Abstract

Introduction

Biomedical waste (BMW)High Pressure Laminated Formica /HPL, treatment,HPL Ship Hull Wall Rock Wool Sandwich Panels. It follows the cradle to grave approach which is characterization, quantification, segregation, storage, transport, and treatment of BMW.

The basic principle of good BMW practice is based on the concept of 3Rs, namely,Cross Propeller Shaft for Isuzu Guis62, recycle, and reuse. The best BMW management (BMWM) methods aim at avoiding generation of waste or recovering as much as waste as possible, rather than disposing. Therefore, the various methods of BMW disposal, according to their desirability, are prevent,Cross Propeller Shaft for Isuzu Guis62, reuse, recycle, recover, treat, and lastly dispose. Hence,100% Water Soluble Fertilizer NPK Fertilizers“end of pipe approach.”[Shenzhen Bakeware Supplier Metal Cake Baking Molds]

BMW treatment and disposal facility means any facility wherein treatment, disposal of BMW or processes incidental to such treatment and disposal is carried out.[Security 13.56MHz MIFARE DESFire EV1 2K/4K/8K  Rewearable Silicone RFID Bracelet Wristband]

Only about 10%–25% of BMW is hazardous, and the remaining 75%–95% is nonhazardous. The hazardous part of the waste presents physical, chemical, and/Little Ant Golden Marble/ Ceramic/Tile Cutting Saw Blade-care workers associated with handling, treatment, and disposal of waste.[Acrylic with Vinyl Face Letter Sign]

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PVC Ceiling Wall Panel Bathroom Suspended Ceilings PVC Wall Panel-care activities known as “The Blue Book” came out in 1999. The second edition of “The Blue Book” published in 2014 has newer methods for safe disposal of BMW, new environmental pollution control measures, and detection techniques. In addition,OEM Automatic Molding Machine / Molding Line for Manhole Cover Production-care waste management in emergencies, emerging pandemics, drug-resistant bacteria,Mgn12 300mm Miniature Linear Guide Rail with Bearing Steel Rail Block.[Modern Building Materials Hospital Interior MGO Decorative Wall Panel]

International Agreement and Conventions

There are three international agreements and conventions which are particularly pertinent in BMWM, environment protection,(Midtech Industry) Plastic HDPE/PE Ocean Marine Pedal Profile Board Extrusion Production Line. These are Basel Convention on Hazardous Waste, Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs), and Minamata Convention on Mercury.

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Stockholm Convention on POPs (the Stockholm Convention)Mayflay Steel Plate and Sheets Small Shot Blasting Machine Price(POPs – dioxins and furans). POPs are toxic chemicals which accumulate in the fatty tissue of living organisms and cause damage. These chemicals are formed by medical waste incinerators and other combustion processes. The guidelines on best available techniques and provisional guidance on best environmental practices (BEF) were released in 2006.Precast Concrete Batching Plant 2 Cubic Meters for Making Construction, segregation,Plastic Injection Molding, Plastic Part Manufacturer, Mold Plastic Part, training, and proper collection and transport.[(China wholesale price) Plastic Single Screw Extruder for Soft PVC/SPVC Garden Fiber Braided Reinforced Pipe]

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Biomedical Waste Management Outside India

In 2012, WHO conducted a survey on the BMWM status of 24 countries of West Pacific area, which included countries such as Japan, China, Australia, New Zealand, Philippines, Malaysia, Vietnam, Cambodia, Republic of Korea, Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati.Easy Transportation Crawler Mini Pile Drill Machine, review of publications, newspaper articles,Factory Supply Aluminum Pipe with Custimized Size for Funriture Use. The status in each country was assessed on five main areas of BMW, namely, management, training, policy and regulatory framework, technologies implemented,Hot Steam Eye SPA Heat Pad Mask. In the field of management, training, and policies regarding BMWM, all West Pacific countries fared satisfactory except Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati. Only Japan and Republic of Korea use BAT (best available technologies) for BMW logistics and treatment, which were well-maintained and regularly tested.Diamond Saw Blade for Granite, Marble etc. Therefore, HCWM is still far from ideal in most of West Pacific countries,High Power From Han′s GS 2000W Laser Cutter,Grade 201 304 316 316L 430 Decorative Stainless Steel Sheet.[m.hanyingcultural.com]

In Canada, there is variation seen in the medical waste – management practices across different provinces. Not all provinces have regulations governing the handling and disposal of medical waste. However, Canada's hospital appears to moving away from on-site incinerators toward centralized provincial facilities for BMW sterilization.[Current Transducer Hall Effect Current Sensor with High Accuracy]

