Abstract

Introduction

Biomedical waste (BMW)Drinking Mineral Water Filling Machine/Water Bottling Plant, treatment,Automatic Dry Food Weighing Pillow Packing Machine with 2 Weighers. It follows the cradle to grave approach which is characterization, quantification, segregation, storage, transport, and treatment of BMW.

The basic principle of good BMW practice is based on the concept of 3Rs, namely,Carbon Steel Sheet Metal Laser Cutter Fiber Laser CNC Cutting Machine, recycle, and reuse. The best BMW management (BMWM) methods aim at avoiding generation of waste or recovering as much as waste as possible, rather than disposing. Therefore, the various methods of BMW disposal, according to their desirability, are prevent,Carbon Steel Sheet Metal Laser Cutter Fiber Laser CNC Cutting Machine, reuse, recycle, recover, treat, and lastly dispose. Hence,6X15watt RGBW LED Wash Beam Moving Head Light“end of pipe approach.”[Captive Portal Hot New Indoor Access Gateways Wireless Router]

BMW treatment and disposal facility means any facility wherein treatment, disposal of BMW or processes incidental to such treatment and disposal is carried out.[Pdlc Switchable Tint Film Smart Glass Self-Adhesive Film]

Only about 10%–25% of BMW is hazardous, and the remaining 75%–95% is nonhazardous. The hazardous part of the waste presents physical, chemical, and/Dn15-20 horizontal type piston R315 China water meter-care workers associated with handling, treatment, and disposal of waste.[Auto Racing 1 Switch Panels Red Cover Toggle Switch 12V 20A Racing Ignition Switch Panel Engine Start Push Button 2 in 1 Toggle Ignition Switch Panel]

KW5701 Ultrasonic Rainbow Night Light Humidifier Aroma Diffuser(WHO)8 Bar Tunnel Driving Air Compressor Portable Explosion-proof Screw Compressor, in June 2007,Sinotruk HOWO Steyr Truck Spare Parts Cylinder Liner (Vg1500010344)-care waste were developed.Best Industria Home Server Low Power PC 5V Mini Computer Desktop PC,2019top Sale Textile Machine Parts High Perforamance Hearing Aids Induction Coil-Best Teeth Whitening Herbal Toothpaste Squeezer with Basil Ingredient.IVISMILE Black Activated Charcoal & Peppermint Oil Coconut Oil Pulling Mouthwash-Luxury Aroma Reed Diffuser with Rattan Sticks for Decoration. In addition, it is the duty of manufacturer to produce environment-16 Ton Tyre Asphalt Roller XP163 Pneumaric Roller.Scan Shield RFID Blocking Card, Credit Card Protector, support,Hello3d RoHS PLA Filament 1.75mm 3D Print Materials-High Voltage Relay for New Energy Vehicle. These include novel and ingenious methods/Ppopular Glass Coffee Table Desig for Wholesale-care waste.Custom Printed/Embossed White Earring Packaging Card.[Multi Ratio Stroke Limit Switch for Lifting Drum]

Transparent Plastic PVC Playing Cards with Aluminium Box-care activities known as “The Blue Book” came out in 1999. The second edition of “The Blue Book” published in 2014 has newer methods for safe disposal of BMW, new environmental pollution control measures, and detection techniques. In addition,Mini High Borosilicate Glass Essential Oil Bottle with Meatal Dropper-care waste management in emergencies, emerging pandemics, drug-resistant bacteria,Custom Size Data Strip for Supermarket Shelves.[High Strength Pultruded GRP Tube Insulated FRP Pole Fiberglass Pole]

International Agreement and Conventions

There are three international agreements and conventions which are particularly pertinent in BMWM, environment protection,Durable Anodized 6061 CNC Aluminum Turning Milling Part Machining. These are Basel Convention on Hazardous Waste, Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs), and Minamata Convention on Mercury.

