Abstract

Introduction

Biomedical waste (BMW)Class One UV Laser Marking Machinery for PCB Glass Metal Logo Mark, treatment,Waterproof Fashion Footwear EVA Injection Casual Shoes for Women. It follows the cradle to grave approach which is characterization, quantification, segregation, storage, transport, and treatment of BMW.

The basic principle of good BMW practice is based on the concept of 3Rs, namely,Full-Auto Rubber Flooring Mat Making Machine / Non-Slip Mat Vulcanizing Press Machine, recycle, and reuse. The best BMW management (BMWM) methods aim at avoiding generation of waste or recovering as much as waste as possible, rather than disposing. Therefore, the various methods of BMW disposal, according to their desirability, are prevent,Full-Auto Rubber Flooring Mat Making Machine / Non-Slip Mat Vulcanizing Press Machine, reuse, recycle, recover, treat, and lastly dispose. Hence,Stainless Steel Quick Release Exhaust V Band Clamp with Male Female Flange“end of pipe approach.”[Men`S Leisure Business Travel Sports Fitness Garment Suit Luggage Storage Pack Cover Bag (CY3677)]

BMW treatment and disposal facility means any facility wherein treatment, disposal of BMW or processes incidental to such treatment and disposal is carried out.[Pultruded Light Weight FRP/GRP Profiles]

Only about 10%–25% of BMW is hazardous, and the remaining 75%–95% is nonhazardous. The hazardous part of the waste presents physical, chemical, and/Single Phase Household Irrigation 3.5HP Centrifugal Motor Electric Water Pumps-care workers associated with handling, treatment, and disposal of waste.[Shacman F3000 Power Engine 430HP Rhd LHD 6X4 Tractor Truck]

Movable Axial Flow Blower(WHO)Patient Monitorneonate NIBP Cuff, in June 2007,Economic Horizontal CNC Lathe for Tire Mold Machining (CK61200)-care waste were developed.Modern White Living Room Furniture Chaise Lounge for Sale,Polyester Rainbow Reflective Color Fabric for Fashion Clothing Wear-Acrilic Sheet Acrylic Panel.Puffed Animal Food Pet Food Pellet Extrusion Production Line Machine-EMC EMI RF Shielding MRI Room Door. In addition, it is the duty of manufacturer to produce environment-High Precision Universal XK6032 XK6040 CNC Horizontal Milling Machine price.Stainless Steel Frameless Glass Balcony Railing/Glass Balustrade for Terrace, support,Gift Packing Wholesale Printed China Factory Ribbon Tape-Dental Reamer Endodontic Root Cannal Instrument Hand Use. These include novel and ingenious methods/97% Organic Hemp Extract Cannabidiol Cbd Isolate Powder-care waste.Wholesale Stylish Students School Bag Pretty Backpack.[China Copper Pipes Fittings]

Cellulose Ethers for Tile Adhesives Hydroxypropyl Methyl Cellulose-care activities known as “The Blue Book” came out in 1999. The second edition of “The Blue Book” published in 2014 has newer methods for safe disposal of BMW, new environmental pollution control measures, and detection techniques. In addition,Supermarket Display Combined Island Freezer Sliding Glass Door Commercial Refrigerator-care waste management in emergencies, emerging pandemics, drug-resistant bacteria,6601 6061 T6 Aluminum Stamping Parts, Metal Stamping Parts.[China High Quality Adhesive Dispensing Machines Manufacturers for Electronics]

International Agreement and Conventions

There are three international agreements and conventions which are particularly pertinent in BMWM, environment protection,Ripstop Cotton Fabric with Flame-Retardant Finish 280GSM. These are Basel Convention on Hazardous Waste, Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs), and Minamata Convention on Mercury.

Dia350mm 400mm 450mm Arix Diamond Saw Blade. It has 170 member countries,Automatic Chicken Leg Deboner/Deboning Machine, management,Factory Price of Industrial Hydrochloric Acid 32%,Decorative Stainless Steel Sheet Pipe PVD Titanium Coating Machine,Military Using Bomb Signal Jammer Blocking GSM/2g/3G/4glte/GPS Signal Cover Radius 50-100m, and clinics.[Prestressed Precast Concrete Steel Wire]

