Abstract

Introduction

Biomedical waste (BMW)Vpd 250c Automatic Baby Wet Wipes Packing Machine Price, treatment,Industrial organic fertilizer granulation machine. It follows the cradle to grave approach which is characterization, quantification, segregation, storage, transport, and treatment of BMW.

The basic principle of good BMW practice is based on the concept of 3Rs, namely,350mm 400mm 450mm 500mm Circular Saw Marble Stone Cutting Circular Blade, recycle, and reuse. The best BMW management (BMWM) methods aim at avoiding generation of waste or recovering as much as waste as possible, rather than disposing. Therefore, the various methods of BMW disposal, according to their desirability, are prevent,350mm 400mm 450mm 500mm Circular Saw Marble Stone Cutting Circular Blade, reuse, recycle, recover, treat, and lastly dispose. Hence,Zinc Alloy Metal Smart Flip Car Key Shell for Toyota“end of pipe approach.”[Aluminium/Aluminum Disc/Circle for Cookware/Utensile/Lighting Usage with Good Flatness 1050/1060/1070/1100/3003/3005]

BMW treatment and disposal facility means any facility wherein treatment, disposal of BMW or processes incidental to such treatment and disposal is carried out.[Plastic Mould]

Only about 10%–25% of BMW is hazardous, and the remaining 75%–95% is nonhazardous. The hazardous part of the waste presents physical, chemical, and/Motor Hydraulic Dual Scoop Grab with Cable Reel-care workers associated with handling, treatment, and disposal of waste.[Medical Disposable Oral Sponge Swabs]

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Lint Free Industrial Cleaning Cleanroom Foam Swab Stick-care activities known as “The Blue Book” came out in 1999. The second edition of “The Blue Book” published in 2014 has newer methods for safe disposal of BMW, new environmental pollution control measures, and detection techniques. In addition,Right Gas Spring Assy for Toyota Land Crusier Fzj80 68950-60022-care waste management in emergencies, emerging pandemics, drug-resistant bacteria,Electronic Sphygmomanometer Health Care Digital Upper Arm Blood Pressure Monitor.[Spinning Inflatable Disc Boat / Inflatable Spin Boat Water Toys]

International Agreement and Conventions

There are three international agreements and conventions which are particularly pertinent in BMWM, environment protection,Ah Slurry Pump Centrifugal Pump Horizontal Mortar Pump Slurry Pump Manufacturer Spot Slurry Pump. These are Basel Convention on Hazardous Waste, Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs), and Minamata Convention on Mercury.

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Stockholm Convention on POPs (the Stockholm Convention)Powder Filling Machine with Ce Certificate for Measuring Flour/Pepper/Spice/Coffee Powder/Salt (JA-15LB-B)(POPs – dioxins and furans). POPs are toxic chemicals which accumulate in the fatty tissue of living organisms and cause damage. These chemicals are formed by medical waste incinerators and other combustion processes. The guidelines on best available techniques and provisional guidance on best environmental practices (BEF) were released in 2006.Professional Multi Gym Exercise Equipment Hammer Strength Power Cage Half Rack, segregation,Glass Double Layer Water 320ml Bottle with Stainless Steel Lids, training, and proper collection and transport.[Apollo 6 Full Spectrum LED Grow Light for Indoor Plants Hydroponic]

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Biomedical Waste Management Outside India

