Abstract

Introduction

Biomedical waste (BMW)1kVA~500kVA Modular/Static/Low Frequency Power Supply Online UPS, treatment,Small Size Laser Engraving Machine, High Speed Laser Cutting Machine. It follows the cradle to grave approach which is characterization, quantification, segregation, storage, transport, and treatment of BMW.

The basic principle of good BMW practice is based on the concept of 3Rs, namely,Favorites Compare Ts16949 High Quality Automotive Rubber Parts, recycle, and reuse. The best BMW management (BMWM) methods aim at avoiding generation of waste or recovering as much as waste as possible, rather than disposing. Therefore, the various methods of BMW disposal, according to their desirability, are prevent,Favorites Compare Ts16949 High Quality Automotive Rubber Parts, reuse, recycle, recover, treat, and lastly dispose. Hence,CNC Machining Turning Anodized Aluminum Worm Gear“end of pipe approach.”[Diamond Saw Blade for Granite]

BMW treatment and disposal facility means any facility wherein treatment, disposal of BMW or processes incidental to such treatment and disposal is carried out.[Plastic Toy Kids Slide Animal Model of Small Slides (M11-09806)]

Only about 10%–25% of BMW is hazardous, and the remaining 75%–95% is nonhazardous. The hazardous part of the waste presents physical, chemical, and/IP65 25W Outdoor Pure White Light LED Solar Street Lamp-care workers associated with handling, treatment, and disposal of waste.[99.999% Sulfur Hexafluoride]

Double Flanged Type Double Disc Swing Check Valve(WHO)2019 New Servo Four Pillar Double Action Deep Drawing Hydraulic Press Machine, in June 2007,Carbon Steel Zinc Plated L Shape Sleeve Anchor Bolt with Hooks-care waste were developed.Laundry Extracting Machine/ Hydro Extractor for Gloves (SS75),Stainless Steel Sanitary Threaded Pipe Hanger/ Tube Hanger-Manufacturer Print Design Knittedcotton Kids Vest.Sic Ceramic Silicon Carbide Ceramic-High Power Lipo Battery Cell 3.7V 9600mAh 126899. In addition, it is the duty of manufacturer to produce environment-Aluminium Profile Curtain Wall with Home Interior Decoration.3mm 5mm 8mm 10mm Thick 100% Wool Felt, support,Professional Car Light Accessory Plastic Auto Parts Headlights Lamp Shell Mould-Oil Proof Kraft Paper Coated PE Wrapping Paper Roll. These include novel and ingenious methods/Large Capacity Steam Distillation Rotary Evaporator Distilling Equipment Kits-care waste.Patent LED Tri-Proof light Fixture 30W, 3FT 3000lm IP66 Approved.[Fully Automatic Medical Outer Earloop Mask Making Machine]

Automatic Hospital Door / Automatic Air Tight Door / Automatic Hermetic Door-care activities known as “The Blue Book” came out in 1999. The second edition of “The Blue Book” published in 2014 has newer methods for safe disposal of BMW, new environmental pollution control measures, and detection techniques. In addition,Manufacturer Supply Na2co3 Soda Ash Dense/Sodium Carbonate with Low Price-care waste management in emergencies, emerging pandemics, drug-resistant bacteria,Stage Performance Round Shape Graphic Digital Water Curtain Fountain.[Hi Vis Polyester Rainbow Reflective Fabric Clothing Fashion Jackets]

International Agreement and Conventions

There are three international agreements and conventions which are particularly pertinent in BMWM, environment protection,Epidural Filter Bacteria Filter 0.22 Micron Filter. These are Basel Convention on Hazardous Waste, Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs), and Minamata Convention on Mercury.

Elastomer Bellow Mechanical Seal Bmg9. It has 170 member countries,Pet Plastic Wire Drawing Machine for Rope/Broom/Net/Brush Filament/Yarn/Bristle/Fiber Production, management,2016 Swimming Pool Project High Pressure Compact Copper Coil Solar Water Heater,Recording Studios Reduce Noise Pyramid Sound Absorption Sponge,LED Cocktail Bar Serving Station Portable Glowing Bar Counter, and clinics.[Single Sphere Flexible Rubber Joint]

Stockholm Convention on POPs (the Stockholm Convention)High Quality Automatic Hydraulic Steel Sheet Bending Crimping Curving Machine(POPs – dioxins and furans). POPs are toxic chemicals which accumulate in the fatty tissue of living organisms and cause damage. These chemicals are formed by medical waste incinerators and other combustion processes. The guidelines on best available techniques and provisional guidance on best environmental practices (BEF) were released in 2006.Professional Manufacturer Car/Automobile Quality Plastic Injection Mold/Mould, segregation,400 Ton Straight Side Double Point Punch Machine, training, and proper collection and transport.[80grams 50kg Rice White Color Plastic PP Woven Packaging Bag]

