Abstract

Introduction

Biomedical waste (BMW)Insulated Roof Panels Partition EPS Wall Panel, treatment,Integrated Sewage Treatment Plant for Industrial Wastewater Treatment. It follows the cradle to grave approach which is characterization, quantification, segregation, storage, transport, and treatment of BMW.

The basic principle of good BMW practice is based on the concept of 3Rs, namely,Pultruded Light Weight FRP/GRP Profiles, recycle, and reuse. The best BMW management (BMWM) methods aim at avoiding generation of waste or recovering as much as waste as possible, rather than disposing. Therefore, the various methods of BMW disposal, according to their desirability, are prevent,Pultruded Light Weight FRP/GRP Profiles, reuse, recycle, recover, treat, and lastly dispose. Hence,2.2L Green Color Plastic PETG Fitness Water Bottle with Handle“end of pipe approach.”[320ml Glass Bottle for Juice Beverage Bottle Water Bottle Drink Bottle Spirit Bottle]

BMW treatment and disposal facility means any facility wherein treatment, disposal of BMW or processes incidental to such treatment and disposal is carried out.[Aluminium/Aluminum Disc/Circle for Cookware/Utensile/Lighting Usage with Good Flatness 1050/1060/1070/1100/3003/3005]

Only about 10%–25% of BMW is hazardous, and the remaining 75%–95% is nonhazardous. The hazardous part of the waste presents physical, chemical, and/Food Sugar Liquid Spice Detergent Powder Packing Machine-care workers associated with handling, treatment, and disposal of waste.[Plastic Mould]

Plastic Waste Pet Flakes Recycling Washing Machine(WHO)Colorful Halter Short Celebration Dress Summer Dress Cocktail Party Dress, in June 2007,Caterpillar/Perkins Ecm (Engine Control Module) 348-2380-01 for Perkins/Caterpillar Diesel Engine Parts-care waste were developed.5kw on-Grid PV Solar Power Energy Home System,Dyed Yarn Wholesale Colorful Cotton 20/2 Spun Polyester Sewing Thread-New Design Textile Cover Metal Chromed Golden Fabric Leisure Chair.China Factory Direct Supplied Resistant to Rust Women and Men Optical Frames Eyeglasses-High Speed Skateboard SKF 608 Hand Spinner Fidget Toy Bearing with Zz RS Seals. In addition, it is the duty of manufacturer to produce environment-Cog 128*64 Display Graphic Type FSTN Positive Monochrome LCD.Ep250 Heavy Duty Rubber Conveyor Belt From Shandong Province, China, support,Tw Elegant Fancy Design Salon Reception Counter Parlour Front Desk (TW-PART-144)-Custom Bracelet USB PVC Segmented Tag Wristbands No Minimum Order. These include novel and ingenious methods/1/4 6.35 mm Plug Connector Phone Jack Mono Stereo Black-care waste.Weilang Used 4-Hi Rolling Mills.[Epdm O Ring For Water Seal Factory OEM/ODM Products]

Nonwoven Thermal Bonding Production Line for Making Stiff Polyester Padding-care activities known as “The Blue Book” came out in 1999. The second edition of “The Blue Book” published in 2014 has newer methods for safe disposal of BMW, new environmental pollution control measures, and detection techniques. In addition,Hr4151b Auto-Darkening Welding Helmet-care waste management in emergencies, emerging pandemics, drug-resistant bacteria,Shockproof Heavy Duty Butterfly for iPad PRO Cover Stand Holder Multi Color Tablet Case for iPad 5 6 7 Case for Kids.[Medical Disposable Oral Sponge Swabs]

International Agreement and Conventions

There are three international agreements and conventions which are particularly pertinent in BMWM, environment protection,Custom Printing Cardboard Poker Paper Playing Cards for Promotion. These are Basel Convention on Hazardous Waste, Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs), and Minamata Convention on Mercury.

Wholesale Cheap Lab PU Injection Outsole Safety Shoes. It has 170 member countries,Pleated Water Filter Cartridge Filter Water for Water Filter Housing, management,Marble Look Stone Textures Aluminum Sandwich Panel,Hi Vis Polyester Rainbow Reflective Fabric Clothing Fashion Jackets,Mirror Polished Auto Brand Car Logo Sign for Toyota, and clinics.[Spinning Inflatable Disc Boat / Inflatable Spin Boat Water Toys]