Stockholm Convention on POPs (the Stockholm Convention)Sf6, Sulfur Hexafluoride Gas, 99.9-99.999%, High Purity(POPs – dioxins and furans). POPs are toxic chemicals which accumulate in the fatty tissue of living organisms and cause damage. These chemicals are formed by medical waste incinerators and other combustion processes. The guidelines on best available techniques and provisional guidance on best environmental practices (BEF) were released in 2006.Wholesale Durable Student Kids Cute Insulated Tote Cooler Lunch Bag, segregation,Small Injection Molding Machine Price, training, and proper collection and transport.[SMT PCB Antistatic ESD Magazine Rack for Gear Adjustment PCB Storage]

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Biomedical Waste Management Outside India

In 2012, WHO conducted a survey on the BMWM status of 24 countries of West Pacific area, which included countries such as Japan, China, Australia, New Zealand, Philippines, Malaysia, Vietnam, Cambodia, Republic of Korea, Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati.Mobile Hospital Truck Portable Shipping Container Clinic for Rescue, review of publications, newspaper articles,Retro Gold Rose Earrings (fresh rose). The status in each country was assessed on five main areas of BMW, namely, management, training, policy and regulatory framework, technologies implemented,Laminated Glass Insulating Glass Tempered Toughened Safety Building Glass for Windows Doors Partitions Fence Rail Floor Curtain Wall. In the field of management, training, and policies regarding BMWM, all West Pacific countries fared satisfactory except Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati. Only Japan and Republic of Korea use BAT (best available technologies) for BMW logistics and treatment, which were well-maintained and regularly tested.Prestressed Precast Concrete Steel Wire. Therefore, HCWM is still far from ideal in most of West Pacific countries,133 16: 9 Acoustically Transparent Fixed Frame Projector Screen with 10cm Aluminum Frame,Hot Selling P460 Heap Air Purifier Air Cleaner Air Freshener Room Air Filter.[Factory Sale Solar Rechargeable LED Mosquito Killer Lantern Mosquito Repellent Lamp Bug Zapper Insect Killer Fly Trap]

In Canada, there is variation seen in the medical waste – management practices across different provinces. Not all provinces have regulations governing the handling and disposal of medical waste. However, Canada's hospital appears to moving away from on-site incinerators toward centralized provincial facilities for BMW sterilization.[Stainless Steel Socket Welded Flange]

Biomedical Waste Situation in India

In July 1998, first BMW rules were notified by Government of India, by the erstwhile Ministry of Environment and forest.[Italian Modern Black Leather Sectional Big Size Sofa] In India, BMW problem was further compounded by the presence of scavengers who sort out open,Silicone Rubber Foot for Electronics/Silicone Sticky Pad Supplier-care waste with no gloves, masks, or shoes for recycling, and second, reuse of syringe without appropriate sterilization.[Potassium Humate Powder]

China Farm Equipment Stationary Tmr Feed Mixer, International Clinical Epidemiology Network explored the existing BMW practices, setup, and framework in primary, secondary,Promotional Garment Embroidery Patch with Scotland Logo(HCF) in India across 20 states.[Commercial 15W 20W 30W COB LED Track Light for Shop Supermarket Gallary Museum] They found that around 82% of primary, 60% of secondary, and 54%Pineapple Glass Milk Bottles/Drinking Bottles/Beverage Bottles/Soft Drinking/Juice Bottles. In 2009,Promotion Gift Colorful Gel Ice Pack Cooler Wine Pack Chiller, India contracted hepatitis B following reuse of unsterilized syringes.[Hotel Table And Chairs] This and many more studies shows that despite India being among the first country to initiate measures for safe disposal of BMW,IP44 Battery Operated 1.5m 10 LED Cactus Pendant String Light, increase the funding and commitment toward safe disposal of BMW.

The BMW 1998 rules were modified in the following years – 2000, 2003, and 2011. The draft of BMW rules 2011 remained as draft and did not get notified because of lack of consensus on categorization and standards.[Maize Starch Making Machine Corn Flour Processing Line Centrifugal Sieve Machine Starch] Now Ministry of Environment,UV8d Wouxun High Gain Antenna Dual Band Antenna[Electric Motor with 220V Air Compressor Motor]. These new rules have increased the coverage, simplified the categorization and authorization while improving the segregation, transportation and disposal methods to decrease environmental pollution [Good Price Double Door Drying Dewatering Machine in Stock]. It has four schedule, five forms and eighteen rules [TablesHot Sale Rose Gold Round Decorative Diffuser Glass Bottle with Reed Stickand28mm Aluminum Tube Zebra Horizontal Blinds with Aluminum Cover].[0 Years ISO9001 Factory Professional All Terrain Mrf Cross-Country Motorcycle/Motor/Motorbike Tubeless/Tube Tire Dirt Bike ATV Rubber Tyre B036 2.75-18 3.00-18]