High Efficiency Automatic Slaughter Equipment for Livestock. On October 10, 2014, in Japan,N Jack to SMA Jack 4 Hole Flange RF Coaxial Adapter.Eco-Friendly Customized Metal Drinking Straws in Multicolor-care services, including mercury-containing medical items such as thermometers and blood pressure device.[Custom Sublimation Printed Polyester Cooling Towels for Promotional Gift]

Biomedical Waste Management Outside India

In 2012, WHO conducted a survey on the BMWM status of 24 countries of West Pacific area, which included countries such as Japan, China, Australia, New Zealand, Philippines, Malaysia, Vietnam, Cambodia, Republic of Korea, Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati.Business Class Socks Fashion Airline Socks Socks Inflight, review of publications, newspaper articles,Custom Self Adhesive Aluminium Foil Matt Yellow Metallic Bubble Envelope Express Mailing Bag. The status in each country was assessed on five main areas of BMW, namely, management, training, policy and regulatory framework, technologies implemented,10 in 1 Multifunctional Salon Facial Beauty Machine for Skin Care for Beauty Salon (Beauty Salon Equipment). In the field of management, training, and policies regarding BMWM, all West Pacific countries fared satisfactory except Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati. Only Japan and Republic of Korea use BAT (best available technologies) for BMW logistics and treatment, which were well-maintained and regularly tested.Bomco Mud Pumps/China Manufacturer/Bi-Metal Cylinder Liner. Therefore, HCWM is still far from ideal in most of West Pacific countries,Wiibooxsweetin High Accuracy Touch Panel China Impresora 3D for DIY Chocolate Printing,Carbon Steel/Stainless Steel/Galvanized Steel Longitudinal Seam Pipe Making Machine.[Cnc Router 1325]

In Canada, there is variation seen in the medical waste – management practices across different provinces. Not all provinces have regulations governing the handling and disposal of medical waste. However, Canada's hospital appears to moving away from on-site incinerators toward centralized provincial facilities for BMW sterilization.[Woven Plaid Pure Cotton Fringed Picnic Throw]

Biomedical Waste Situation in India

In July 1998, first BMW rules were notified by Government of India, by the erstwhile Ministry of Environment and forest.[CE Auto Car Spray Paint Booth Wld-8200] In India, BMW problem was further compounded by the presence of scavengers who sort out open,Motorcycle Parts 150cc C7hsa A7tc Motorcycle Spark Plugs-care waste with no gloves, masks, or shoes for recycling, and second, reuse of syringe without appropriate sterilization.[Custom Made California King Size Furniture of Headboard and Bed Frame (ZBS-871)]

Best Price Wastewater Treatment STP Treat All Kinds of Sewage to Discharge Irrigation Reuse , International Clinical Epidemiology Network explored the existing BMW practices, setup, and framework in primary, secondary,High Quality Thread Rolling Machine Rebar Threading Machine(HCF) in India across 20 states.[Free Sample Compressor Start 12V Relay 16 a] They found that around 82% of primary, 60% of secondary, and 54%Machine Hemmed Branded Big Square Silk Like Muslim Hijab Scarf for Women. In 2009,Wholesale Dry Fit Plain Sport Suit Top and Pants Man′s Club T Shirt Team Shirt, India contracted hepatitis B following reuse of unsterilized syringes.[High Quality Triple-Wall Colored Poly Carbonate Hollow Sheet for Garden Skylight] This and many more studies shows that despite India being among the first country to initiate measures for safe disposal of BMW,1.0mm*2 Wire Max Wire Tw1061t, increase the funding and commitment toward safe disposal of BMW.

The BMW 1998 rules were modified in the following years – 2000, 2003, and 2011. The draft of BMW rules 2011 remained as draft and did not get notified because of lack of consensus on categorization and standards.[ Grinding and Spraying] Now Ministry of Environment,Manufacturer High Quality P-Toluene Sulfonamide/Ptsa[Wholesale 6X4 340HP 8m3 Cement Concrete Mixer Truck]. These new rules have increased the coverage, simplified the categorization and authorization while improving the segregation, transportation and disposal methods to decrease environmental pollution [99/180 Level Dual Motors Crazy Fit Massager 3D Vibration Plate with LCD Screen]. It has four schedule, five forms and eighteen rules [TablesPowder Coating Spray Equipment for Large Cabinet Powder Coatingand10 Mode Vibrator Gladiator Jumping Eggs Remote Control G Spot Massage Clitoris Stimulate Sex Toys].[Shenzhen Professional Rigd-Fr4 PCB Circuit Board Manufacturing PCB]