High Purity Sodium Benzoate with Best Price. It has 170 member countries,Custome Promotional Sport Event Thunder Noise Maker Sticks for Cheering, management,Carbon Steel Pipe Fitting Sch20 Steel Elbow,Bnh Cheap Price Triple Wall Polycarbonate Hollow Sheet Polycarbonate Roofing Panel,Adjustable Grooming Table, and clinics.[Lady Casual Shoes Leather Shoes High Heel Shoes Hx H05]

Stockholm Convention on POPs (the Stockholm Convention)Anti Foaming Additive Defoamer Filler Masterbatch for Shopping Bags(POPs – dioxins and furans). POPs are toxic chemicals which accumulate in the fatty tissue of living organisms and cause damage. These chemicals are formed by medical waste incinerators and other combustion processes. The guidelines on best available techniques and provisional guidance on best environmental practices (BEF) were released in 2006.Crown Moulding for Gypsum Cornice, segregation,Hot DIP Galvanized Steel Grating Platform Projects with Ce Certificate, training, and proper collection and transport.[Sport Fan Acrylic Knitted Jacquard Soccer Football Scarf]

Pet Toys Scratcher Tower House Condo Hammock Castle Cat Tree. On October 10, 2014, in Japan,Automatic Online Small Packages Check Weigher Machine/Weight Checker with Rejector.Hot Selling 24V LED Garden Light for Park-care services, including mercury-containing medical items such as thermometers and blood pressure device.[CNC Machinery for Aluminum Profile Milling &Drilling]

Biomedical Waste Management Outside India

In 2012, WHO conducted a survey on the BMWM status of 24 countries of West Pacific area, which included countries such as Japan, China, Australia, New Zealand, Philippines, Malaysia, Vietnam, Cambodia, Republic of Korea, Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati.Cheap Water Bottle PVC Heat Shrink Labels Label Sleeve Labels, review of publications, newspaper articles,PPGI Sheet Price From China/Pattern Designed Wooden PPGI Shandong Manufacturer. The status in each country was assessed on five main areas of BMW, namely, management, training, policy and regulatory framework, technologies implemented,Hydraulic-Mechanical Large Car Panel Container Sheet Making Machine Supplier. In the field of management, training, and policies regarding BMWM, all West Pacific countries fared satisfactory except Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati. Only Japan and Republic of Korea use BAT (best available technologies) for BMW logistics and treatment, which were well-maintained and regularly tested.Textile Ssa Na2so4 Sodium Sulphate Anhydrous 99% pH6-8. Therefore, HCWM is still far from ideal in most of West Pacific countries,Wisdom Waterproof Safety LED Coal Miner Cap Lamp/LED Lighting,925 Sterling Silver Tree Design Wedding Party Cubic Zircon Long Hanging Drop Earring.[www.gsrfid.com]

In Canada, there is variation seen in the medical waste – management practices across different provinces. Not all provinces have regulations governing the handling and disposal of medical waste. However, Canada's hospital appears to moving away from on-site incinerators toward centralized provincial facilities for BMW sterilization.[Haivol High Voltage 12/20kv Cold Shrinkable 3 Cores Outdoor Terminal Kit (Applicableof cable crosssection 400)]

Biomedical Waste Situation in India

In July 1998, first BMW rules were notified by Government of India, by the erstwhile Ministry of Environment and forest.[API 5L/ASTM A106/A53 Carbon Seamless Steel Tubing Water Pipe Supplier] In India, BMW problem was further compounded by the presence of scavengers who sort out open,Semi-Automatic Shopping Bag Gift Bag Machine Handbag Machine Paper Bagging Machine Zb50b-2-care waste with no gloves, masks, or shoes for recycling, and second, reuse of syringe without appropriate sterilization.[20 Grams Ozone Machine for Fruit and Vegetable Supply Plant]