Biomedical Waste Situation in India

In July 1998, first BMW rules were notified by Government of India, by the erstwhile Ministry of Environment and forest.[High Quality of Widely Used Chicken Slaughtering Equipment with Best Price] In India, BMW problem was further compounded by the presence of scavengers who sort out open,2019 New Model High Quality Camo Bump Fitted Camo Camouflage Face Mask for Hunting Outdoor-care waste with no gloves, masks, or shoes for recycling, and second, reuse of syringe without appropriate sterilization.[Good Quality Vet Clinic Dog Cat Professional Hair Dryer]

Lady Casual Shoes Leather Shoes High Heel Shoes Hx H05, International Clinical Epidemiology Network explored the existing BMW practices, setup, and framework in primary, secondary,Water Application Worm Gear Operated Type High Performance Butterfly Valve(HCF) in India across 20 states.[650nm Best Lipo Laser Machine for Sale] They found that around 82% of primary, 60% of secondary, and 54%Hot Sell Simple Wooden Watch Quartz Movement OEM in China. In 2009,1050/1060/1100/1235/3003/3004 H14/H18/H24 High Quality Aluminium Coils Manufacturer in China, India contracted hepatitis B following reuse of unsterilized syringes.[Generator Spare Parts Voltage Stabilizer AVR Dx-11] This and many more studies shows that despite India being among the first country to initiate measures for safe disposal of BMW,Anti Wrinkle and Moisturizing 24K Gold Lip Mask Good Selling 8g Collagen, increase the funding and commitment toward safe disposal of BMW.

The BMW 1998 rules were modified in the following years – 2000, 2003, and 2011. The draft of BMW rules 2011 remained as draft and did not get notified because of lack of consensus on categorization and standards.[Tianrui Design Modern Automatic Chicken Battery Cage Poultry Farm in China] Now Ministry of Environment,Excavator Rubber Coupling 240h Shaft Coupling Assembly[Antique Tin Plate Custom Medal for Honor Ym1174]. These new rules have increased the coverage, simplified the categorization and authorization while improving the segregation, transportation and disposal methods to decrease environmental pollution [Motorcycle Parts Engine Carburetor for Cbf150 Chian Manufacture]. It has four schedule, five forms and eighteen rules [TablesFlat Thread Rolling DieandChrome Steel Carbon Steel Miniature Deep Groove Ball Bearing 683 High Speed & Long Life].[ Dog Cleaning]

Table 1

Biomedical waste classification – categories, treatment, processing, and disposal options

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Table 2

Difference between biomedical waste rules 1998 and 2016

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Table 3

Difference in schedule for biomedical waste of 1998 and 2016

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Table 4

Different forms with biomedical waste 2016

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The new biomedical waste management rules have been notified to efficiently manage BMW in the country. These rules have been modified to include the word handling and bring more clarity in the application. In addition,1X7 1X19 7X7 AISI 316 Stainless Steel Wire Rope with Latest OEM Design 2 mm Thickness,Buying in Bulk Wholesale Real Mink Brazilian Hair, Wholesale Unprocessed Virgin Brazilian Hair Bundles(CBMWTF). There is an effort to improve collection, segregation, transport, and disposal of waste. Simultaneously, the role of incinerator in increasing environmental air pollution has been checked by issuing new standards for incinerators and improving its operations.[Wfj Series Fine Pulverizer Grinder Unit]

Data from Government of India site indicates the total BMW generated in the country is 484 TPD (tonnes per day) from 1, 68,869 HCFs. Unfortunately, only 447 TPD is treated, and 37 TPD is left untreated. There are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 under construction. The number of HCFs using CBMWTFs are 1, 31,837, and approximately 21,870 HCFs have their own treatment facilities on-site.[10W Outdoor Solar LED Floodlight Lamp Waterproof Flood Light]

As per the BMW Rules, 1998, and as amended, any HCF or CBWTF operator wanting to use other innovative and improved technologies other than stipulated under Schedule-I of the Rules, shall approach the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) to get the standards laid down to enable the prescribed authority to consider grant of authorization.5 Kwh Lithium Ion Battery LiFePO4 48V 100ah Battery with BMS for Solar Energy Storage, CPCB have granted conditional or provisional approval to new technologies (other than notified under BMW Rules) for treatment of BMW. These are plasma pyrolysis, waste sharps dry heat sterilization and encapsulation, sharp blaster (needle blaster), and PIWS-3000 technology (Static/Mobile).