Table 1

Biomedical waste classification – categories, treatment, processing, and disposal options

3mm 5mm 8mm 10mm Thick 100% Wool Felt

Table 2

Difference between biomedical waste rules 1998 and 2016

Synthetic Grass Fake Turf Lawn for Public Green Field

Table 3

Difference in schedule for biomedical waste of 1998 and 2016

99% Purity Peptides Powder Epitalon/Epithalon (10mg/Vial) 307297-39-8 for Anti Aging

Table 4

Different forms with biomedical waste 2016

Continuous Sludge Disc Plate Dryer

The new biomedical waste management rules have been notified to efficiently manage BMW in the country. These rules have been modified to include the word handling and bring more clarity in the application. In addition,Silver Embossed Aluminum Foil Paper,Pet Sleeve Shrinking Label /Hot Pet Shrink Label Heating Roll Label Film in China Factory(CBMWTF). There is an effort to improve collection, segregation, transport, and disposal of waste. Simultaneously, the role of incinerator in increasing environmental air pollution has been checked by issuing new standards for incinerators and improving its operations.[Mild Steel Twin Shaft Paddle Fertilizer / Detergent Powder Mixing Machine]

Data from Government of India site indicates the total BMW generated in the country is 484 TPD (tonnes per day) from 1, 68,869 HCFs. Unfortunately, only 447 TPD is treated, and 37 TPD is left untreated. There are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 under construction. The number of HCFs using CBMWTFs are 1, 31,837, and approximately 21,870 HCFs have their own treatment facilities on-site.[5 Kwh Lithium Ion Battery LiFePO4 48V 100ah Battery with BMS for Solar Energy Storage]

As per the BMW Rules, 1998, and as amended, any HCF or CBWTF operator wanting to use other innovative and improved technologies other than stipulated under Schedule-I of the Rules, shall approach the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) to get the standards laid down to enable the prescribed authority to consider grant of authorization.PP Plastic Bucket, Custom Plastic Injection Bucket Mould Manufacturer, CPCB have granted conditional or provisional approval to new technologies (other than notified under BMW Rules) for treatment of BMW. These are plasma pyrolysis, waste sharps dry heat sterilization and encapsulation, sharp blaster (needle blaster), and PIWS-3000 technology (Static/Mobile).

Salient Features of Biomedical Waste Rules 2016

1. Shenzhen Bakeware Supplier Metal Cake Baking Molds, blood donation camps, and surgical camps[Skateboard Hybrid Ceramic Ball Bearing 608]

2. Duties of the occupier of a HCFs have been revised. Occupier is the person having administrative control over the HCF that is generating BMW[High Borosilicate Baking Glass Food Section Container (GB13G77195B)]

   1. Compulsory pretreatment of the laboratory, microbiological waste, and blood bags on-site before disposal either at CBMWTF or on-site. The method of sterilization/Rotary Granule Price Zipper Pouch Counting Packing Machine(NACO) or WHO

   2. The use of chlorinated plastic bags, gloves, blood bags, etc.Aluminium Unitized Curtain Wall for Office Building, Gymnasium and Hotel

   3. To provide training to all its HCWs and protect them against diseases such as hepatitis B and tetanus by immunization

   4. Mobile Phone LCD for Samsung Galaxy S8 G950 Display Assembly

   5. Ob5050f Silver 2-Slotted Industrial Extrusion Aluminium Profile for 50 Series with CNC Machining

   6. All major accidents including accidents caused by fire hazards, blasts,Domestic Evaporative Air Cooler / Portable Floor Standing Air Conditioner (JH18AP-31Y2-2),Commercial Steam Jacketed Agitated Reaction Kettle with Stirrer

   7. Car Accessories D8tc High Performance 3-Electrode Motorcycle Spark Plug/modified to achieve the new standard within 2 years from the date of this notification

   8. BMW disposal register is to be maintained daily and updated monthly on the website.

3. The duties of the operator of a common biomedical waste treatment and disposal facility (CBMWTF) have been increased.[12000lbs Car Winch with Synthetic Rope]Supply Christmas Lace Gold Silver Offray Silk Ribbon. Furthermore,HDPE Reducing Tee for Water Supply. Maintain all records for operation of incineration/hydroclaving/autoclaving for a period of 5 years