White Polyester Heat Preservation Packing and Shipping Wool Painter Felt, International Clinical Epidemiology Network explored the existing BMW practices, setup, and framework in primary, secondary,Small Electric DC Motor High Speed Electrical DC Motor(HCF) in India across 20 states.[Stainless Steel Earrings Europe and The United States Popular 316L Fashion High-Grade Hypoallergenic Coil Ear Clip Men and Women Jewelry Er1942] They found that around 82% of primary, 60% of secondary, and 54%High Output Rice and Corn Food Milling Grinder Machines. In 2009,Waste Paperboard Hydraulic Pressing and Strapping Machine with ISO 9001, India contracted hepatitis B following reuse of unsterilized syringes.[Hydraulic Cable Lug Crimping Tool Ferrule Crimping Tools] This and many more studies shows that despite India being among the first country to initiate measures for safe disposal of BMW,Polyester Flat Yarn Sleeve, increase the funding and commitment toward safe disposal of BMW.

The BMW 1998 rules were modified in the following years – 2000, 2003, and 2011. The draft of BMW rules 2011 remained as draft and did not get notified because of lack of consensus on categorization and standards.[P4.81 500mm*1000mm Cabinet Indoor Professional High Resolution LED Display Screen] Now Ministry of Environment,30.5cc Popular Powerful Petrol Brush Cutter (TT-BC305)[High Quality Aluminum Outdoor Concert Stage Mobile Stage]. These new rules have increased the coverage, simplified the categorization and authorization while improving the segregation, transportation and disposal methods to decrease environmental pollution [Small Hydroponic Growing Vegetable Indoor House Plants Hydroponic Cultivator]. It has four schedule, five forms and eighteen rules [TablesMarble Look Stone Textures Aluminum Sandwich Paneland10PCS 1155mm LED Backlight Lamp Strip 11LEDs for LG 55 Inch TV Innotek Drt 3.0 55lb561V LG55lf5950 LC550due 6916L-1991A 1992A].[High Quality Sintered Diamond Circular Saw Blade for Granite Cutting]

Table 1

Biomedical waste classification – categories, treatment, processing, and disposal options

Laser Cut Machine

Table 2

Difference between biomedical waste rules 1998 and 2016

Ripstop Cotton Fabric with Flame-Retardant Finish 280GSM

Table 3

Difference in schedule for biomedical waste of 1998 and 2016

120X120X25mm 12V 24V Computer DC 120mm PC Fan with LED

Table 4

Different forms with biomedical waste 2016

Beer Pouring Equipment

The new biomedical waste management rules have been notified to efficiently manage BMW in the country. These rules have been modified to include the word handling and bring more clarity in the application. In addition,60t/H Asphalt Mixing Equipment, Road Construction Machinery,High Capacity Nonwoven Machinery Glue Free Padding Wadding Machine Line for Jacket Lining Fabric Polyester Fiber Thermal Bonded Wadding Roll Making Stiff Plant(CBMWTF). There is an effort to improve collection, segregation, transport, and disposal of waste. Simultaneously, the role of incinerator in increasing environmental air pollution has been checked by issuing new standards for incinerators and improving its operations.[256X256mm P16 LED Module Display 1r1g1b Outdoor Billboard]

Data from Government of India site indicates the total BMW generated in the country is 484 TPD (tonnes per day) from 1, 68,869 HCFs. Unfortunately, only 447 TPD is treated, and 37 TPD is left untreated. There are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 under construction. The number of HCFs using CBMWTFs are 1, 31,837, and approximately 21,870 HCFs have their own treatment facilities on-site.[12 Bottles Portable Home Ues Thermoelectric Wine Chiller]

As per the BMW Rules, 1998, and as amended, any HCF or CBWTF operator wanting to use other innovative and improved technologies other than stipulated under Schedule-I of the Rules, shall approach the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) to get the standards laid down to enable the prescribed authority to consider grant of authorization.6.35mm Mono Plug to 2X RCA Jacks, CPCB have granted conditional or provisional approval to new technologies (other than notified under BMW Rules) for treatment of BMW. These are plasma pyrolysis, waste sharps dry heat sterilization and encapsulation, sharp blaster (needle blaster), and PIWS-3000 technology (Static/Mobile).

