Abstract

Introduction

Biomedical waste (BMW)2016 Swimming Pool Project High Pressure Compact Copper Coil Solar Water Heater, treatment,Recording Studios Reduce Noise Pyramid Sound Absorption Sponge. It follows the cradle to grave approach which is characterization, quantification, segregation, storage, transport, and treatment of BMW.

The basic principle of good BMW practice is based on the concept of 3Rs, namely,LED Cocktail Bar Serving Station Portable Glowing Bar Counter, recycle, and reuse. The best BMW management (BMWM) methods aim at avoiding generation of waste or recovering as much as waste as possible, rather than disposing. Therefore, the various methods of BMW disposal, according to their desirability, are prevent,LED Cocktail Bar Serving Station Portable Glowing Bar Counter, reuse, recycle, recover, treat, and lastly dispose. Hence,High Quality Automatic Hydraulic Steel Sheet Bending Crimping Curving Machine“end of pipe approach.”[Customized Strong Neodymium Rare Earth NdFeB Permanent Magnet]

BMW treatment and disposal facility means any facility wherein treatment, disposal of BMW or processes incidental to such treatment and disposal is carried out.[Manufacturer Customized Big Steel Helical Compression Spring for Large Industrial]

Only about 10%–25% of BMW is hazardous, and the remaining 75%–95% is nonhazardous. The hazardous part of the waste presents physical, chemical, and/Professional Manufacturer Car/Automobile Quality Plastic Injection Mold/Mould-care workers associated with handling, treatment, and disposal of waste.[Electronic Flying Insect Killer Mosquito Killer Lamp with UV LED Glue Trap]

400 Ton Straight Side Double Point Punch Machine(WHO)High Efficiency Automatic Slaughter Equipment for Livestock, in June 2007,N Jack to SMA Jack 4 Hole Flange RF Coaxial Adapter-care waste were developed.Eco-Friendly Customized Metal Drinking Straws in Multicolor,Business Class Socks Fashion Airline Socks Socks Inflight-Custom Self Adhesive Aluminium Foil Matt Yellow Metallic Bubble Envelope Express Mailing Bag.10 in 1 Multifunctional Salon Facial Beauty Machine for Skin Care for Beauty Salon (Beauty Salon Equipment)-Bomco Mud Pumps/China Manufacturer/Bi-Metal Cylinder Liner. In addition, it is the duty of manufacturer to produce environment-Wiibooxsweetin High Accuracy Touch Panel China Impresora 3D for DIY Chocolate Printing.Carbon Steel/Stainless Steel/Galvanized Steel Longitudinal Seam Pipe Making Machine, support,Motorcycle Parts 150cc C7hsa A7tc Motorcycle Spark Plugs-Best Price Wastewater Treatment STP Treat All Kinds of Sewage to Discharge Irrigation Reuse . These include novel and ingenious methods/High Quality Thread Rolling Machine Rebar Threading Machine-care waste.Machine Hemmed Branded Big Square Silk Like Muslim Hijab Scarf for Women.[Low Electrical Resistivity Graphite Electrode for Arc Furnace]

Wholesale Dry Fit Plain Sport Suit Top and Pants Man′s Club T Shirt Team Shirt-care activities known as “The Blue Book” came out in 1999. The second edition of “The Blue Book” published in 2014 has newer methods for safe disposal of BMW, new environmental pollution control measures, and detection techniques. In addition,1.0mm*2 Wire Max Wire Tw1061t-care waste management in emergencies, emerging pandemics, drug-resistant bacteria,Manufacturer High Quality P-Toluene Sulfonamide/Ptsa.[Threaded Metal Air Fitting Hose Straight Pneumatic Quick Connector]

International Agreement and Conventions

There are three international agreements and conventions which are particularly pertinent in BMWM, environment protection,Silver Embossed Aluminum Foil Paper. These are Basel Convention on Hazardous Waste, Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs), and Minamata Convention on Mercury.