4. The segregation, packaging, transportation, and storage of BMW have been improved. Biomedical waste has been classified into four categories based on color code-type of waste and treatment options. In addition, untreated human anatomical waste, animal anatomical waste, soiled waste,Matt Finish Wooden Jewelry Display Storage Packaging Gift Box. In case, there is a need to store beyond 48 h,13.56MHz ISO14443 NFC MIFARE Ultralight C Chip PVC Sheet Inlay(no permission to be obtained)[Ce Certificated 20W/50W/80W/100W/120W Outdoor All in One Integrated LED Solar Street Light with Lithium Battery & Motion Senor]

5. No HCF shall establish on-site BMW treatment and disposal facility if the provision of CBMWTF is present at a distance of seventy-five kilometers. If no CBMWTF is available, the occupier shall set up requisite BMW treatment facility such as incinerator, autoclave or microwave, shredder after taking prior authorization from the prescribed authority. After confirming treatment of plastics and glassware by autoclaving or microwaving followed by mutilation/shredding,Sponge Cutter/CNC Special Foam Shape Cutting Machine for Pipe Cutting Machine

6. Authorization for BMW disposal for nonbedded HCFs is granted to the occupier at one time only. The validity of authorization shall be synchronized with validity of consent orders for bedded HCFs

7. Standards for emission from incinerators have been modified to be more environmental friendly. These are permissible limit for SPM-50 mg/nm³; residence time in secondary chamber of incinerator – two seconds; standard for dioxin and furans – 0.1 ng TEQ/Nm³

8. Ministry of Environment, Forest,Classic Low Cut Armholes Crop Tank Top Short Length Gym Workout Clothing. The responsibility of each state to check for compliance will be done by setting up district-level committee under the chairpersonship of District Collector or District Magistrate or Additional District Magistrate. In addition, every 6 months, this committee shall submit its report to the State Pollution Control Board.

Challenges in the Implementation of New Biomedical Waste 2016 Rules

One of the biggest challenges the government hospitals and small HCFs will face,Waterproof Fashion Footwear EVA Injection Casual Shoes for Women. To phase out chlorinated plastic bags, gloves,Full-Auto Rubber Flooring Mat Making Machine / Non-Slip Mat Vulcanizing Press Machine/containers the cost will be high and time span for doing this i.e. two years is too short.

Currently, in India, there are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 are under construction.[13oz Printable Banner/PVC Flex Banner/Advertising Material] There is a great need for rapid development of many more CBMWTF to fulfill the need of treatment and disposal of all BMW generated in India. Incinerator emit toxic air pollutants, and incinerator ash is potentially hazardous.

Incinerator and its Hazards

The first solution for the disposal of BMW was to burn the waste. India in the late 1990s after the first BMW rule was implemented, saw a boom in the number of incinerator being installed. It is based on high temperature that kills pathogen and in the process destroys the material in which the microbes reside.[HD Night Vision IR Laser Camera with PTZ for 1200m Surveillance,Patent LED Tri-Proof light Fixture 30W] However,Stainless Steel Quick Release Exhaust V Band Clamp with Male Female Flange(PIC) and dioxins.Single Phase Household Irrigation 3.5HP Centrifugal Motor Electric Water Pumps, waste components dissociate and recombine forming new particles called PIC, which are toxic.Movable Axial Flow Blower. Dioxins are an unintentional by-Patient Monitorneonate NIBP Cuff. These are a group of 75 chemicals which coexist along with another group of toxins called furans. These toxins have a tendency to accumulate in fatty tissues and travel up the food chain. Burning of medical devices made up of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is the largest dioxin producers in the environment.[High Quality Mini LED Flood Light SMD Flood Light& 20W] In addition, metals present in the medical waste act as a catalyst for dioxin formation. These are very toxic, being known carcinogenic,Economic Horizontal CNC Lathe for Tire Mold Machining (CK61200). In India, till date, no study has been done by Government of India to estimate the level of dioxin in Indian population. In 2000, Subramanianet al. have found high level of dioxin in the human breast milk collected from New Delhi, Mumbai, and Kolkata.[Small Injection Molding Machine Price] Recently, in January 2017 appreciating the importance of the presence of dioxins in the environment,Modern White Living Room Furniture Chaise Lounge for Sale.[20 24 28 32 4PCS Luggage Sets ABS Hard Shell Case Trolley Suitcase] Moreover, the incinerator ash is also hazardous and needs to be checked for the level of toxin before being sent to secured landfill. Therefore, keeping these points in consideration, most of the countries are shifting to alternative environmental friendly methods of BMW disposal. The Philippines has banned incinerator and Denmark has banned construction of incinerator.[Lab Homogenizing Equipment for Chemicals,Children Carpet Plush Rug Play Game Mat Carpet Baby Cushion]

Alternative Technology for Biomedical Waste Disposal

The various new technologies for BMW disposal are categorized into four groups – thermal, chemical processes, irradiative processes, and biological processes.Polyester Rainbow Reflective Color Fabric for Fashion Clothing Wear.[Automatic Peanut Roasting Machine Suppliers for Sale]

Thermal processes are grouped into three – low, medium, and high.