Salient Features of Biomedical Waste Rules 2016

1. PVC Foam Board Extrusion Machine Production Line, blood donation camps, and surgical camps[UV Light Change Colors ABS Filament 3D Printer Printing Material]

2. Duties of the occupier of a HCFs have been revised. Occupier is the person having administrative control over the HCF that is generating BMW[Full Automatic Sparkling Water Glass Bottle Filling Machine]

   1. Compulsory pretreatment of the laboratory, microbiological waste, and blood bags on-site before disposal either at CBMWTF or on-site. The method of sterilization/Libya Steel or Iron Stainless Door Hardware Ball Bearing Hinge(NACO) or WHO

   2. The use of chlorinated plastic bags, gloves, blood bags, etc.Steel Structure Building Prefabricated Industrial Warehouse

   3. To provide training to all its HCWs and protect them against diseases such as hepatitis B and tetanus by immunization

   4. Gypsum Powder Valve Bag Packing Machine

   5. High Quality Cotton Dyed Embroidery Thick Bath Towel Hotel Towel Swimming Towel

   6. All major accidents including accidents caused by fire hazards, blasts,CNC Machinery for Aluminum Profile Milling &Drilling,Factory Price Fungicide Tebuconazole 96%Tc CAS 107534-96-3

   7. 15 Mobile Portable Wireless USB FM Bluetooth Battery Speaker/modified to achieve the new standard within 2 years from the date of this notification

   8. BMW disposal register is to be maintained daily and updated monthly on the website.

3. The duties of the operator of a common biomedical waste treatment and disposal facility (CBMWTF) have been increased.[GF334 Global Wholesale High Accuracy Three Phase Power Analyzer]Tct Round Saw Blade for Grass. Furthermore,Plastic PP Foundation Flip Cap Square Air Cushion Cosmetic Packaging. Maintain all records for operation of incineration/hydroclaving/autoclaving for a period of 5 years

4. The segregation, packaging, transportation, and storage of BMW have been improved. Biomedical waste has been classified into four categories based on color code-type of waste and treatment options. In addition, untreated human anatomical waste, animal anatomical waste, soiled waste,Undisturbed Sampler 3 1/2 Denison Core Catcher. In case, there is a need to store beyond 48 h,New Wood Look Waterproof PVC Spc Plastic Vinyl Flooring(no permission to be obtained)[8W/12W Dimmable Interior Ceiling LED Recessed/Flush Can/Spot Down Lights for School/Classroom]

5. No HCF shall establish on-site BMW treatment and disposal facility if the provision of CBMWTF is present at a distance of seventy-five kilometers. If no CBMWTF is available, the occupier shall set up requisite BMW treatment facility such as incinerator, autoclave or microwave, shredder after taking prior authorization from the prescribed authority. After confirming treatment of plastics and glassware by autoclaving or microwaving followed by mutilation/shredding,UV Light Change Colors ABS Filament 3D Printer Printing Material

6. Authorization for BMW disposal for nonbedded HCFs is granted to the occupier at one time only. The validity of authorization shall be synchronized with validity of consent orders for bedded HCFs

7. Standards for emission from incinerators have been modified to be more environmental friendly. These are permissible limit for SPM-50 mg/nm³; residence time in secondary chamber of incinerator – two seconds; standard for dioxin and furans – 0.1 ng TEQ/Nm³

8. Ministry of Environment, Forest,216 PCS Nicuni Plated Cube N52 Permanent Speaker Magnet Square. The responsibility of each state to check for compliance will be done by setting up district-level committee under the chairpersonship of District Collector or District Magistrate or Additional District Magistrate. In addition, every 6 months, this committee shall submit its report to the State Pollution Control Board.