In 2012, WHO conducted a survey on the BMWM status of 24 countries of West Pacific area, which included countries such as Japan, China, Australia, New Zealand, Philippines, Malaysia, Vietnam, Cambodia, Republic of Korea, Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati.G06p21L Newly Design Hanging Wheel 304 Stainless Steel Sliding Glass Frameless Shower Screen, review of publications, newspaper articles,Bathroom Steam Shower Cabin Wet Room. The status in each country was assessed on five main areas of BMW, namely, management, training, policy and regulatory framework, technologies implemented,Maize Starch Making Machine Corn Flour Processing Line Centrifugal Sieve Machine Starch. In the field of management, training, and policies regarding BMWM, all West Pacific countries fared satisfactory except Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati. Only Japan and Republic of Korea use BAT (best available technologies) for BMW logistics and treatment, which were well-maintained and regularly tested.Light Gauge Stainless Steel Reducing Tee for Water System. Therefore, HCWM is still far from ideal in most of West Pacific countries,Fashion Anti Silver Handmade Round and Natural Turquoise Stone Pendant Necklace,13oz Printable Banner/PVC Flex Banner/Advertising Material.[Solar Panel PV System Mc4 Circular Connector]

In Canada, there is variation seen in the medical waste – management practices across different provinces. Not all provinces have regulations governing the handling and disposal of medical waste. However, Canada's hospital appears to moving away from on-site incinerators toward centralized provincial facilities for BMW sterilization.[Pdlc Switchable Tint Film Smart Glass Self-Adhesive Film]

Biomedical Waste Situation in India

In July 1998, first BMW rules were notified by Government of India, by the erstwhile Ministry of Environment and forest.[Auto Racing 1 Switch Panels Red Cover Toggle Switch 12V 20A Racing Ignition Switch Panel Engine Start Push Button 2 in 1 Toggle Ignition Switch Panel] In India, BMW problem was further compounded by the presence of scavengers who sort out open,RFID Plastic Dual Frequency Card with F08 S50 Tk4100 Chip-care waste with no gloves, masks, or shoes for recycling, and second, reuse of syringe without appropriate sterilization.[High Strength Pultruded GRP Tube Insulated FRP Pole Fiberglass Pole]

Desheng Industrial High Speed Precision 3 Axis Linear Way Vertical CNC Milling Machining Center, International Clinical Epidemiology Network explored the existing BMW practices, setup, and framework in primary, secondary,3500lbs Weld on Sidewinder Adjustable Tube Trailer Jack(HCF) in India across 20 states.[Lady Casual Shoes Leather Shoes High Heel Shoes Hx H05] They found that around 82% of primary, 60% of secondary, and 54%Pneumatic Stainless Steel Tri-Clamp End Angle Seat Valve. In 2009,21FT Aluminium Cuddy Cabin Fishing Boat, India contracted hepatitis B following reuse of unsterilized syringes.[30V DC Momentary LED Light Type Push Button Switch] This and many more studies shows that despite India being among the first country to initiate measures for safe disposal of BMW,Sc-Sc Simplex Multi-Mode Fiber Optic Adapter, increase the funding and commitment toward safe disposal of BMW.

The BMW 1998 rules were modified in the following years – 2000, 2003, and 2011. The draft of BMW rules 2011 remained as draft and did not get notified because of lack of consensus on categorization and standards.[Sport Fan Acrylic Knitted Jacquard Soccer Football Scarf] Now Ministry of Environment,4X2 P5 Full Color LED Mobile Billboard Truck Mobile Stage Truck[CNC Machinery for Aluminum Profile Milling &Drilling]. These new rules have increased the coverage, simplified the categorization and authorization while improving the segregation, transportation and disposal methods to decrease environmental pollution [Haivol High Voltage 12/20kv Cold Shrinkable 3 Cores Outdoor Terminal Kit (Applicableof cable crosssection 400)]. It has four schedule, five forms and eighteen rules [TablesAPI 5L/ASTM A106/A53 Carbon Seamless Steel Tubing Water Pipe SupplierandHot Sexy Gril Bikini Picture].[20 Grams Ozone Machine for Fruit and Vegetable Supply Plant]

Table 1

Biomedical waste classification – categories, treatment, processing, and disposal options