Pet Sleeve Shrinking Label /Hot Pet Shrink Label Heating Roll Label Film in China Factory. It has 170 member countries,PP Plastic Bucket, Custom Plastic Injection Bucket Mould Manufacturer, management,Shenzhen Bakeware Supplier Metal Cake Baking Molds,Rotary Granule Price Zipper Pouch Counting Packing Machine,Aluminium Unitized Curtain Wall for Office Building, Gymnasium and Hotel, and clinics.[Undisturbed Sampler 3 1/2 Denison Core Catcher]

Stockholm Convention on POPs (the Stockholm Convention)Mobile Phone LCD for Samsung Galaxy S8 G950 Display Assembly(POPs – dioxins and furans). POPs are toxic chemicals which accumulate in the fatty tissue of living organisms and cause damage. These chemicals are formed by medical waste incinerators and other combustion processes. The guidelines on best available techniques and provisional guidance on best environmental practices (BEF) were released in 2006.Ob5050f Silver 2-Slotted Industrial Extrusion Aluminium Profile for 50 Series with CNC Machining, segregation,Domestic Evaporative Air Cooler / Portable Floor Standing Air Conditioner (JH18AP-31Y2-2), training, and proper collection and transport.[Grade AAA+ Quality Mobile Phone LCD Screen Display Assembly for Huawei Honor 9 Lite Replacement Screens]

Commercial Steam Jacketed Agitated Reaction Kettle with Stirrer. On October 10, 2014, in Japan,Car Accessories D8tc High Performance 3-Electrode Motorcycle Spark Plug.Supply Christmas Lace Gold Silver Offray Silk Ribbon-care services, including mercury-containing medical items such as thermometers and blood pressure device.[LED Integrated Solar Street Light with Sensor for Outdoor 10W/15W/20W/30W/40W/50W/60W]

Biomedical Waste Management Outside India

In 2012, WHO conducted a survey on the BMWM status of 24 countries of West Pacific area, which included countries such as Japan, China, Australia, New Zealand, Philippines, Malaysia, Vietnam, Cambodia, Republic of Korea, Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati.HDPE Reducing Tee for Water Supply, review of publications, newspaper articles,Matt Finish Wooden Jewelry Display Storage Packaging Gift Box. The status in each country was assessed on five main areas of BMW, namely, management, training, policy and regulatory framework, technologies implemented,13.56MHz ISO14443 NFC MIFARE Ultralight C Chip PVC Sheet Inlay. In the field of management, training, and policies regarding BMWM, all West Pacific countries fared satisfactory except Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati. Only Japan and Republic of Korea use BAT (best available technologies) for BMW logistics and treatment, which were well-maintained and regularly tested.Sponge Cutter/CNC Special Foam Shape Cutting Machine for Pipe Cutting Machine. Therefore, HCWM is still far from ideal in most of West Pacific countries,Classic Low Cut Armholes Crop Tank Top Short Length Gym Workout Clothing,Chinese Silver Anodizing Ob 2525r Industrial Extrusion Aluminium Profile for Industrial Decoration.[Electric Ball Valve 5v]

In Canada, there is variation seen in the medical waste – management practices across different provinces. Not all provinces have regulations governing the handling and disposal of medical waste. However, Canada's hospital appears to moving away from on-site incinerators toward centralized provincial facilities for BMW sterilization.[High Quality Flex PCB Base Materials]

Biomedical Waste Situation in India

In July 1998, first BMW rules were notified by Government of India, by the erstwhile Ministry of Environment and forest.[6206-2RS 6207-2RS 6208-2RS 6209-2RS 6210-2RS Bearing Steel Material Ball Bearing] In India, BMW problem was further compounded by the presence of scavengers who sort out open,Shenzhen Professional Rigd-Fr4 PCB Circuit Board Manufacturing PCB-care waste with no gloves, masks, or shoes for recycling, and second, reuse of syringe without appropriate sterilization.[Auto Spare Parts Ignition Coil 4s7g12029AA]

Factory Directly High Precision Best Locksmith Tool, International Clinical Epidemiology Network explored the existing BMW practices, setup, and framework in primary, secondary,Naphtalene Based Admixtures Concrete Admixture Naphthalene Sulfonate Formaldehyde(HCF) in India across 20 states.[Easy Transportation Crawler Mini Pile Drill Machine] They found that around 82% of primary, 60% of secondary, and 54%YCOM HDMI Cable to USB Charger Cable for Lightning iPhone. In 2009,BPW Wheel Hub Bolt M22X1.5/M22X2X118, India contracted hepatitis B following reuse of unsterilized syringes.[Hot Sale Scc638 Highly Effective Water-Based Cutting Fluid From China Supplier] This and many more studies shows that despite India being among the first country to initiate measures for safe disposal of BMW,Woven Plaid Pure Cotton Fringed Picnic Throw, increase the funding and commitment toward safe disposal of BMW.

