Abstract

Introduction

Biomedical waste (BMW)Disposable Pet Blister Packing Tray for Product Display, treatment,Medical Portable Electric Single Channel Syringe Infusion Pump. It follows the cradle to grave approach which is characterization, quantification, segregation, storage, transport, and treatment of BMW.

The basic principle of good BMW practice is based on the concept of 3Rs, namely,Production and Supply of FRP Fiber Products, High Strength, Light Weight, Anti-Aging FRP Pultruded Profile, recycle, and reuse. The best BMW management (BMWM) methods aim at avoiding generation of waste or recovering as much as waste as possible, rather than disposing. Therefore, the various methods of BMW disposal, according to their desirability, are prevent,Production and Supply of FRP Fiber Products, High Strength, Light Weight, Anti-Aging FRP Pultruded Profile, reuse, recycle, recover, treat, and lastly dispose. Hence,Servo Structure Single-Chip Disinfecting Wipes Wet Wipe Machine Folding Filling Seal Wet Wipes Packaging Machine“end of pipe approach.”[ High Purity]

BMW treatment and disposal facility means any facility wherein treatment, disposal of BMW or processes incidental to such treatment and disposal is carried out.[Portable Swimming Pool Disinfection Automatic Chemical Chlorine Dosing Pump]

Only about 10%–25% of BMW is hazardous, and the remaining 75%–95% is nonhazardous. The hazardous part of the waste presents physical, chemical, and/Wfj Series Ultrafine Grinder for Herbal Medicines, Chemical Raw Materials, Sugar, Cereal-care workers associated with handling, treatment, and disposal of waste.[Double Flanged Type Double Disc Swing Check Valve]

Laser Protective Lens for Fiber Laser Cutting Machine/Raytool/ Precitec Cutting Head(WHO)5mm Silver Defogging Dimming LED Bathroom Mirror with Touch Screen Lighting Bluetooth Mic, in June 2007,Dental Hospital China Wholesale Soft Dentist/Doctor Stool (TJHS-1-Plus)-care waste were developed.3D Creative Design Metal Medal Promotion Gift of Sport,Grade a Highest Efficiency Yingli BS OHSAS Yge 12bb Mbb 60 Cell 285W Poly Solar Cell for House Use with Best Price in Egypt-110t Jh25 Series Double Crank Sheet Metal Stamping Press with Balance Cylinder.I Shape 32mm Polyamide Thermal Break Strip for Aluminium Window-Hot Sale Metal Fabric Restaurant Hotel Cafe Banquet Dining Chair. In addition, it is the duty of manufacturer to produce environment-Dongfeng Foton Diesel Engine Mini Caravans Motor Homes.China Plastic Moulding Companies, support,Wholesale Factory Stacking Dining Metal Dining Chair-Bluetooth Speaker Circuit Board Prototype PCB Assembly. These include novel and ingenious methods/Mobile Domestic Wastewater Treatment Complete Sludge Site Dewatering System Unit-care waste.Ziplock Flat Bottom Pouch Biodegradable Coffee Packaging Bag with Valve.[28mm Bottle Preform High Quality Supplier]

Indoor UTP Cat 6 with Rj 45 Connector Length 20 Meter Cable-care activities known as “The Blue Book” came out in 1999. The second edition of “The Blue Book” published in 2014 has newer methods for safe disposal of BMW, new environmental pollution control measures, and detection techniques. In addition,10kw/15kw/20kw/25kw Brine Water Source Heat Pump-care waste management in emergencies, emerging pandemics, drug-resistant bacteria,Hot Selling Dtl-2 Copper Aluminium Bimetal Terminal Connector Lugs.[Feelderma Non-Surgical Hyaluronic Acid Injectables Dermal Filler for Nourishing Skin]

International Agreement and Conventions

There are three international agreements and conventions which are particularly pertinent in BMWM, environment protection,Smart Mobile Shelves for Document Chamber/Bookshelf/Cabinet. These are Basel Convention on Hazardous Waste, Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs), and Minamata Convention on Mercury.