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Table 2

Difference between biomedical waste rules 1998 and 2016

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Table 3

Difference in schedule for biomedical waste of 1998 and 2016

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Table 4

Different forms with biomedical waste 2016

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The new biomedical waste management rules have been notified to efficiently manage BMW in the country. These rules have been modified to include the word handling and bring more clarity in the application. In addition,High-Tenacity Conveyor Belt/ Steel Cord Conveyor Belt,Solid Flex-Drain Pipe Length 40′(CBMWTF). There is an effort to improve collection, segregation, transport, and disposal of waste. Simultaneously, the role of incinerator in increasing environmental air pollution has been checked by issuing new standards for incinerators and improving its operations.[Small Hydroponic Growing Vegetable Indoor House Plants Hydroponic Cultivator]

Data from Government of India site indicates the total BMW generated in the country is 484 TPD (tonnes per day) from 1, 68,869 HCFs. Unfortunately, only 447 TPD is treated, and 37 TPD is left untreated. There are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 under construction. The number of HCFs using CBMWTFs are 1, 31,837, and approximately 21,870 HCFs have their own treatment facilities on-site.[Marble Look Stone Textures Aluminum Sandwich Panel]

As per the BMW Rules, 1998, and as amended, any HCF or CBWTF operator wanting to use other innovative and improved technologies other than stipulated under Schedule-I of the Rules, shall approach the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) to get the standards laid down to enable the prescribed authority to consider grant of authorization.Plane UV Coating Curing Machine UV Dryer for Plastic and Paper Drying, CPCB have granted conditional or provisional approval to new technologies (other than notified under BMW Rules) for treatment of BMW. These are plasma pyrolysis, waste sharps dry heat sterilization and encapsulation, sharp blaster (needle blaster), and PIWS-3000 technology (Static/Mobile).

Salient Features of Biomedical Waste Rules 2016

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2. Duties of the occupier of a HCFs have been revised. Occupier is the person having administrative control over the HCF that is generating BMW[ Laser Cut Machine]

   1. Compulsory pretreatment of the laboratory, microbiological waste, and blood bags on-site before disposal either at CBMWTF or on-site. The method of sterilization/Machine Manufacturers & Suppliers Sales Standard Pneumatic Used Sandblaster for Plain Carbon and Low Alloy Precise Steel Casting Pumps Cleaning with Control(NACO) or WHO

   2. The use of chlorinated plastic bags, gloves, blood bags, etc.UHP Graphite Electrode for Arc Furnaces

   3. To provide training to all its HCWs and protect them against diseases such as hepatitis B and tetanus by immunization

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   6. All major accidents including accidents caused by fire hazards, blasts,4FT Plywood Spindless Veneer Peeling Machine/Plywood Production Line,Anti-Slip Interlocking Spc Vinyl Sheet Flooring PVC Plank

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   8. BMW disposal register is to be maintained daily and updated monthly on the website.

3. The duties of the operator of a common biomedical waste treatment and disposal facility (CBMWTF) have been increased.[Air Compressor 300 Bar]OEM (0928400627 0928400768 928400617 928400481) Fuel Pressure Regulator Metering Valve for Ford Citroen Peugeot. Furthermore,1/2 Car Repairing Pneumatic Impact Wrench. Maintain all records for operation of incineration/hydroclaving/autoclaving for a period of 5 years

4. The segregation, packaging, transportation, and storage of BMW have been improved. Biomedical waste has been classified into four categories based on color code-type of waste and treatment options. In addition, untreated human anatomical waste, animal anatomical waste, soiled waste,Tesa 4965 Multiple Color Strip Lights SMD LED Strip. In case, there is a need to store beyond 48 h,Barbecue BBQ Grill Fabrication Rust Waterproof IP65 Outdoor Sheet Metal Enclosure(no permission to be obtained)[Ripstop Cotton Fabric with Flame-Retardant Finish 280GSM]

5. No HCF shall establish on-site BMW treatment and disposal facility if the provision of CBMWTF is present at a distance of seventy-five kilometers. If no CBMWTF is available, the occupier shall set up requisite BMW treatment facility such as incinerator, autoclave or microwave, shredder after taking prior authorization from the prescribed authority. After confirming treatment of plastics and glassware by autoclaving or microwaving followed by mutilation/shredding,Handmade Shaped Glass Dropper with Amber Glass Bottle

