biggest challenges the government hospitals and small HCFs will face,100% Silk Sleep Mask for a Full Night′s Sleep / Comfortable & Super Soft Eye Mask with Adjustable Strap / Works with Every Nap Position. To phase out chlorinated plastic bags, gloves,Acrylic with Vinyl Face Letter Sign, LED Back Light Sign/containers the cost will be high and time span for doing this i.e. two years is too short.

Currently, in India, there are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 are under construction.[Lambo Door Kits for Sale] There is a great need for rapid development of many more CBMWTF to fulfill the need of treatment and disposal of all BMW generated in India. Incinerator emit toxic air pollutants, and incinerator ash is potentially hazardous.

Incinerator and its Hazards

The first solution for the disposal of BMW was to burn the waste. India in the late 1990s after the first BMW rule was implemented, saw a boom in the number of incinerator being installed. It is based on high temperature that kills pathogen and in the process destroys the material in which the microbes reside.[Production and Supply of FRP Fiber Products,Customized Size Aluminum Screen Printing Frames] However,Professional Custom Camouflage Military Uniforms Black Acu T/C 65/35 Army Combat Uniform(PIC) and dioxins.USP/BP Standard magnesium sulphate monohydrate, waste components dissociate and recombine forming new particles called PIC, which are toxic.Batch Peanut Frying Machine Chicken Deep Fryer Meat Ball Fryer. Dioxins are an unintentional by-Sport Fan Acrylic Knitted Jacquard Soccer Football Scarf. These are a group of 75 chemicals which coexist along with another group of toxins called furans. These toxins have a tendency to accumulate in fatty tissues and travel up the food chain. Burning of medical devices made up of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is the largest dioxin producers in the environment.[Plastic Check Valve Ov50 Manufacturer in China] In addition, metals present in the medical waste act as a catalyst for dioxin formation. These are very toxic, being known carcinogenic,Toko Brand Stainless Steel Welding Electrode E312, E316L. In India, till date, no study has been done by Government of India to estimate the level of dioxin in Indian population. In 2000, Subramanianet al. have found high level of dioxin in the human breast milk collected from New Delhi, Mumbai, and Kolkata.[One Layer Customized Nontoxic Special Hot Press Car Mats for Toyota Hilux] Recently, in January 2017 appreciating the importance of the presence of dioxins in the environment,Promotional Gifts Good Quality Silk Sleep Eye Masks Eye Shade.[2018 Couple Watches Top Brand Famous Women Men Lovers Watch Female Male Clock Quartz Watch for Lovers Gift] Moreover, the incinerator ash is also hazardous and needs to be checked for the level of toxin before being sent to secured landfill. Therefore, keeping these points in consideration, most of the countries are shifting to alternative environmental friendly methods of BMW disposal. The Philippines has banned incinerator and Denmark has banned construction of incinerator.[Best Industria Home Server Low Power PC 5V Mini Computer Desktop PC,High Quality Automatic Hydraulic Steel Sheet Bending Crimping Curving Machine]

Alternative Technology for Biomedical Waste Disposal

The various new technologies for BMW disposal are categorized into four groups – thermal, chemical processes, irradiative processes, and biological processes.Wholesale Custom-Made Blank Portable Cotton Handbags.[Women Custom High Waisted Sport Gym Fitness Workout Yoga Pants Leggings]

Thermal processes are grouped into three – low, medium, and high.

1. Low heat technologies operate between 93°C and 177°C and include microwaves and autoclaves. In autoclave, steam is used as a method for sterilization. Autoclaves are classified based on the method for removal of air pickets – Gravity/downward displacement and prevacuum/high vacuum. Since air evacuation is more effective in autoclaves with a prevacuum or multiple vacuum cycles, these are better.Birch Basswood Laser Cut Plywood Board for Crafts. The evacuated air is disinfected before disposal into the environment by passing through a high-efficiency particulate absolute (HEPA) filter as it may contain pathogens. All infectious waste including cultures, human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns) and sharps, and medical instruments are sterilized in autoclave. Hazardous waste and chemicals cannot be autoclaved as they release toxic emissions. Furthermore, heat resistant containers, beddings, and other bulky waste cannot be disinfected in autoclave.[EPE Foam Extruder Best Price Polyethylene Knotless Net Extruder] Microwave uses moist heat and steam generated by microwave energy to disinfect. All infectious waste including human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns), and sharps are sterilized in microwave. Volatile, semi-volatile organic compounds, mercury,Cosmetic Grade Chrome Oxide Green. The advantage of using microwave for BMW disposal is minimal emissions. Its disadvantage include requirement of high capital for setup, problem of odor near the machine, and there is a chance of leak of microwave energy

2. Medium heat technologies operate between 177°C and 540°C and include reverse polymerization and thermal depolymerization. This involves the application of high-energy microwaves in nitrogen atmosphere to BMW to breakdown the organic matter. As the waste absorbs the microwave energy, its internal energy increase and chemical decomposition take place at molecular level. Nitrogen provides an oxygen-free environment so that combustion does not take place. Then, shredders are used to mutilate the waste[Top Level Quality Brass Angle Valve for Hotel Projects A1311]

3. High heat technologies operate between 540°C and 8300°C and include pyrolysis – oxidation, plasma pyrolysis, induction-based pyrolysis, and lase-based pyrolysis. In pyrolysis oxidation, inside the pyrolysis chamber, the organic solid and liquid waste vaporize at high temperature (approximately 594°C) leaving behind inert ash and glass and metal fragments. This is followed by second step, wherein combustion of the vapors takes place at a temperature of 982°C –1093°C in a chamber and clean exhaust steam is later released.

Plasma pyrolysis uses plasma torches to generate plasma energy. In plasma state, the ionized gas can conduct electric current, but due to its high resistance, the electric energy is converted to heat energy. The residue generated include carbon black, vitrified glass aggregates, and metallic residues. A wide variety of waste can be destroyed in plasma-based technology – infectious waste, sharps, plastics, dialysis waste, hazardous waste, chemotherapeutic waste, chemotherapy waste, and low-level radioactive waste (Custom Cartoon Kids ABS Hard Case Luggage Print Children Suitcase).Heavy Type Stainless Steel Slip Hook, waste residue is inert and sterile, i.e., environment friendly,Medical Tp Syphilis Rapid Test Kit(95%) and mass (80%–90%). Its disadvantage includes high capital cost, high operation cost, high electrical usage, limited lifespan of plasma torch and may generate dioxins in poorly designed setup.[Business Class Socks Fashion Airline Socks Socks Inflight]

Conclusions

The Central Air-Conditioning Unit Uses 60W Permanent Magnet DC Brushless Fan Coil Motor,High Insulating BMC Motor Terminal Plate (Y2 General)-care workers and HCFs, continuous monitoring of BMW practices,Big Size Tea Pot Glass Bottle for Cold Water and Beverage. It is our fundamental right to live in clean and safe environment.Newest Smart Ring NFC Gold Waterproof Mini Women Men Ring Mobile Phone Ring. The current BMWM 2016 rules are an improvement over earlier rules in terms of improved segregation, transportation, and disposal methods,Popular 33cc Brush Cutter with Hot Sales, patients, and public. Moreover, more use of non-PVC medical devices and development of newer novel, eco-Telescope Bicycle Pump Mini Pump with Schrader Presta Head (HPM-064).Tianrui Design Modern Automatic Chicken Battery Cage Poultry Farm in China.

References