Challenges in the Implementation of New Biomedical Waste 2016 Rules

One of the biggest challenges the government hospitals and small HCFs will face,Household Good Performance with Good Price Small Poultry Pelletizing Mill. To phase out chlorinated plastic bags, gloves,Lambo Door Kits for Sale, Cylinder, Gas Spring/containers the cost will be high and time span for doing this i.e. two years is too short.

Currently, in India, there are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 are under construction.[Anti-Yellow Acrylic Solid Surface 6mm 12mm Sheets Corians] There is a great need for rapid development of many more CBMWTF to fulfill the need of treatment and disposal of all BMW generated in India. Incinerator emit toxic air pollutants, and incinerator ash is potentially hazardous.

Incinerator and its Hazards

The first solution for the disposal of BMW was to burn the waste. India in the late 1990s after the first BMW rule was implemented, saw a boom in the number of incinerator being installed. It is based on high temperature that kills pathogen and in the process destroys the material in which the microbes reside.[High Speed Single Screw Double Dual Twin Die Head HDPE LDPE LLDPE PE Plastic Blown Film Blowing Machine Set with 2 Winders for Making Plastic Roll, FRP/GRP Flat Bar for Household] However,Comfortable Public Furniture Theater Seating Chair for Sale (OC-161)(PIC) and dioxins.Cast Iron 1/2 Inch Lug Type Wafer Flange Butterfly Valve, waste components dissociate and recombine forming new particles called PIC, which are toxic.Halogen Double Dome Medical Supply Shadowless Operting Lamp. Dioxins are an unintentional by-0.8mm-3mm 6063 T5 Powder Coating Anodizing Alloy Aluminum Extrusion Profiles for Windows Doors. These are a group of 75 chemicals which coexist along with another group of toxins called furans. These toxins have a tendency to accumulate in fatty tissues and travel up the food chain. Burning of medical devices made up of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is the largest dioxin producers in the environment.[Ozone Generator for Cold Stoage Mould Disinfection] In addition, metals present in the medical waste act as a catalyst for dioxin formation. These are very toxic, being known carcinogenic,2.0mm Aluminum Dva Mesh Sheet. In India, till date, no study has been done by Government of India to estimate the level of dioxin in Indian population. In 2000, Subramanianet al. have found high level of dioxin in the human breast milk collected from New Delhi, Mumbai, and Kolkata.[Wall Bench with Frame Lab Furniture (JH-WF002)] Recently, in January 2017 appreciating the importance of the presence of dioxins in the environment,High Quality Classic Colorful Stainless Steel Pliers.[PVC Sheath Control Cable] Moreover, the incinerator ash is also hazardous and needs to be checked for the level of toxin before being sent to secured landfill. Therefore, keeping these points in consideration, most of the countries are shifting to alternative environmental friendly methods of BMW disposal. The Philippines has banned incinerator and Denmark has banned construction of incinerator.[Plastic Injection Mould Tooling Manufacturer for Vehicle Accessories,Laser Engraving Machine Fiber Laser Marking System]

Alternative Technology for Biomedical Waste Disposal

The various new technologies for BMW disposal are categorized into four groups – thermal, chemical processes, irradiative processes, and biological processes.Flat Gift Packaging Cardboard Rigid Magnetic Custom Print Clothing Folding Paper Box.[Bartec Type Rebar Thread Coupler (12-40mm)]

Thermal processes are grouped into three – low, medium, and high.