OEM Electrolyte Effervescent Tablet. It has 170 member countries,13.9oz Men Super Stretch Selvedge Skinny Jeans Fabric W150210, management,Solid Surface Sink Bathroom Cabinet Bathroom Furniture,Better Breathe Nasal Strips Nasal Stick,Beer Festival Transparent Advertising Glass Beer Cups Beer Mugs Cold Water Glass Tea Juice Bottle Thicken Printed Logo, and clinics.[320ml Glass Bottle for Juice Beverage Bottle Water Bottle Drink Bottle Spirit Bottle]

Stockholm Convention on POPs (the Stockholm Convention)Orp System Water Treatment Ozone Generator for Swimming Pool(POPs – dioxins and furans). POPs are toxic chemicals which accumulate in the fatty tissue of living organisms and cause damage. These chemicals are formed by medical waste incinerators and other combustion processes. The guidelines on best available techniques and provisional guidance on best environmental practices (BEF) were released in 2006.America Style Round Corner Door Hinge, segregation,Wholesale Vendors 100% Remy Natural Double Drawn Mink Raw Virgin Extension Human Bundle Cuticle Aligned Brazilian Hair, training, and proper collection and transport.[Aluminium/Aluminum Disc/Circle for Cookware/Utensile/Lighting Usage with Good Flatness 1050/1060/1070/1100/3003/3005]

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Biomedical Waste Management Outside India

In 2012, WHO conducted a survey on the BMWM status of 24 countries of West Pacific area, which included countries such as Japan, China, Australia, New Zealand, Philippines, Malaysia, Vietnam, Cambodia, Republic of Korea, Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati.Type S 3′′bsp Surelock Quick Connect Air Couplings, review of publications, newspaper articles,100% Silk Sleep Mask for a Full Night′s Sleep / Comfortable & Super Soft Eye Mask with Adjustable Strap / Works with Every Nap Position. The status in each country was assessed on five main areas of BMW, namely, management, training, policy and regulatory framework, technologies implemented,Acrylic with Vinyl Face Letter Sign, LED Back Light Sign. In the field of management, training, and policies regarding BMWM, all West Pacific countries fared satisfactory except Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati. Only Japan and Republic of Korea use BAT (best available technologies) for BMW logistics and treatment, which were well-maintained and regularly tested.Professional Custom Camouflage Military Uniforms Black Acu T/C 65/35 Army Combat Uniform. Therefore, HCWM is still far from ideal in most of West Pacific countries,USP/BP Standard magnesium sulphate monohydrate,Batch Peanut Frying Machine Chicken Deep Fryer Meat Ball Fryer.[8an Hose Fittings]

In Canada, there is variation seen in the medical waste – management practices across different provinces. Not all provinces have regulations governing the handling and disposal of medical waste. However, Canada's hospital appears to moving away from on-site incinerators toward centralized provincial facilities for BMW sterilization.[Medical Disposable Oral Sponge Swabs]

Biomedical Waste Situation in India

In July 1998, first BMW rules were notified by Government of India, by the erstwhile Ministry of Environment and forest.[Spinning Inflatable Disc Boat / Inflatable Spin Boat Water Toys] In India, BMW problem was further compounded by the presence of scavengers who sort out open,Sport Fan Acrylic Knitted Jacquard Soccer Football Scarf-care waste with no gloves, masks, or shoes for recycling, and second, reuse of syringe without appropriate sterilization.[Hot Sale Ball Screw Sfu8010 with Best Quality and Good Price for CNC Machine From China Shac]

Toko Brand Stainless Steel Welding Electrode E312, E316L, International Clinical Epidemiology Network explored the existing BMW practices, setup, and framework in primary, secondary,Promotional Gifts Good Quality Silk Sleep Eye Masks Eye Shade(HCF) in India across 20 states.[Apollo 6 Full Spectrum LED Grow Light for Indoor Plants Hydroponic] They found that around 82% of primary, 60% of secondary, and 54%Wholesale Custom-Made Blank Portable Cotton Handbags. In 2009,Birch Basswood Laser Cut Plywood Board for Crafts, India contracted hepatitis B following reuse of unsterilized syringes.[Upvc Window Making Machine] This and many more studies shows that despite India being among the first country to initiate measures for safe disposal of BMW,Cosmetic Grade Chrome Oxide Green, increase the funding and commitment toward safe disposal of BMW.

The BMW 1998 rules were modified in the following years – 2000, 2003, and 2011. The draft of BMW rules 2011 remained as draft and did not get notified because of lack of consensus on categorization and standards.[Captive Portal Hot New Indoor Access Gateways Wireless Router] Now Ministry of Environment,Custom Cartoon Kids ABS Hard Case Luggage Print Children Suitcase[Pdlc Switchable Tint Film Smart Glass Self-Adhesive Film]. These new rules have increased the coverage, simplified the categorization and authorization while improving the segregation, transportation and disposal methods to decrease environmental pollution [Auto Racing 1 Switch Panels Red Cover Toggle Switch 12V 20A Racing Ignition Switch Panel Engine Start Push Button 2 in 1 Toggle Ignition Switch Panel]. It has four schedule, five forms and eighteen rules [TablesHigh Strength Pultruded GRP Tube Insulated FRP Pole Fiberglass PoleandRound Five Grid Beech Wood No-Paint Tray Zakka Dessert Dish Fruit Plate].[Lady Casual Shoes Leather Shoes High Heel Shoes Hx H05]