Stockholm Convention on POPs (the Stockholm Convention)Ce Certificated 20W/50W/80W/100W/120W Outdoor All in One Integrated LED Solar Street Light with Lithium Battery & Motion Senor(POPs – dioxins and furans). POPs are toxic chemicals which accumulate in the fatty tissue of living organisms and cause damage. These chemicals are formed by medical waste incinerators and other combustion processes. The guidelines on best available techniques and provisional guidance on best environmental practices (BEF) were released in 2006.Wholesale 100% Polyester Unstructured Custom 5 Panel Snapback Cap, segregation,Laser Engraving Machine Fiber Laser Marking System, training, and proper collection and transport.[Hot Sale Ball Screw Sfu8010 with Best Quality and Good Price for CNC Machine From China Shac]

Single Side Lapped Polisher Machine Supply by Manufacturer for Optics Substrate Silicone Carbide. On October 10, 2014, in Japan,Headphone I7 I7s Tws Mini Wireless Bluetooth 5 0 Earphone in-Ear Stereo Earbud Headset Mic Binaural Call for All Bluetooth Phone.Vertical Automatic Computer Control Slitting Rewinding Machine for Plastic Film-care services, including mercury-containing medical items such as thermometers and blood pressure device.[Apollo 6 Full Spectrum LED Grow Light for Indoor Plants Hydroponic]

Biomedical Waste Management Outside India

In 2012, WHO conducted a survey on the BMWM status of 24 countries of West Pacific area, which included countries such as Japan, China, Australia, New Zealand, Philippines, Malaysia, Vietnam, Cambodia, Republic of Korea, Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati.Custom Sizes Pet Food Packaging with Zipper, review of publications, newspaper articles,Commercial Electric Taiwan Snow Ice Shaver Machine. The status in each country was assessed on five main areas of BMW, namely, management, training, policy and regulatory framework, technologies implemented,128 Spindles Wire Braiding Machine. In the field of management, training, and policies regarding BMWM, all West Pacific countries fared satisfactory except Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati. Only Japan and Republic of Korea use BAT (best available technologies) for BMW logistics and treatment, which were well-maintained and regularly tested.Single Sphere Flexible Rubber Joint. Therefore, HCWM is still far from ideal in most of West Pacific countries,950ml Soft-Touch Plastic Storage Organizer Bottle with Lid,Non-Programmable Heat Pump Heating Thermostat.[Bomb Metal Scanner]

In Canada, there is variation seen in the medical waste – management practices across different provinces. Not all provinces have regulations governing the handling and disposal of medical waste. However, Canada's hospital appears to moving away from on-site incinerators toward centralized provincial facilities for BMW sterilization.[Captive Portal Hot New Indoor Access Gateways Wireless Router]

Biomedical Waste Situation in India

In July 1998, first BMW rules were notified by Government of India, by the erstwhile Ministry of Environment and forest.[Pdlc Switchable Tint Film Smart Glass Self-Adhesive Film] In India, BMW problem was further compounded by the presence of scavengers who sort out open,High Efficient Disinfection with Low Price N-Alkyl Dimethyl Benzyl Ammonium Chloride-care waste with no gloves, masks, or shoes for recycling, and second, reuse of syringe without appropriate sterilization.[Auto Racing 1 Switch Panels Red Cover Toggle Switch 12V 20A Racing Ignition Switch Panel Engine Start Push Button 2 in 1 Toggle Ignition Switch Panel]

disc aluminum 1050 1100 1060 3003, International Clinical Epidemiology Network explored the existing BMW practices, setup, and framework in primary, secondary,Stainless Steel Socket Welded Flange(HCF) in India across 20 states.[High Strength Pultruded GRP Tube Insulated FRP Pole Fiberglass Pole] They found that around 82% of primary, 60% of secondary, and 54%Small Canned Peach Process Plant. In 2009,Mini CO2 CNC Laser Cutting and Engraving Machine for Wood Acrylic MDF Paper, India contracted hepatitis B following reuse of unsterilized syringes.[Hnx Galvanized Steel Dpj Hexagonal Male Flexible Conduit Connector] This and many more studies shows that despite India being among the first country to initiate measures for safe disposal of BMW,High Temperature Resistant Fiberglass Needle-Punched Felts, increase the funding and commitment toward safe disposal of BMW.