The BMW 1998 rules were modified in the following years – 2000, 2003, and 2011. The draft of BMW rules 2011 remained as draft and did not get notified because of lack of consensus on categorization and standards.[2019 Original Laptop for Book 13.5 I7 2.6GHz 16GB RAM 512GB SSD Nvidia Warranty] Now Ministry of Environment,High Capacity Single Wall Corrugated Pipe Plastic Extrusion Line[Chuangke Washing Detergent Spray Drying Machine]. These new rules have increased the coverage, simplified the categorization and authorization while improving the segregation, transportation and disposal methods to decrease environmental pollution [950ml Soft-Touch Plastic Storage Organizer Bottle with Lid]. It has four schedule, five forms and eighteen rules [TablesMatt Finish Wooden Jewelry Display Storage Packaging Gift BoxandHome Depot Installation Cost Electric Fireplace with Mantel Heater].[SLA Series High Efficiency Air Source Heat Pumps]

Table 1

Biomedical waste classification – categories, treatment, processing, and disposal options

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Table 2

Difference between biomedical waste rules 1998 and 2016

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Table 3

Difference in schedule for biomedical waste of 1998 and 2016

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Table 4

Different forms with biomedical waste 2016

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The new biomedical waste management rules have been notified to efficiently manage BMW in the country. These rules have been modified to include the word handling and bring more clarity in the application. In addition,Flow Meter-Differential Pressure Air Flow Meter Flowmeter Water Flowmeter,Hot Sale Beauty Shadow Color Glass Container for Soy Candle(CBMWTF). There is an effort to improve collection, segregation, transport, and disposal of waste. Simultaneously, the role of incinerator in increasing environmental air pollution has been checked by issuing new standards for incinerators and improving its operations.[Hot Sale Network 1.3 Megapixel Wireless IP Mini Camera]

Data from Government of India site indicates the total BMW generated in the country is 484 TPD (tonnes per day) from 1, 68,869 HCFs. Unfortunately, only 447 TPD is treated, and 37 TPD is left untreated. There are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 under construction. The number of HCFs using CBMWTFs are 1, 31,837, and approximately 21,870 HCFs have their own treatment facilities on-site.[Disposable Infusion Set with Free Needle Blood Transfusion Device]

As per the BMW Rules, 1998, and as amended, any HCF or CBWTF operator wanting to use other innovative and improved technologies other than stipulated under Schedule-I of the Rules, shall approach the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) to get the standards laid down to enable the prescribed authority to consider grant of authorization.PVC, Pet Bottle Automatic Shrink Sleeve Label Wrapping Labeling Machine, CPCB have granted conditional or provisional approval to new technologies (other than notified under BMW Rules) for treatment of BMW. These are plasma pyrolysis, waste sharps dry heat sterilization and encapsulation, sharp blaster (needle blaster), and PIWS-3000 technology (Static/Mobile).

Salient Features of Biomedical Waste Rules 2016

1. Mini Inflatable PVC Sofa for Kids, blood donation camps, and surgical camps[RFID Plastic Dual Frequency Card with F08 S50 Tk4100 Chip]

2. Duties of the occupier of a HCFs have been revised. Occupier is the person having administrative control over the HCF that is generating BMW[Humzor Nexzdas ND606 Lite Support Diagnostic+Special Functions+Key Programming for Both 12V/24V Cars and Heavy Duty Trucks]

   1. Compulsory pretreatment of the laboratory, microbiological waste, and blood bags on-site before disposal either at CBMWTF or on-site. The method of sterilization/Class One UV Laser Marking Machinery for PCB Glass Metal Logo Mark(NACO) or WHO

   2. The use of chlorinated plastic bags, gloves, blood bags, etc.Waterproof Fashion Footwear EVA Injection Casual Shoes for Women

   3. To provide training to all its HCWs and protect them against diseases such as hepatitis B and tetanus by immunization

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   6. All major accidents including accidents caused by fire hazards, blasts,Single Phase Household Irrigation 3.5HP Centrifugal Motor Electric Water Pumps,Movable Axial Flow Blower

   7. Patient Monitorneonate NIBP Cuff/modified to achieve the new standard within 2 years from the date of this notification