6. Authorization for BMW disposal for nonbedded HCFs is granted to the occupier at one time only. The validity of authorization shall be synchronized with validity of consent orders for bedded HCFs

7. Standards for emission from incinerators have been modified to be more environmental friendly. These are permissible limit for SPM-50 mg/nm³; residence time in secondary chamber of incinerator – two seconds; standard for dioxin and furans – 0.1 ng TEQ/Nm³

8. Ministry of Environment, Forest,SMD 3030 Replace 125W Metal Halide Lamp Mhl HPS 40W Solar Street Light LED 12V 24V 36V. The responsibility of each state to check for compliance will be done by setting up district-level committee under the chairpersonship of District Collector or District Magistrate or Additional District Magistrate. In addition, every 6 months, this committee shall submit its report to the State Pollution Control Board.

Challenges in the Implementation of New Biomedical Waste 2016 Rules

One of the biggest challenges the government hospitals and small HCFs will face,Italian Wafer Type Flange Ball Valve. To phase out chlorinated plastic bags, gloves,Tactical Military Flashlight Waterproof Ipx7 Multi-Function Ultra Lightweight Flashlight HK15-0127/containers the cost will be high and time span for doing this i.e. two years is too short.

Currently, in India, there are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 are under construction.[120X120X25mm 12V 24V Computer DC 120mm PC Fan with LED] There is a great need for rapid development of many more CBMWTF to fulfill the need of treatment and disposal of all BMW generated in India. Incinerator emit toxic air pollutants, and incinerator ash is potentially hazardous.

Incinerator and its Hazards

The first solution for the disposal of BMW was to burn the waste. India in the late 1990s after the first BMW rule was implemented, saw a boom in the number of incinerator being installed. It is based on high temperature that kills pathogen and in the process destroys the material in which the microbes reside.[256X256mm P16 LED Module Display 1r1g1b Outdoor Billboard,12 Bottles Portable Home Ues Thermoelectric Wine Chiller] However,Wire Coated by Rare-Earth Zn-Al Alloy/Rare Earth Zinc Aluminum Alloy Coated Steel Wire Strand(PIC) and dioxins.2019 Summer Fresh Landscaping Turf Lawn, waste components dissociate and recombine forming new particles called PIC, which are toxic.Best Selling Chinese Graphite Electrode Manufacturer 600mm for Eaf Steel Smelting. Dioxins are an unintentional by-GSM Series Antenna Customized Connector Flat GSM Antenna. These are a group of 75 chemicals which coexist along with another group of toxins called furans. These toxins have a tendency to accumulate in fatty tissues and travel up the food chain. Burning of medical devices made up of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is the largest dioxin producers in the environment.[China Kitchen Cabinet Purchase Outsourcing Factory OEM/ODM Products] In addition, metals present in the medical waste act as a catalyst for dioxin formation. These are very toxic, being known carcinogenic,Modern Manufacturer Wholesale Chinese Wedding Leather Dining Banquet Church Chair. In India, till date, no study has been done by Government of India to estimate the level of dioxin in Indian population. In 2000, Subramanianet al. have found high level of dioxin in the human breast milk collected from New Delhi, Mumbai, and Kolkata.[UV Light Change Colors ABS Filament 3D Printer Printing Material] Recently, in January 2017 appreciating the importance of the presence of dioxins in the environment,Handbags Hang Tag Custom Metal Tag Chain Hook.[Full Automatic Sparkling Water Glass Bottle Filling Machine] Moreover, the incinerator ash is also hazardous and needs to be checked for the level of toxin before being sent to secured landfill. Therefore, keeping these points in consideration, most of the countries are shifting to alternative environmental friendly methods of BMW disposal. The Philippines has banned incinerator and Denmark has banned construction of incinerator.[8W/12W Dimmable Interior Ceiling LED Recessed/Flush Can/Spot Down Lights for School/Classroom,Anti-Yellow Acrylic Solid Surface 6mm 12mm Sheets Corians]

Alternative Technology for Biomedical Waste Disposal

The various new technologies for BMW disposal are categorized into four groups – thermal, chemical processes, irradiative processes, and biological processes.Cellphone Display for Huawei Mate20PRO.[High Precision CO2 Laser Engraver Laser Marking System for Non-Metal Material]

Thermal processes are grouped into three – low, medium, and high.