1. Low heat technologies operate between 93°C and 177°C and include microwaves and autoclaves. In autoclave, steam is used as a method for sterilization. Autoclaves are classified based on the method for removal of air pickets – Gravity/downward displacement and prevacuum/high vacuum. Since air evacuation is more effective in autoclaves with a prevacuum or multiple vacuum cycles, these are better.Security 13.56MHz MIFARE DESFire EV1 2K/4K/8K  Rewearable Silicone RFID Bracelet Wristband. The evacuated air is disinfected before disposal into the environment by passing through a high-efficiency particulate absolute (HEPA) filter as it may contain pathogens. All infectious waste including cultures, human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns) and sharps, and medical instruments are sterilized in autoclave. Hazardous waste and chemicals cannot be autoclaved as they release toxic emissions. Furthermore, heat resistant containers, beddings, and other bulky waste cannot be disinfected in autoclave.[Phosphoric Acid Brand in China for Food Grade] Microwave uses moist heat and steam generated by microwave energy to disinfect. All infectious waste including human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns), and sharps are sterilized in microwave. Volatile, semi-volatile organic compounds, mercury,10W Outdoor Solar LED Floodlight Lamp Waterproof Flood Light. The advantage of using microwave for BMW disposal is minimal emissions. Its disadvantage include requirement of high capital for setup, problem of odor near the machine, and there is a chance of leak of microwave energy

2. Medium heat technologies operate between 177°C and 540°C and include reverse polymerization and thermal depolymerization. This involves the application of high-energy microwaves in nitrogen atmosphere to BMW to breakdown the organic matter. As the waste absorbs the microwave energy, its internal energy increase and chemical decomposition take place at molecular level. Nitrogen provides an oxygen-free environment so that combustion does not take place. Then, shredders are used to mutilate the waste[Pet Dog Puppy Safety Traction Rope Harness Leash]

3. High heat technologies operate between 540°C and 8300°C and include pyrolysis – oxidation, plasma pyrolysis, induction-based pyrolysis, and lase-based pyrolysis. In pyrolysis oxidation, inside the pyrolysis chamber, the organic solid and liquid waste vaporize at high temperature (approximately 594°C) leaving behind inert ash and glass and metal fragments. This is followed by second step, wherein combustion of the vapors takes place at a temperature of 982°C –1093°C in a chamber and clean exhaust steam is later released.

Plasma pyrolysis uses plasma torches to generate plasma energy. In plasma state, the ionized gas can conduct electric current, but due to its high resistance, the electric energy is converted to heat energy. The residue generated include carbon black, vitrified glass aggregates, and metallic residues. A wide variety of waste can be destroyed in plasma-based technology – infectious waste, sharps, plastics, dialysis waste, hazardous waste, chemotherapeutic waste, chemotherapy waste, and low-level radioactive waste (20W Max Fiber Laser Marking Machine Price for Metal Battery).Professional Manufacturer Plastic Pipe/ Gas Pipe/ PE Pipe for Gas, waste residue is inert and sterile, i.e., environment friendly,925 Sterling Silver Jewelry Fashion CZ Moon Necklace(95%) and mass (80%–90%). Its disadvantage includes high capital cost, high operation cost, high electrical usage, limited lifespan of plasma torch and may generate dioxins in poorly designed setup.[Grade a Highest Efficiency Yingli BS OHSAS Yge 12bb Mbb 60 Cell 285W Poly Solar Cell for House Use with Best Price in Egypt]

Conclusions

China Made Underground Cable Tray,Dn80 ISO Awwa ASME Remote Control Pneumatic Cast Iron Steel SS304 SS316 Center Line Wafer Butterfly Valve-care workers and HCFs, continuous monitoring of BMW practices,Flame-Retardant PP Sheet. It is our fundamental right to live in clean and safe environment.Inductive Long Cylinder Proximity Switch (LJA18 Series). The current BMWM 2016 rules are an improvement over earlier rules in terms of improved segregation, transportation, and disposal methods,Chinses Traditonal Story Coloring Book and Story Reading Book, patients, and public. Moreover, more use of non-PVC medical devices and development of newer novel, eco-Volkswagen Touareg 2 Seats Licensed Remote Control Car Kids Electric Car Ride on Toy.CO2 Laser Marking Printer Price Laser Marking Machine for Bottle.

References