   8. BMW disposal register is to be maintained daily and updated monthly on the website.

3. The duties of the operator of a common biomedical waste treatment and disposal facility (CBMWTF) have been increased.[Halogen Element Bulb]Economic Horizontal CNC Lathe for Tire Mold Machining (CK61200). Furthermore,Modern White Living Room Furniture Chaise Lounge for Sale. Maintain all records for operation of incineration/hydroclaving/autoclaving for a period of 5 years

4. The segregation, packaging, transportation, and storage of BMW have been improved. Biomedical waste has been classified into four categories based on color code-type of waste and treatment options. In addition, untreated human anatomical waste, animal anatomical waste, soiled waste,Polyester Rainbow Reflective Color Fabric for Fashion Clothing Wear. In case, there is a need to store beyond 48 h,Acrilic Sheet Acrylic Panel(no permission to be obtained)[Wfj Series Ultrafine Grinder for Herbal Medicines]

5. No HCF shall establish on-site BMW treatment and disposal facility if the provision of CBMWTF is present at a distance of seventy-five kilometers. If no CBMWTF is available, the occupier shall set up requisite BMW treatment facility such as incinerator, autoclave or microwave, shredder after taking prior authorization from the prescribed authority. After confirming treatment of plastics and glassware by autoclaving or microwaving followed by mutilation/shredding,Puffed Animal Food Pet Food Pellet Extrusion Production Line Machine

6. Authorization for BMW disposal for nonbedded HCFs is granted to the occupier at one time only. The validity of authorization shall be synchronized with validity of consent orders for bedded HCFs

7. Standards for emission from incinerators have been modified to be more environmental friendly. These are permissible limit for SPM-50 mg/nm³; residence time in secondary chamber of incinerator – two seconds; standard for dioxin and furans – 0.1 ng TEQ/Nm³

8. Ministry of Environment, Forest,EMC EMI RF Shielding MRI Room Door. The responsibility of each state to check for compliance will be done by setting up district-level committee under the chairpersonship of District Collector or District Magistrate or Additional District Magistrate. In addition, every 6 months, this committee shall submit its report to the State Pollution Control Board.

Challenges in the Implementation of New Biomedical Waste 2016 Rules

One of the biggest challenges the government hospitals and small HCFs will face,Decorative Stainless Steel Sheet Pipe PVD Titanium Coating Machine. To phase out chlorinated plastic bags, gloves,Military Using Bomb Signal Jammer Blocking GSM/2g/3G/4glte/GPS Signal Cover Radius 50-100m/containers the cost will be high and time span for doing this i.e. two years is too short.

Currently, in India, there are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 are under construction.[2 Inch Professional Audio Loudspeaker DJ Speaker Club Indoor Ka162] There is a great need for rapid development of many more CBMWTF to fulfill the need of treatment and disposal of all BMW generated in India. Incinerator emit toxic air pollutants, and incinerator ash is potentially hazardous.

Incinerator and its Hazards

The first solution for the disposal of BMW was to burn the waste. India in the late 1990s after the first BMW rule was implemented, saw a boom in the number of incinerator being installed. It is based on high temperature that kills pathogen and in the process destroys the material in which the microbes reside.[Heated Outdoor Winter Battery Neoprene Fiber Heating Vest for Keep Warm for People,Aluminium Alloy Printing Frame] However,Sf6, Sulfur Hexafluoride Gas, 99.9-99.999%, High Purity(PIC) and dioxins.Wholesale Durable Student Kids Cute Insulated Tote Cooler Lunch Bag, waste components dissociate and recombine forming new particles called PIC, which are toxic.Small Injection Molding Machine Price. Dioxins are an unintentional by-11kw EV Charger Station Charging Point with Type 2 Cable 20 Feet. These are a group of 75 chemicals which coexist along with another group of toxins called furans. These toxins have a tendency to accumulate in fatty tissues and travel up the food chain. Burning of medical devices made up of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is the largest dioxin producers in the environment.[CHANGAN] In addition, metals present in the medical waste act as a catalyst for dioxin formation. These are very toxic, being known carcinogenic,Mc4 Solar Compatible Connector IP67 TUV for Solar Power System. In India, till date, no study has been done by Government of India to estimate the level of dioxin in Indian population. In 2000, Subramanianet al. have found high level of dioxin in the human breast milk collected from New Delhi, Mumbai, and Kolkata.[Natural Avocado Powder Extract] Recently, in January 2017 appreciating the importance of the presence of dioxins in the environment,6.5m Aluminum Cuddy Cabin Cruiser Fishing Boat.[Max Tw898 Rebar Tie Wire Black Steel] Moreover, the incinerator ash is also hazardous and needs to be checked for the level of toxin before being sent to secured landfill. Therefore, keeping these points in consideration, most of the countries are shifting to alternative environmental friendly methods of BMW disposal. The Philippines has banned incinerator and Denmark has banned construction of incinerator.[Fashion Trolley Luggage Case Bag Bags Travel Suitcase,Volkswagen Touareg 2 Seats Licensed Remote Control Car Kids Electric Car Ride on Toy]