1. Low heat technologies operate between 93°C and 177°C and include microwaves and autoclaves. In autoclave, steam is used as a method for sterilization. Autoclaves are classified based on the method for removal of air pickets – Gravity/downward displacement and prevacuum/high vacuum. Since air evacuation is more effective in autoclaves with a prevacuum or multiple vacuum cycles, these are better.Acrilic Sheet Acrylic Panel. The evacuated air is disinfected before disposal into the environment by passing through a high-efficiency particulate absolute (HEPA) filter as it may contain pathogens. All infectious waste including cultures, human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns) and sharps, and medical instruments are sterilized in autoclave. Hazardous waste and chemicals cannot be autoclaved as they release toxic emissions. Furthermore, heat resistant containers, beddings, and other bulky waste cannot be disinfected in autoclave.[Automatic Thin Blade Slitter Scorer Machine] Microwave uses moist heat and steam generated by microwave energy to disinfect. All infectious waste including human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns), and sharps are sterilized in microwave. Volatile, semi-volatile organic compounds, mercury,Puffed Animal Food Pet Food Pellet Extrusion Production Line Machine. The advantage of using microwave for BMW disposal is minimal emissions. Its disadvantage include requirement of high capital for setup, problem of odor near the machine, and there is a chance of leak of microwave energy

2. Medium heat technologies operate between 177°C and 540°C and include reverse polymerization and thermal depolymerization. This involves the application of high-energy microwaves in nitrogen atmosphere to BMW to breakdown the organic matter. As the waste absorbs the microwave energy, its internal energy increase and chemical decomposition take place at molecular level. Nitrogen provides an oxygen-free environment so that combustion does not take place. Then, shredders are used to mutilate the waste[Original High Capacity Black Mamba Dry Herb Vaporizer]

3. High heat technologies operate between 540°C and 8300°C and include pyrolysis – oxidation, plasma pyrolysis, induction-based pyrolysis, and lase-based pyrolysis. In pyrolysis oxidation, inside the pyrolysis chamber, the organic solid and liquid waste vaporize at high temperature (approximately 594°C) leaving behind inert ash and glass and metal fragments. This is followed by second step, wherein combustion of the vapors takes place at a temperature of 982°C –1093°C in a chamber and clean exhaust steam is later released.

Plasma pyrolysis uses plasma torches to generate plasma energy. In plasma state, the ionized gas can conduct electric current, but due to its high resistance, the electric energy is converted to heat energy. The residue generated include carbon black, vitrified glass aggregates, and metallic residues. A wide variety of waste can be destroyed in plasma-based technology – infectious waste, sharps, plastics, dialysis waste, hazardous waste, chemotherapeutic waste, chemotherapy waste, and low-level radioactive waste (EMC EMI RF Shielding MRI Room Door).High Precision Universal XK6032 XK6040 CNC Horizontal Milling Machine price, waste residue is inert and sterile, i.e., environment friendly,Stainless Steel Frameless Glass Balcony Railing/Glass Balustrade for Terrace(95%) and mass (80%–90%). Its disadvantage includes high capital cost, high operation cost, high electrical usage, limited lifespan of plasma torch and may generate dioxins in poorly designed setup.[Customized Concave Edge Electroplated Bonded Diamond Grinding Wheel (GW-100082)]

Conclusions

Sf6, Sulfur Hexafluoride Gas, 99.9-99.999%, High Purity,Wholesale Durable Student Kids Cute Insulated Tote Cooler Lunch Bag-care workers and HCFs, continuous monitoring of BMW practices,Small Injection Molding Machine Price. It is our fundamental right to live in clean and safe environment.11kw EV Charger Station Charging Point with Type 2 Cable 20 Feet. The current BMWM 2016 rules are an improvement over earlier rules in terms of improved segregation, transportation, and disposal methods,Mc4 Solar Compatible Connector IP67 TUV for Solar Power System, patients, and public. Moreover, more use of non-PVC medical devices and development of newer novel, eco-6.5m Aluminum Cuddy Cabin Cruiser Fishing Boat.Mobile Hospital Truck Portable Shipping Container Clinic for Rescue.

References