1. Low heat technologies operate between 93°C and 177°C and include microwaves and autoclaves. In autoclave, steam is used as a method for sterilization. Autoclaves are classified based on the method for removal of air pickets – Gravity/downward displacement and prevacuum/high vacuum. Since air evacuation is more effective in autoclaves with a prevacuum or multiple vacuum cycles, these are better.4 Aluminum Body and Stainless Steel Pin, Bushing Weld on Bullet Hinge. The evacuated air is disinfected before disposal into the environment by passing through a high-efficiency particulate absolute (HEPA) filter as it may contain pathogens. All infectious waste including cultures, human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns) and sharps, and medical instruments are sterilized in autoclave. Hazardous waste and chemicals cannot be autoclaved as they release toxic emissions. Furthermore, heat resistant containers, beddings, and other bulky waste cannot be disinfected in autoclave.[High Speed Single Screw Double Dual Twin Die Head HDPE LDPE LLDPE PE Plastic Blown Film Blowing Machine Set with 2 Winders for Making Plastic Roll] Microwave uses moist heat and steam generated by microwave energy to disinfect. All infectious waste including human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns), and sharps are sterilized in microwave. Volatile, semi-volatile organic compounds, mercury,Disposable Non Woven 3ply Surgical Solid Mask Making Machine. The advantage of using microwave for BMW disposal is minimal emissions. Its disadvantage include requirement of high capital for setup, problem of odor near the machine, and there is a chance of leak of microwave energy

2. Medium heat technologies operate between 177°C and 540°C and include reverse polymerization and thermal depolymerization. This involves the application of high-energy microwaves in nitrogen atmosphere to BMW to breakdown the organic matter. As the waste absorbs the microwave energy, its internal energy increase and chemical decomposition take place at molecular level. Nitrogen provides an oxygen-free environment so that combustion does not take place. Then, shredders are used to mutilate the waste[ FRP/GRP Flat Bar for Household]

3. High heat technologies operate between 540°C and 8300°C and include pyrolysis – oxidation, plasma pyrolysis, induction-based pyrolysis, and lase-based pyrolysis. In pyrolysis oxidation, inside the pyrolysis chamber, the organic solid and liquid waste vaporize at high temperature (approximately 594°C) leaving behind inert ash and glass and metal fragments. This is followed by second step, wherein combustion of the vapors takes place at a temperature of 982°C –1093°C in a chamber and clean exhaust steam is later released.

Plasma pyrolysis uses plasma torches to generate plasma energy. In plasma state, the ionized gas can conduct electric current, but due to its high resistance, the electric energy is converted to heat energy. The residue generated include carbon black, vitrified glass aggregates, and metallic residues. A wide variety of waste can be destroyed in plasma-based technology – infectious waste, sharps, plastics, dialysis waste, hazardous waste, chemotherapeutic waste, chemotherapy waste, and low-level radioactive waste (Aluminum Chlorohydrate Liquid (ACH) for Water Treatment).Customized Size Aluminum Screen Printing Frames, waste residue is inert and sterile, i.e., environment friendly,3000W Pure Sine Wave Inverter(95%) and mass (80%–90%). Its disadvantage includes high capital cost, high operation cost, high electrical usage, limited lifespan of plasma torch and may generate dioxins in poorly designed setup.[Wall Bench with Frame Lab Furniture (JH-WF002)]

Conclusions

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References