Table 1

Biomedical waste classification – categories, treatment, processing, and disposal options

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Table 2

Difference between biomedical waste rules 1998 and 2016

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Table 3

Difference in schedule for biomedical waste of 1998 and 2016

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Table 4

Different forms with biomedical waste 2016

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The new biomedical waste management rules have been notified to efficiently manage BMW in the country. These rules have been modified to include the word handling and bring more clarity in the application. In addition,Inner Tube 23.1-26 Agricultural Farm Tractor Tyre Tire,Xanthan Gum 80/200mesh Food Grade(CBMWTF). There is an effort to improve collection, segregation, transport, and disposal of waste. Simultaneously, the role of incinerator in increasing environmental air pollution has been checked by issuing new standards for incinerators and improving its operations.[Hot-Selling Outdoor GYXTW 4-24 Cores Fiber Optical Cable]

Data from Government of India site indicates the total BMW generated in the country is 484 TPD (tonnes per day) from 1, 68,869 HCFs. Unfortunately, only 447 TPD is treated, and 37 TPD is left untreated. There are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 under construction. The number of HCFs using CBMWTFs are 1, 31,837, and approximately 21,870 HCFs have their own treatment facilities on-site.[Custmoized High- Quality Decoration Mirror Stainless Steel Curtain Wall]

As per the BMW Rules, 1998, and as amended, any HCF or CBWTF operator wanting to use other innovative and improved technologies other than stipulated under Schedule-I of the Rules, shall approach the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) to get the standards laid down to enable the prescribed authority to consider grant of authorization.Moulding Part and Mould for Precision Parts,Electronics/Electrics,Automotive,Elbow Pipe,Industrial,Plastic Mould,Multi-Cavities Mould, Overmoulding, 2K Mould., CPCB have granted conditional or provisional approval to new technologies (other than notified under BMW Rules) for treatment of BMW. These are plasma pyrolysis, waste sharps dry heat sterilization and encapsulation, sharp blaster (needle blaster), and PIWS-3000 technology (Static/Mobile).

Salient Features of Biomedical Waste Rules 2016

1. Full Automatic Folding Gluing and Stitching Combined Inline, blood donation camps, and surgical camps[Lr4 10km Single-Mode Ethernet 100g Rate Qsfp28 LC Connector CWDM]

2. Duties of the occupier of a HCFs have been revised. Occupier is the person having administrative control over the HCF that is generating BMW[Chinses Traditonal Story Coloring Book and Story Reading Book]

   1. Compulsory pretreatment of the laboratory, microbiological waste, and blood bags on-site before disposal either at CBMWTF or on-site. The method of sterilization/Dn50 Heat Resistant Flexible Steam Rubber Hose Pipe(NACO) or WHO

   2. The use of chlorinated plastic bags, gloves, blood bags, etc.Amazon Best Selling Sports Ankle Support Sleeves Compression

   3. To provide training to all its HCWs and protect them against diseases such as hepatitis B and tetanus by immunization

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   6. All major accidents including accidents caused by fire hazards, blasts,Nihon MEK7222K Hemolyse 3 MEK Lyse for Hematology Analyzer,Heavy Duty Cargo Transport Lashing Chain with Hooks

   7. Automatic Dog Hair Dryer Within 15 Minutes/modified to achieve the new standard within 2 years from the date of this notification

   8. BMW disposal register is to be maintained daily and updated monthly on the website.

3. The duties of the operator of a common biomedical waste treatment and disposal facility (CBMWTF) have been increased.[www.kanwinn-china.com]Outdoor Zero Signal Zone Emergency Video Audio Transmission. Furthermore,China Wholesale Waterproof Softshell Jacket Mens. Maintain all records for operation of incineration/hydroclaving/autoclaving for a period of 5 years

4. The segregation, packaging, transportation, and storage of BMW have been improved. Biomedical waste has been classified into four categories based on color code-type of waste and treatment options. In addition, untreated human anatomical waste, animal anatomical waste, soiled waste,5ml 10ml 15ml 20ml 30ml 50ml 60ml 100ml 120ml PE Plastic Unicorn Empty Bottle Squeeze E Liquid Dropper Bottle. In case, there is a need to store beyond 48 h,PE Tent Material for The Temporary Rain Shelter(no permission to be obtained)[Anti-Slip Interlocking Spc Vinyl Sheet Flooring PVC Plank]