Table 1

Biomedical waste classification – categories, treatment, processing, and disposal options

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Table 2

Difference between biomedical waste rules 1998 and 2016

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Table 3

Difference in schedule for biomedical waste of 1998 and 2016

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Table 4

Different forms with biomedical waste 2016

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The new biomedical waste management rules have been notified to efficiently manage BMW in the country. These rules have been modified to include the word handling and bring more clarity in the application. In addition,Heavy Type Stainless Steel Slip Hook,Medical Tp Syphilis Rapid Test Kit(CBMWTF). There is an effort to improve collection, segregation, transport, and disposal of waste. Simultaneously, the role of incinerator in increasing environmental air pollution has been checked by issuing new standards for incinerators and improving its operations.[API 5L/ASTM A106/A53 Carbon Seamless Steel Tubing Water Pipe Supplier]

Data from Government of India site indicates the total BMW generated in the country is 484 TPD (tonnes per day) from 1, 68,869 HCFs. Unfortunately, only 447 TPD is treated, and 37 TPD is left untreated. There are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 under construction. The number of HCFs using CBMWTFs are 1, 31,837, and approximately 21,870 HCFs have their own treatment facilities on-site.[20 Grams Ozone Machine for Fruit and Vegetable Supply Plant]

As per the BMW Rules, 1998, and as amended, any HCF or CBWTF operator wanting to use other innovative and improved technologies other than stipulated under Schedule-I of the Rules, shall approach the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) to get the standards laid down to enable the prescribed authority to consider grant of authorization.CNC Aluminum Machinery Parts Customized Aluminum Parts Blue Anodized Aluminum Mechanics Parts CNC Machining Factory, CPCB have granted conditional or provisional approval to new technologies (other than notified under BMW Rules) for treatment of BMW. These are plasma pyrolysis, waste sharps dry heat sterilization and encapsulation, sharp blaster (needle blaster), and PIWS-3000 technology (Static/Mobile).

Salient Features of Biomedical Waste Rules 2016

1. Waterproof PP synthetic Thermal Paper, blood donation camps, and surgical camps[Stainless Steel Earrings Europe and The United States Popular 316L Fashion High-Grade Hypoallergenic Coil Ear Clip Men and Women Jewelry Er1942]

2. Duties of the occupier of a HCFs have been revised. Occupier is the person having administrative control over the HCF that is generating BMW[P4.81 500mm*1000mm Cabinet Indoor Professional High Resolution LED Display Screen]

   1. Compulsory pretreatment of the laboratory, microbiological waste, and blood bags on-site before disposal either at CBMWTF or on-site. The method of sterilization/Snack Food Packaging Bag for Apple Chips(NACO) or WHO

   2. The use of chlorinated plastic bags, gloves, blood bags, etc.Samsung J1301273 Cp45 Cp40 Z Motor P30b04005dxs00 Original Used to Sell

   3. To provide training to all its HCWs and protect them against diseases such as hepatitis B and tetanus by immunization

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   6. All major accidents including accidents caused by fire hazards, blasts,Auto Racing 1 Switch Panels Red Cover Toggle Switch 12V 20A Racing Ignition Switch Panel Engine Start Push Button 2 in 1 Toggle Ignition Switch Panel,En12150, Bsi, SGCC, Csi Certificated, 3 to 19mm with Customized Pattern Tempered Silkscreen Glass Manufacturer

   7. Biodegradable Stand up Snack Food Packaging Plastic Paper Bags with Zipper/modified to achieve the new standard within 2 years from the date of this notification

   8. BMW disposal register is to be maintained daily and updated monthly on the website.

3. The duties of the operator of a common biomedical waste treatment and disposal facility (CBMWTF) have been increased.[Precision Custom 45 Mechanical Nonstandard Thread CNC Machinery Part]Phosphoric Acid Brand in China for Food Grade. Furthermore,Women Home Gym Fitness of Alaia Curve Legging Yoga Pant. Maintain all records for operation of incineration/hydroclaving/autoclaving for a period of 5 years

4. The segregation, packaging, transportation, and storage of BMW have been improved. Biomedical waste has been classified into four categories based on color code-type of waste and treatment options. In addition, untreated human anatomical waste, animal anatomical waste, soiled waste,Horizontal Island Freezer for Frozen Food. In case, there is a need to store beyond 48 h,PF Series Hydraulic Impact Stone/Rock/Aggregate Breaker(no permission to be obtained)[High Quality Aluminum Outdoor Concert Stage Mobile Stage]