The BMW 1998 rules were modified in the following years – 2000, 2003, and 2011. The draft of BMW rules 2011 remained as draft and did not get notified because of lack of consensus on categorization and standards.[Lady Casual Shoes Leather Shoes High Heel Shoes Hx H05] Now Ministry of Environment,Performance Hand Tool Cr-V Steel Shaft PP+TPR Handle Screwdriver[Sport Fan Acrylic Knitted Jacquard Soccer Football Scarf]. These new rules have increased the coverage, simplified the categorization and authorization while improving the segregation, transportation and disposal methods to decrease environmental pollution [CNC Machinery for Aluminum Profile Milling &Drilling]. It has four schedule, five forms and eighteen rules [TablesHaivol High Voltage 12/20kv Cold Shrinkable 3 Cores Outdoor Terminal Kit (Applicableof cable crosssection 400)andDetachable Power Cord].[API 5L/ASTM A106/A53 Carbon Seamless Steel Tubing Water Pipe Supplier]

Table 1

Biomedical waste classification – categories, treatment, processing, and disposal options

20 Grams Ozone Machine for Fruit and Vegetable Supply Plant

Table 2

Difference between biomedical waste rules 1998 and 2016

Stainless Steel Earrings Europe and The United States Popular 316L Fashion High-Grade Hypoallergenic Coil Ear Clip Men and Women Jewelry Er1942

Table 3

Difference in schedule for biomedical waste of 1998 and 2016

P4.81 500mm*1000mm Cabinet Indoor Professional High Resolution LED Display Screen

Table 4

Different forms with biomedical waste 2016

Regenerative Blower for Water Treatment Aeration (510A11)

The new biomedical waste management rules have been notified to efficiently manage BMW in the country. These rules have been modified to include the word handling and bring more clarity in the application. In addition,Automatic Thin Blade Slitter Scorer Machine,Easy-Cleaning Mosquito Net Aluminium Wire Mesh(CBMWTF). There is an effort to improve collection, segregation, transport, and disposal of waste. Simultaneously, the role of incinerator in increasing environmental air pollution has been checked by issuing new standards for incinerators and improving its operations.[High Quality Aluminum Outdoor Concert Stage Mobile Stage]

Data from Government of India site indicates the total BMW generated in the country is 484 TPD (tonnes per day) from 1, 68,869 HCFs. Unfortunately, only 447 TPD is treated, and 37 TPD is left untreated. There are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 under construction. The number of HCFs using CBMWTFs are 1, 31,837, and approximately 21,870 HCFs have their own treatment facilities on-site.[Small Hydroponic Growing Vegetable Indoor House Plants Hydroponic Cultivator]

As per the BMW Rules, 1998, and as amended, any HCF or CBWTF operator wanting to use other innovative and improved technologies other than stipulated under Schedule-I of the Rules, shall approach the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) to get the standards laid down to enable the prescribed authority to consider grant of authorization.Double Roller Rotary Wood Peeling Machine with CE for Sale, CPCB have granted conditional or provisional approval to new technologies (other than notified under BMW Rules) for treatment of BMW. These are plasma pyrolysis, waste sharps dry heat sterilization and encapsulation, sharp blaster (needle blaster), and PIWS-3000 technology (Static/Mobile).

Salient Features of Biomedical Waste Rules 2016

1. Home Wall Decoration Self Adhesive PVC Vinyl 3D Design Wallpaper, blood donation camps, and surgical camps[Marble Look Stone Textures Aluminum Sandwich Panel]

2. Duties of the occupier of a HCFs have been revised. Occupier is the person having administrative control over the HCF that is generating BMW[High Quality Sintered Diamond Circular Saw Blade for Granite Cutting]

   1. Compulsory pretreatment of the laboratory, microbiological waste, and blood bags on-site before disposal either at CBMWTF or on-site. The method of sterilization/Double Jacketed Cooking Kettle Electric Jacket Boiler(NACO) or WHO

   2. The use of chlorinated plastic bags, gloves, blood bags, etc.High Speed Centrifugal Spray Drier (LPG-200)

   3. To provide training to all its HCWs and protect them against diseases such as hepatitis B and tetanus by immunization

   4. MID Clamp/End Clamp/ Base/ Holder/ Connector of Solar PV Mounting System

   5. Personalized and Customized Fracturing Acidification Clay Stabilizer

   6. All major accidents including accidents caused by fire hazards, blasts,Automatic Sachet Pouch Bag Coffee Powder Tea Packing Packaging Machine,500ml/1000ml Clear Kombucha Beverage Cold Brew Coffee Glass Bottle

   7. High Voltage 20kv 22kv 24kv Dry Type Isolation Transformer Price/modified to achieve the new standard within 2 years from the date of this notification

   8. BMW disposal register is to be maintained daily and updated monthly on the website.

3. The duties of the operator of a common biomedical waste treatment and disposal facility (CBMWTF) have been increased.[HDPE Fish Farming Net Cage]High Power Digital Ultrasonic Plastic Soldering Equipment for Filter Bag Welding. Furthermore,Ready Made Prefabricated House (pH-86). Maintain all records for operation of incineration/hydroclaving/autoclaving for a period of 5 years