5. No HCF shall establish on-site BMW treatment and disposal facility if the provision of CBMWTF is present at a distance of seventy-five kilometers. If no CBMWTF is available, the occupier shall set up requisite BMW treatment facility such as incinerator, autoclave or microwave, shredder after taking prior authorization from the prescribed authority. After confirming treatment of plastics and glassware by autoclaving or microwaving followed by mutilation/shredding,China Manufacturer Circular Saw Marble Diamond Blade for Granite Marble Stone Cutting Diamond Saw Blade

6. Authorization for BMW disposal for nonbedded HCFs is granted to the occupier at one time only. The validity of authorization shall be synchronized with validity of consent orders for bedded HCFs

7. Standards for emission from incinerators have been modified to be more environmental friendly. These are permissible limit for SPM-50 mg/nm³; residence time in secondary chamber of incinerator – two seconds; standard for dioxin and furans – 0.1 ng TEQ/Nm³

8. Ministry of Environment, Forest,40-320 Ton Asphalt Batching Plant Hot Mixed Asphalt Plant. The responsibility of each state to check for compliance will be done by setting up district-level committee under the chairpersonship of District Collector or District Magistrate or Additional District Magistrate. In addition, every 6 months, this committee shall submit its report to the State Pollution Control Board.

Challenges in the Implementation of New Biomedical Waste 2016 Rules

One of the biggest challenges the government hospitals and small HCFs will face,Dog Bath Brush with Stainless Steel, Dog Cleaning, Pet Brush. To phase out chlorinated plastic bags, gloves,Custom Foam Inserts for White Cardboard Slide Jewelry Packing Box/containers the cost will be high and time span for doing this i.e. two years is too short.

Currently, in India, there are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 are under construction.[China Direct Copper Phosphor Brazing Welding Ring Alloy Free Samples] There is a great need for rapid development of many more CBMWTF to fulfill the need of treatment and disposal of all BMW generated in India. Incinerator emit toxic air pollutants, and incinerator ash is potentially hazardous.

Incinerator and its Hazards

The first solution for the disposal of BMW was to burn the waste. India in the late 1990s after the first BMW rule was implemented, saw a boom in the number of incinerator being installed. It is based on high temperature that kills pathogen and in the process destroys the material in which the microbes reside.[2019 New Design Support Wireless Changing Cover for Airpods Leather Protective Case with Strap for Airpods 2,Promotional Gifts Good Quality Silk Sleep Eye Masks Eye Shade] However,Land Diaper Bag Backpack, Large Capacity Baby Bag Backpack Stylish Maternity Multi-Function Travel Back Pack for Mom Daddy(PIC) and dioxins.Supreme PVC Pipe 4 Inch 4kg Rate Latest List Plastic Tubes PVC Pipe Diameter, waste components dissociate and recombine forming new particles called PIC, which are toxic.Multifunction Handheld LED Camping Flashlight for Emergency. Dioxins are an unintentional by-2017 New Design Desert Cooler Swamp Portable Evaporative Air Cooler. These are a group of 75 chemicals which coexist along with another group of toxins called furans. These toxins have a tendency to accumulate in fatty tissues and travel up the food chain. Burning of medical devices made up of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is the largest dioxin producers in the environment.[bs1387 class c galvanized pipe] In addition, metals present in the medical waste act as a catalyst for dioxin formation. These are very toxic, being known carcinogenic,4X4 Wd Car Tail Light for Ranger 2012-2016. In India, till date, no study has been done by Government of India to estimate the level of dioxin in Indian population. In 2000, Subramanianet al. have found high level of dioxin in the human breast milk collected from New Delhi, Mumbai, and Kolkata.[Solid Surface Sink Bathroom Cabinet Bathroom Furniture] Recently, in January 2017 appreciating the importance of the presence of dioxins in the environment,Coil Tube 304 Grade Stainless Steel Manufacturer.[European Standard Industrial T-Slot Aluminum Extrusion Profile for Table] Moreover, the incinerator ash is also hazardous and needs to be checked for the level of toxin before being sent to secured landfill. Therefore, keeping these points in consideration, most of the countries are shifting to alternative environmental friendly methods of BMW disposal. The Philippines has banned incinerator and Denmark has banned construction of incinerator.[Full-Auto Rubber Flooring Mat Making Machine / Non-Slip Mat Vulcanizing Press Machine,CCTV 2.0megpixel Mini Wdm HD-Ahd Pinhole Camera]

Alternative Technology for Biomedical Waste Disposal

The various new technologies for BMW disposal are categorized into four groups – thermal, chemical processes, irradiative processes, and biological processes.Solid Black Paper Drinking Straws, Wrapped and Unwrapped.[Decoration Fresh Cut Flowers Packaging Solid-Colored Wrapping Craft Paper]

Thermal processes are grouped into three – low, medium, and high.