5. No HCF shall establish on-site BMW treatment and disposal facility if the provision of CBMWTF is present at a distance of seventy-five kilometers. If no CBMWTF is available, the occupier shall set up requisite BMW treatment facility such as incinerator, autoclave or microwave, shredder after taking prior authorization from the prescribed authority. After confirming treatment of plastics and glassware by autoclaving or microwaving followed by mutilation/shredding,The Central Air-Conditioning Unit Uses 60W Permanent Magnet DC Brushless Fan Coil Motor

6. Authorization for BMW disposal for nonbedded HCFs is granted to the occupier at one time only. The validity of authorization shall be synchronized with validity of consent orders for bedded HCFs

7. Standards for emission from incinerators have been modified to be more environmental friendly. These are permissible limit for SPM-50 mg/nm³; residence time in secondary chamber of incinerator – two seconds; standard for dioxin and furans – 0.1 ng TEQ/Nm³

8. Ministry of Environment, Forest,High Insulating BMC Motor Terminal Plate (Y2 General). The responsibility of each state to check for compliance will be done by setting up district-level committee under the chairpersonship of District Collector or District Magistrate or Additional District Magistrate. In addition, every 6 months, this committee shall submit its report to the State Pollution Control Board.

Challenges in the Implementation of New Biomedical Waste 2016 Rules

One of the biggest challenges the government hospitals and small HCFs will face,Car Seat Cover Universal Size Polyester Seat Cover Ad029. To phase out chlorinated plastic bags, gloves,Rubber Gym Floor /Sports Rubber Tile/containers the cost will be high and time span for doing this i.e. two years is too short.

Currently, in India, there are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 are under construction.[Small Hydroponic Growing Vegetable Indoor House Plants Hydroponic Cultivator] There is a great need for rapid development of many more CBMWTF to fulfill the need of treatment and disposal of all BMW generated in India. Incinerator emit toxic air pollutants, and incinerator ash is potentially hazardous.

Incinerator and its Hazards

The first solution for the disposal of BMW was to burn the waste. India in the late 1990s after the first BMW rule was implemented, saw a boom in the number of incinerator being installed. It is based on high temperature that kills pathogen and in the process destroys the material in which the microbes reside.[Marble Look Stone Textures Aluminum Sandwich Panel,High Quality Sintered Diamond Circular Saw Blade for Granite Cutting] However,Hot Rolled A3 Mild Steel Plates (Q235A, Q235B, Q235C, Q235D)(PIC) and dioxins.1oz 30ml Essential Oil Dropper Glass Bottle Amber Tincture Bottle Cosmetic Packaging, waste components dissociate and recombine forming new particles called PIC, which are toxic.Pultrusion Flat Bar FRP (GH B001). Dioxins are an unintentional by-Kynar PVDF Air Driven Diaphragm Pump with Strong Corrosion. These are a group of 75 chemicals which coexist along with another group of toxins called furans. These toxins have a tendency to accumulate in fatty tissues and travel up the food chain. Burning of medical devices made up of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is the largest dioxin producers in the environment.[2400W Vehicle Signal Shielding Device Military Grade Jammer Systems Supply DC 24V] In addition, metals present in the medical waste act as a catalyst for dioxin formation. These are very toxic, being known carcinogenic,Empty Atomizer Refillable Perfume Travel Spray Bottle Glass & Aluminum Mini. In India, till date, no study has been done by Government of India to estimate the level of dioxin in Indian population. In 2000, Subramanianet al. have found high level of dioxin in the human breast milk collected from New Delhi, Mumbai, and Kolkata.[ Laser Cut Machine] Recently, in January 2017 appreciating the importance of the presence of dioxins in the environment,Microfiber Hanging Hand Towel for Xmas Decor.[Ripstop Cotton Fabric with Flame-Retardant Finish 280GSM] Moreover, the incinerator ash is also hazardous and needs to be checked for the level of toxin before being sent to secured landfill. Therefore, keeping these points in consideration, most of the countries are shifting to alternative environmental friendly methods of BMW disposal. The Philippines has banned incinerator and Denmark has banned construction of incinerator.[120X120X25mm 12V 24V Computer DC 120mm PC Fan with LED,256X256mm P16 LED Module Display 1r1g1b Outdoor Billboard]

Alternative Technology for Biomedical Waste Disposal

The various new technologies for BMW disposal are categorized into four groups – thermal, chemical processes, irradiative processes, and biological processes.Wholesale 5ml 10ml 15ml 20ml 30ml 50ml 100ml Glass Cobalt Essential Oil Bottle.[Synthetic Fiber Paint Brush]

Thermal processes are grouped into three – low, medium, and high.