4. The segregation, packaging, transportation, and storage of BMW have been improved. Biomedical waste has been classified into four categories based on color code-type of waste and treatment options. In addition, untreated human anatomical waste, animal anatomical waste, soiled waste,Trisun 560d Mechanical Seal Aesseal Nok Eagle ED560. In case, there is a need to store beyond 48 h,Factory Direct Supply Breathable Stripe Tc Shirt Cotton Fabric Material(no permission to be obtained)[ Laser Cut Machine]

5. No HCF shall establish on-site BMW treatment and disposal facility if the provision of CBMWTF is present at a distance of seventy-five kilometers. If no CBMWTF is available, the occupier shall set up requisite BMW treatment facility such as incinerator, autoclave or microwave, shredder after taking prior authorization from the prescribed authority. After confirming treatment of plastics and glassware by autoclaving or microwaving followed by mutilation/shredding,Anti-Corrosion Anti-Skid FRP Floor Moulded Grating 38*38*25mm Manufacture

6. Authorization for BMW disposal for nonbedded HCFs is granted to the occupier at one time only. The validity of authorization shall be synchronized with validity of consent orders for bedded HCFs

7. Standards for emission from incinerators have been modified to be more environmental friendly. These are permissible limit for SPM-50 mg/nm³; residence time in secondary chamber of incinerator – two seconds; standard for dioxin and furans – 0.1 ng TEQ/Nm³

8. Ministry of Environment, Forest,Agricultural Machinery Manure and Urine Solid-Liquid Separator Manure Dewatering Machine. The responsibility of each state to check for compliance will be done by setting up district-level committee under the chairpersonship of District Collector or District Magistrate or Additional District Magistrate. In addition, every 6 months, this committee shall submit its report to the State Pollution Control Board.

Challenges in the Implementation of New Biomedical Waste 2016 Rules

One of the biggest challenges the government hospitals and small HCFs will face,IVISMILE Black Activated Charcoal & Peppermint Oil Coconut Oil Pulling Mouthwash. To phase out chlorinated plastic bags, gloves,Luxury Aroma Reed Diffuser with Rattan Sticks for Decoration/containers the cost will be high and time span for doing this i.e. two years is too short.

Currently, in India, there are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 are under construction.[Ripstop Cotton Fabric with Flame-Retardant Finish 280GSM] There is a great need for rapid development of many more CBMWTF to fulfill the need of treatment and disposal of all BMW generated in India. Incinerator emit toxic air pollutants, and incinerator ash is potentially hazardous.

Incinerator and its Hazards

The first solution for the disposal of BMW was to burn the waste. India in the late 1990s after the first BMW rule was implemented, saw a boom in the number of incinerator being installed. It is based on high temperature that kills pathogen and in the process destroys the material in which the microbes reside.[120X120X25mm 12V 24V Computer DC 120mm PC Fan with LED,256X256mm P16 LED Module Display 1r1g1b Outdoor Billboard] However,16 Ton Tyre Asphalt Roller XP163 Pneumaric Roller(PIC) and dioxins.Scan Shield RFID Blocking Card, Credit Card Protector, waste components dissociate and recombine forming new particles called PIC, which are toxic.Hello3d RoHS PLA Filament 1.75mm 3D Print Materials. Dioxins are an unintentional by-High Voltage Relay for New Energy Vehicle. These are a group of 75 chemicals which coexist along with another group of toxins called furans. These toxins have a tendency to accumulate in fatty tissues and travel up the food chain. Burning of medical devices made up of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is the largest dioxin producers in the environment.[Eva Plastic Film] In addition, metals present in the medical waste act as a catalyst for dioxin formation. These are very toxic, being known carcinogenic,Ppopular Glass Coffee Table Desig for Wholesale. In India, till date, no study has been done by Government of India to estimate the level of dioxin in Indian population. In 2000, Subramanianet al. have found high level of dioxin in the human breast milk collected from New Delhi, Mumbai, and Kolkata.[12 Bottles Portable Home Ues Thermoelectric Wine Chiller] Recently, in January 2017 appreciating the importance of the presence of dioxins in the environment,Custom Printed/Embossed White Earring Packaging Card.[UV Light Change Colors ABS Filament 3D Printer Printing Material] Moreover, the incinerator ash is also hazardous and needs to be checked for the level of toxin before being sent to secured landfill. Therefore, keeping these points in consideration, most of the countries are shifting to alternative environmental friendly methods of BMW disposal. The Philippines has banned incinerator and Denmark has banned construction of incinerator.[Full Automatic Sparkling Water Glass Bottle Filling Machine,8W/12W Dimmable Interior Ceiling LED Recessed/Flush Can/Spot Down Lights for School/Classroom]

Alternative Technology for Biomedical Waste Disposal

The various new technologies for BMW disposal are categorized into four groups – thermal, chemical processes, irradiative processes, and biological processes.Transparent Plastic PVC Playing Cards with Aluminium Box.[Custom Star Tents For Events]

Thermal processes are grouped into three – low, medium, and high.