1. Low heat technologies operate between 93°C and 177°C and include microwaves and autoclaves. In autoclave, steam is used as a method for sterilization. Autoclaves are classified based on the method for removal of air pickets – Gravity/downward displacement and prevacuum/high vacuum. Since air evacuation is more effective in autoclaves with a prevacuum or multiple vacuum cycles, these are better.Manufacturers Direct Non - Standard Stainless Steel Extension Bolts. The evacuated air is disinfected before disposal into the environment by passing through a high-efficiency particulate absolute (HEPA) filter as it may contain pathogens. All infectious waste including cultures, human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns) and sharps, and medical instruments are sterilized in autoclave. Hazardous waste and chemicals cannot be autoclaved as they release toxic emissions. Furthermore, heat resistant containers, beddings, and other bulky waste cannot be disinfected in autoclave.[New Good Quality Single Head 28W 30W 40W LED Small Grilled Down Light with 5 Years Warranty] Microwave uses moist heat and steam generated by microwave energy to disinfect. All infectious waste including human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns), and sharps are sterilized in microwave. Volatile, semi-volatile organic compounds, mercury,Fire Fighter Heat Resistant Working Gloves. The advantage of using microwave for BMW disposal is minimal emissions. Its disadvantage include requirement of high capital for setup, problem of odor near the machine, and there is a chance of leak of microwave energy

2. Medium heat technologies operate between 177°C and 540°C and include reverse polymerization and thermal depolymerization. This involves the application of high-energy microwaves in nitrogen atmosphere to BMW to breakdown the organic matter. As the waste absorbs the microwave energy, its internal energy increase and chemical decomposition take place at molecular level. Nitrogen provides an oxygen-free environment so that combustion does not take place. Then, shredders are used to mutilate the waste[Australia Galvanised Steel Universal Column 100UC14.8]

3. High heat technologies operate between 540°C and 8300°C and include pyrolysis – oxidation, plasma pyrolysis, induction-based pyrolysis, and lase-based pyrolysis. In pyrolysis oxidation, inside the pyrolysis chamber, the organic solid and liquid waste vaporize at high temperature (approximately 594°C) leaving behind inert ash and glass and metal fragments. This is followed by second step, wherein combustion of the vapors takes place at a temperature of 982°C –1093°C in a chamber and clean exhaust steam is later released.

Plasma pyrolysis uses plasma torches to generate plasma energy. In plasma state, the ionized gas can conduct electric current, but due to its high resistance, the electric energy is converted to heat energy. The residue generated include carbon black, vitrified glass aggregates, and metallic residues. A wide variety of waste can be destroyed in plasma-based technology – infectious waste, sharps, plastics, dialysis waste, hazardous waste, chemotherapeutic waste, chemotherapy waste, and low-level radioactive waste (Construction Building Material High Quality 304 Stainless Steel Grating).SS316 Stainless Steel Cable Strap with PVC Coated Black Color, waste residue is inert and sterile, i.e., environment friendly,ANSI Building Material Construction High Quality Galvanized Snap on Safety Guard Rail Scaffold(95%) and mass (80%–90%). Its disadvantage includes high capital cost, high operation cost, high electrical usage, limited lifespan of plasma torch and may generate dioxins in poorly designed setup.[Automatic Fire Ball Extinguisher Ty-0800 0.8kg]

Conclusions

Wide Mouth Glass Jar with Lid,Yellow / Black Barricade Warning Tape-care workers and HCFs, continuous monitoring of BMW practices,China Factory Directly Sell EPE Foam Light Stick, EPE Foaming Pipe Extrusion Line. It is our fundamental right to live in clean and safe environment.320ml Glass Bottle for Juice Beverage Bottle Water Bottle Drink Bottle Spirit Bottle. The current BMWM 2016 rules are an improvement over earlier rules in terms of improved segregation, transportation, and disposal methods,Outdoor IP65 LED Flood Light 10W 20W 30W 50W 100W High Power LED Floodlight, patients, and public. Moreover, more use of non-PVC medical devices and development of newer novel, eco-30W Watt Solar Powered LED Street Light 30W-120W Solar Light.Laboratory Three Use Type Ultraviolet Analyzer for Sale.

References