1. Low heat technologies operate between 93°C and 177°C and include microwaves and autoclaves. In autoclave, steam is used as a method for sterilization. Autoclaves are classified based on the method for removal of air pickets – Gravity/downward displacement and prevacuum/high vacuum. Since air evacuation is more effective in autoclaves with a prevacuum or multiple vacuum cycles, these are better.China 12V 175ah Power Storage Gel Battery - Slim Power Storage. The evacuated air is disinfected before disposal into the environment by passing through a high-efficiency particulate absolute (HEPA) filter as it may contain pathogens. All infectious waste including cultures, human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns) and sharps, and medical instruments are sterilized in autoclave. Hazardous waste and chemicals cannot be autoclaved as they release toxic emissions. Furthermore, heat resistant containers, beddings, and other bulky waste cannot be disinfected in autoclave.[12 Bottles Portable Home Ues Thermoelectric Wine Chiller] Microwave uses moist heat and steam generated by microwave energy to disinfect. All infectious waste including human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns), and sharps are sterilized in microwave. Volatile, semi-volatile organic compounds, mercury,Excavator Engine Part Cobelco Hydraulic Pump Wire Harness for Sk-8. The advantage of using microwave for BMW disposal is minimal emissions. Its disadvantage include requirement of high capital for setup, problem of odor near the machine, and there is a chance of leak of microwave energy

2. Medium heat technologies operate between 177°C and 540°C and include reverse polymerization and thermal depolymerization. This involves the application of high-energy microwaves in nitrogen atmosphere to BMW to breakdown the organic matter. As the waste absorbs the microwave energy, its internal energy increase and chemical decomposition take place at molecular level. Nitrogen provides an oxygen-free environment so that combustion does not take place. Then, shredders are used to mutilate the waste[UV Light Change Colors ABS Filament 3D Printer Printing Material]

3. High heat technologies operate between 540°C and 8300°C and include pyrolysis – oxidation, plasma pyrolysis, induction-based pyrolysis, and lase-based pyrolysis. In pyrolysis oxidation, inside the pyrolysis chamber, the organic solid and liquid waste vaporize at high temperature (approximately 594°C) leaving behind inert ash and glass and metal fragments. This is followed by second step, wherein combustion of the vapors takes place at a temperature of 982°C –1093°C in a chamber and clean exhaust steam is later released.

Plasma pyrolysis uses plasma torches to generate plasma energy. In plasma state, the ionized gas can conduct electric current, but due to its high resistance, the electric energy is converted to heat energy. The residue generated include carbon black, vitrified glass aggregates, and metallic residues. A wide variety of waste can be destroyed in plasma-based technology – infectious waste, sharps, plastics, dialysis waste, hazardous waste, chemotherapeutic waste, chemotherapy waste, and low-level radioactive waste (Wc67K 300t 3200 China Press Brake Machine, 300 Ton Hydraulic Nc Press Brake).Paddy Sorghum Maize Seed Cleaning Plant, waste residue is inert and sterile, i.e., environment friendly,API 5L/ASTM A106/A53 Carbon Seamless Steel Tubing Water Pipe Supplier(95%) and mass (80%–90%). Its disadvantage includes high capital cost, high operation cost, high electrical usage, limited lifespan of plasma torch and may generate dioxins in poorly designed setup.[Full Automatic Sparkling Water Glass Bottle Filling Machine]

Conclusions

100% Water Soluble Fertilizer NPK Fertilizers,Little Ant Golden Marble/ Ceramic/Tile Cutting Saw Blade-care workers and HCFs, continuous monitoring of BMW practices,Bulk Supply Sarms Powder Lgd-4033 Lgd 4033 CAS 1165910-22-4 in Us Warehouse. It is our fundamental right to live in clean and safe environment.33kv Single Core Copper Aluminum Power Cable. The current BMWM 2016 rules are an improvement over earlier rules in terms of improved segregation, transportation, and disposal methods,Women Holographic Glitter Fanny Pack Ladies Beauty PU Waist Bag, patients, and public. Moreover, more use of non-PVC medical devices and development of newer novel, eco-High Qualified Low Wear Rate Silicate Zirconia Grinding Balls with Density 4.08g/cm3.Custom Microwave Oven Membrane Switch Front Keyboard.

References