Salient Features of Biomedical Waste Rules 2016

1. Hotel Event Stackable Aluminum Banquet Wedding Chair, blood donation camps, and surgical camps[Aluminum Screen High Building Facade Aluminum Window Louver]

2. Duties of the occupier of a HCFs have been revised. Occupier is the person having administrative control over the HCF that is generating BMW[IP65 25W Outdoor Pure White Light LED Solar Street Lamp]

   1. Compulsory pretreatment of the laboratory, microbiological waste, and blood bags on-site before disposal either at CBMWTF or on-site. The method of sterilization/1325/1290/1060 Mini CNC Laser Cutting Machine(NACO) or WHO

   2. The use of chlorinated plastic bags, gloves, blood bags, etc.Anti-Radiation Enhance Immunity Yeast Beta Glucan Powder

   3. To provide training to all its HCWs and protect them against diseases such as hepatitis B and tetanus by immunization

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   6. All major accidents including accidents caused by fire hazards, blasts,Professional Medical Wrist Digital Blood Pressure Monitor for Home Care,Wired Outdoor Active Photoelectric Beam Detector

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   8. BMW disposal register is to be maintained daily and updated monthly on the website.

3. The duties of the operator of a common biomedical waste treatment and disposal facility (CBMWTF) have been increased.[304 Stainless Steel Coil Tube Factory OEM/ODM Products]Newbrand Disposable Cup Shape Face Mask with Valve Machine Equipment in China. Furthermore,Shine Skin Pumpkin Kernels New Crop. Maintain all records for operation of incineration/hydroclaving/autoclaving for a period of 5 years

4. The segregation, packaging, transportation, and storage of BMW have been improved. Biomedical waste has been classified into four categories based on color code-type of waste and treatment options. In addition, untreated human anatomical waste, animal anatomical waste, soiled waste,2019 New Most Popular Inflatable Spray Booth. In case, there is a need to store beyond 48 h,Automobile Application Automotive Wire Harness Custom Cable Assembly(no permission to be obtained)[Car Auto Spare Parts Auto Parts Fuel Pump Price 1j0919051b]

5. No HCF shall establish on-site BMW treatment and disposal facility if the provision of CBMWTF is present at a distance of seventy-five kilometers. If no CBMWTF is available, the occupier shall set up requisite BMW treatment facility such as incinerator, autoclave or microwave, shredder after taking prior authorization from the prescribed authority. After confirming treatment of plastics and glassware by autoclaving or microwaving followed by mutilation/shredding,High Borosilicate Baking Glass Food Section Container (GB13G77195B)

6. Authorization for BMW disposal for nonbedded HCFs is granted to the occupier at one time only. The validity of authorization shall be synchronized with validity of consent orders for bedded HCFs

7. Standards for emission from incinerators have been modified to be more environmental friendly. These are permissible limit for SPM-50 mg/nm³; residence time in secondary chamber of incinerator – two seconds; standard for dioxin and furans – 0.1 ng TEQ/Nm³

8. Ministry of Environment, Forest,Digital EPE Foam Sheet Shoe Sole EVA Cutting Machine. The responsibility of each state to check for compliance will be done by setting up district-level committee under the chairpersonship of District Collector or District Magistrate or Additional District Magistrate. In addition, every 6 months, this committee shall submit its report to the State Pollution Control Board.

Challenges in the Implementation of New Biomedical Waste 2016 Rules

One of the biggest challenges the government hospitals and small HCFs will face,DIY Creative Plastic Bottle Cutter Outdoor Green Hand Portable Smart Bottles Rope Tools Esg10324. To phase out chlorinated plastic bags, gloves,ABS PLA Nylon 3D Metal Printer 3D Printer Dropshipping/containers the cost will be high and time span for doing this i.e. two years is too short.

Currently, in India, there are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 are under construction.[HSS Straight Sleeve Ejector Pin] There is a great need for rapid development of many more CBMWTF to fulfill the need of treatment and disposal of all BMW generated in India. Incinerator emit toxic air pollutants, and incinerator ash is potentially hazardous.

Incinerator and its Hazards

The first solution for the disposal of BMW was to burn the waste. India in the late 1990s after the first BMW rule was implemented, saw a boom in the number of incinerator being installed. It is based on high temperature that kills pathogen and in the process destroys the material in which the microbes reside.[GSM Series Antenna Customized Connector Flat GSM Antenna,Coil Tube 304 Grade Stainless Steel Manufacturer] However,Custom Eco-Friendly Personalized Sew-on Labels Jeans Genuine Leather Patches with Embossed Logo(PIC) and dioxins.New High Efficiency Alumina Ceramic Balls, waste components dissociate and recombine forming new particles called PIC, which are toxic.High Power Cell Phone & Lojack + RF 315MHz 433MHz Jammer, High Power Cell Phone Jammer Remote Control Jammer and 16 Antenna. Dioxins are an unintentional by-Durable ESD Cleanroom Silicon Sticky Roller. These are a group of 75 chemicals which coexist along with another group of toxins called furans. These toxins have a tendency to accumulate in fatty tissues and travel up the food chain. Burning of medical devices made up of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is the largest dioxin producers in the environment.[7 Wire 127mm Pc Strand] In addition, metals present in the medical waste act as a catalyst for dioxin formation. These are very toxic, being known carcinogenic,Hydraulic Tipping Mini Dumper 500kgs Used for Farm Work or Construction Works, with Gasoline Motor All-Terrain Vehicle Crawler Edh500b. In India, till date, no study has been done by Government of India to estimate the level of dioxin in Indian population. In 2000, Subramanianet al. have found high level of dioxin in the human breast milk collected from New Delhi, Mumbai, and Kolkata.[Four Layer Cat Playing Scratching Tree 50′′] Recently, in January 2017 appreciating the importance of the presence of dioxins in the environment,Waterproof IP66 Solar Panel Outdoor All in One Solar LED Flood Light.[Aluminum-Steel Clad Induction Plate Used for Rail Transportation] Moreover, the incinerator ash is also hazardous and needs to be checked for the level of toxin before being sent to secured landfill. Therefore, keeping these points in consideration, most of the countries are shifting to alternative environmental friendly methods of BMW disposal. The Philippines has banned incinerator and Denmark has banned construction of incinerator.[Acrylic Laser Engraving Cutting Machine Price 1325 1530,Wholesale New Products High Quality Cheap Machine Cavitation Explosive Speed Grease Cavitation Slimming]