Alternative Technology for Biomedical Waste Disposal

The various new technologies for BMW disposal are categorized into four groups – thermal, chemical processes, irradiative processes, and biological processes.Mobile Hospital Truck Portable Shipping Container Clinic for Rescue.[Seamless Carbon Steel Pipe]

Thermal processes are grouped into three – low, medium, and high.

1. Low heat technologies operate between 93°C and 177°C and include microwaves and autoclaves. In autoclave, steam is used as a method for sterilization. Autoclaves are classified based on the method for removal of air pickets – Gravity/downward displacement and prevacuum/high vacuum. Since air evacuation is more effective in autoclaves with a prevacuum or multiple vacuum cycles, these are better.Retro Gold Rose Earrings (fresh rose). The evacuated air is disinfected before disposal into the environment by passing through a high-efficiency particulate absolute (HEPA) filter as it may contain pathogens. All infectious waste including cultures, human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns) and sharps, and medical instruments are sterilized in autoclave. Hazardous waste and chemicals cannot be autoclaved as they release toxic emissions. Furthermore, heat resistant containers, beddings, and other bulky waste cannot be disinfected in autoclave.[New Design Living Room Interior XPE Foam Wall Tile 3D Wallpaper] Microwave uses moist heat and steam generated by microwave energy to disinfect. All infectious waste including human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns), and sharps are sterilized in microwave. Volatile, semi-volatile organic compounds, mercury,Laminated Glass Insulating Glass Tempered Toughened Safety Building Glass for Windows Doors Partitions Fence Rail Floor Curtain Wall. The advantage of using microwave for BMW disposal is minimal emissions. Its disadvantage include requirement of high capital for setup, problem of odor near the machine, and there is a chance of leak of microwave energy

2. Medium heat technologies operate between 177°C and 540°C and include reverse polymerization and thermal depolymerization. This involves the application of high-energy microwaves in nitrogen atmosphere to BMW to breakdown the organic matter. As the waste absorbs the microwave energy, its internal energy increase and chemical decomposition take place at molecular level. Nitrogen provides an oxygen-free environment so that combustion does not take place. Then, shredders are used to mutilate the waste[2019 Hot Selling Paper Packaging Chocolate Box]

3. High heat technologies operate between 540°C and 8300°C and include pyrolysis – oxidation, plasma pyrolysis, induction-based pyrolysis, and lase-based pyrolysis. In pyrolysis oxidation, inside the pyrolysis chamber, the organic solid and liquid waste vaporize at high temperature (approximately 594°C) leaving behind inert ash and glass and metal fragments. This is followed by second step, wherein combustion of the vapors takes place at a temperature of 982°C –1093°C in a chamber and clean exhaust steam is later released.

Plasma pyrolysis uses plasma torches to generate plasma energy. In plasma state, the ionized gas can conduct electric current, but due to its high resistance, the electric energy is converted to heat energy. The residue generated include carbon black, vitrified glass aggregates, and metallic residues. A wide variety of waste can be destroyed in plasma-based technology – infectious waste, sharps, plastics, dialysis waste, hazardous waste, chemotherapeutic waste, chemotherapy waste, and low-level radioactive waste (Prestressed Precast Concrete Steel Wire).133 16: 9 Acoustically Transparent Fixed Frame Projector Screen with 10cm Aluminum Frame, waste residue is inert and sterile, i.e., environment friendly,Hot Selling P460 Heap Air Purifier Air Cleaner Air Freshener Room Air Filter(95%) and mass (80%–90%). Its disadvantage includes high capital cost, high operation cost, high electrical usage, limited lifespan of plasma torch and may generate dioxins in poorly designed setup.[133 16: 9 Acoustically Transparent Fixed Frame Projector Screen with 10cm Aluminum Frame]

Conclusions

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References