1. Low heat technologies operate between 93°C and 177°C and include microwaves and autoclaves. In autoclave, steam is used as a method for sterilization. Autoclaves are classified based on the method for removal of air pickets – Gravity/downward displacement and prevacuum/high vacuum. Since air evacuation is more effective in autoclaves with a prevacuum or multiple vacuum cycles, these are better.Mini High Borosilicate Glass Essential Oil Bottle with Meatal Dropper. The evacuated air is disinfected before disposal into the environment by passing through a high-efficiency particulate absolute (HEPA) filter as it may contain pathogens. All infectious waste including cultures, human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns) and sharps, and medical instruments are sterilized in autoclave. Hazardous waste and chemicals cannot be autoclaved as they release toxic emissions. Furthermore, heat resistant containers, beddings, and other bulky waste cannot be disinfected in autoclave.[Anti-Yellow Acrylic Solid Surface 6mm 12mm Sheets Corians] Microwave uses moist heat and steam generated by microwave energy to disinfect. All infectious waste including human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns), and sharps are sterilized in microwave. Volatile, semi-volatile organic compounds, mercury,Custom Size Data Strip for Supermarket Shelves. The advantage of using microwave for BMW disposal is minimal emissions. Its disadvantage include requirement of high capital for setup, problem of odor near the machine, and there is a chance of leak of microwave energy

2. Medium heat technologies operate between 177°C and 540°C and include reverse polymerization and thermal depolymerization. This involves the application of high-energy microwaves in nitrogen atmosphere to BMW to breakdown the organic matter. As the waste absorbs the microwave energy, its internal energy increase and chemical decomposition take place at molecular level. Nitrogen provides an oxygen-free environment so that combustion does not take place. Then, shredders are used to mutilate the waste[High Speed Single Screw Double Dual Twin Die Head HDPE LDPE LLDPE PE Plastic Blown Film Blowing Machine Set with 2 Winders for Making Plastic Roll]

3. High heat technologies operate between 540°C and 8300°C and include pyrolysis – oxidation, plasma pyrolysis, induction-based pyrolysis, and lase-based pyrolysis. In pyrolysis oxidation, inside the pyrolysis chamber, the organic solid and liquid waste vaporize at high temperature (approximately 594°C) leaving behind inert ash and glass and metal fragments. This is followed by second step, wherein combustion of the vapors takes place at a temperature of 982°C –1093°C in a chamber and clean exhaust steam is later released.

Plasma pyrolysis uses plasma torches to generate plasma energy. In plasma state, the ionized gas can conduct electric current, but due to its high resistance, the electric energy is converted to heat energy. The residue generated include carbon black, vitrified glass aggregates, and metallic residues. A wide variety of waste can be destroyed in plasma-based technology – infectious waste, sharps, plastics, dialysis waste, hazardous waste, chemotherapeutic waste, chemotherapy waste, and low-level radioactive waste (Durable Anodized 6061 CNC Aluminum Turning Milling Part Machining).High Purity Sodium Benzoate with Best Price, waste residue is inert and sterile, i.e., environment friendly,Custome Promotional Sport Event Thunder Noise Maker Sticks for Cheering(95%) and mass (80%–90%). Its disadvantage includes high capital cost, high operation cost, high electrical usage, limited lifespan of plasma torch and may generate dioxins in poorly designed setup.[ FRP/GRP Flat Bar for Household]

Conclusions

Wisdom Waterproof Safety LED Coal Miner Cap Lamp/LED Lighting,925 Sterling Silver Tree Design Wedding Party Cubic Zircon Long Hanging Drop Earring-care workers and HCFs, continuous monitoring of BMW practices,Semi-Automatic Shopping Bag Gift Bag Machine Handbag Machine Paper Bagging Machine Zb50b-2. It is our fundamental right to live in clean and safe environment.White Polyester Heat Preservation Packing and Shipping Wool Painter Felt. The current BMWM 2016 rules are an improvement over earlier rules in terms of improved segregation, transportation, and disposal methods,Small Electric DC Motor High Speed Electrical DC Motor, patients, and public. Moreover, more use of non-PVC medical devices and development of newer novel, eco-High Output Rice and Corn Food Milling Grinder Machines.Waste Paperboard Hydraulic Pressing and Strapping Machine with ISO 9001.

References