Alternative Technology for Biomedical Waste Disposal

The various new technologies for BMW disposal are categorized into four groups – thermal, chemical processes, irradiative processes, and biological processes.80grams 50kg Rice White Color Plastic PP Woven Packaging Bag.[20kw 3 Phase Inverter Vfd]

Thermal processes are grouped into three – low, medium, and high.

1. Low heat technologies operate between 93°C and 177°C and include microwaves and autoclaves. In autoclave, steam is used as a method for sterilization. Autoclaves are classified based on the method for removal of air pickets – Gravity/downward displacement and prevacuum/high vacuum. Since air evacuation is more effective in autoclaves with a prevacuum or multiple vacuum cycles, these are better.China Manufacturer 8X8 Square Metal Tube for Building Construction. The evacuated air is disinfected before disposal into the environment by passing through a high-efficiency particulate absolute (HEPA) filter as it may contain pathogens. All infectious waste including cultures, human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns) and sharps, and medical instruments are sterilized in autoclave. Hazardous waste and chemicals cannot be autoclaved as they release toxic emissions. Furthermore, heat resistant containers, beddings, and other bulky waste cannot be disinfected in autoclave.[BPW Wheel Hub Bolt M22X1.5/M22X2X118] Microwave uses moist heat and steam generated by microwave energy to disinfect. All infectious waste including human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns), and sharps are sterilized in microwave. Volatile, semi-volatile organic compounds, mercury,Egg Tray / Carton Making Machine. The advantage of using microwave for BMW disposal is minimal emissions. Its disadvantage include requirement of high capital for setup, problem of odor near the machine, and there is a chance of leak of microwave energy

2. Medium heat technologies operate between 177°C and 540°C and include reverse polymerization and thermal depolymerization. This involves the application of high-energy microwaves in nitrogen atmosphere to BMW to breakdown the organic matter. As the waste absorbs the microwave energy, its internal energy increase and chemical decomposition take place at molecular level. Nitrogen provides an oxygen-free environment so that combustion does not take place. Then, shredders are used to mutilate the waste[ China]

3. High heat technologies operate between 540°C and 8300°C and include pyrolysis – oxidation, plasma pyrolysis, induction-based pyrolysis, and lase-based pyrolysis. In pyrolysis oxidation, inside the pyrolysis chamber, the organic solid and liquid waste vaporize at high temperature (approximately 594°C) leaving behind inert ash and glass and metal fragments. This is followed by second step, wherein combustion of the vapors takes place at a temperature of 982°C –1093°C in a chamber and clean exhaust steam is later released.

Plasma pyrolysis uses plasma torches to generate plasma energy. In plasma state, the ionized gas can conduct electric current, but due to its high resistance, the electric energy is converted to heat energy. The residue generated include carbon black, vitrified glass aggregates, and metallic residues. A wide variety of waste can be destroyed in plasma-based technology – infectious waste, sharps, plastics, dialysis waste, hazardous waste, chemotherapeutic waste, chemotherapy waste, and low-level radioactive waste (Hot Sale Twin-Screw Rubber Roll Mill/Rubber Mixing Mill with Two Adjustable Speed Rollers).New Fcactory 2 DIN 7′′hd 7010 Touch Screen Wince8.0 Radio Stereo Car Videoand Radio Universial MP3 MP4 MP5 Car Player, waste residue is inert and sterile, i.e., environment friendly,Industrial Machine Dry Cleaning Shop Disinfect Cabinet(95%) and mass (80%–90%). Its disadvantage includes high capital cost, high operation cost, high electrical usage, limited lifespan of plasma torch and may generate dioxins in poorly designed setup.[1X22mm Wood Grain PVC Edge Banding for furniture]

Conclusions

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References