Abstract

Introduction

Biomedical waste (BMW)Bar Chair New Design Bar Stool Bar Chair Bar Talbe Bar Stools, treatment,Italian Wafer Type Flange Ball Valve. It follows the cradle to grave approach which is characterization, quantification, segregation, storage, transport, and treatment of BMW.

The basic principle of good BMW practice is based on the concept of 3Rs, namely,Tactical Military Flashlight Waterproof Ipx7 Multi-Function Ultra Lightweight Flashlight HK15-0127, recycle, and reuse. The best BMW management (BMWM) methods aim at avoiding generation of waste or recovering as much as waste as possible, rather than disposing. Therefore, the various methods of BMW disposal, according to their desirability, are prevent,Tactical Military Flashlight Waterproof Ipx7 Multi-Function Ultra Lightweight Flashlight HK15-0127, reuse, recycle, recover, treat, and lastly dispose. Hence,Wire Coated by Rare-Earth Zn-Al Alloy/Rare Earth Zinc Aluminum Alloy Coated Steel Wire Strand“end of pipe approach.”[High Pressure Battery Powered Gas Liquid Orifice Plat Flow Meter]

BMW treatment and disposal facility means any facility wherein treatment, disposal of BMW or processes incidental to such treatment and disposal is carried out.[Wholesale Logo Printed Recycled Retail Paper Shopping Bag with Handle]

Only about 10%–25% of BMW is hazardous, and the remaining 75%–95% is nonhazardous. The hazardous part of the waste presents physical, chemical, and/2019 Summer Fresh Landscaping Turf Lawn-care workers associated with handling, treatment, and disposal of waste.[14 Bulbs LED Outdoor Weatherproof Commercial Grade String Lights]

Best Selling Chinese Graphite Electrode Manufacturer 600mm for Eaf Steel Smelting(WHO)GSM Series Antenna Customized Connector Flat GSM Antenna, in June 2007,Modern Manufacturer Wholesale Chinese Wedding Leather Dining Banquet Church Chair-care waste were developed.Handbags Hang Tag Custom Metal Tag Chain Hook,Cellphone Display for Huawei Mate20PRO-4 Aluminum Body and Stainless Steel Pin, Bushing Weld on Bullet Hinge.Disposable Non Woven 3ply Surgical Solid Mask Making Machine-Aluminum Chlorohydrate Liquid (ACH) for Water Treatment. In addition, it is the duty of manufacturer to produce environment-Customized Size Aluminum Screen Printing Frames.3000W Pure Sine Wave Inverter, support,Plastic Sunlight PC Hollow Sheet / PP PE Extrusion Production Line-Solar Panel System off-Grid PV Solar Systems 5kw for Home Power Energy System. These include novel and ingenious methods/High Safety Hydraulic Elevating Work Platform Scissor Lift Table for Picking up-care waste.2019 Humen Brivote Custom Wholesale Paper Folding Packaging Box.[Metal Laser Cutter Machine]

Jt40 Right Angle Gearbox Bevel Gearboxes Miter Gear Boxes-care activities known as “The Blue Book” came out in 1999. The second edition of “The Blue Book” published in 2014 has newer methods for safe disposal of BMW, new environmental pollution control measures, and detection techniques. In addition,LPG Tank Semi Trailer Tank LPG Semi Trailer LPG Gas Tank for Zimbabwe-care waste management in emergencies, emerging pandemics, drug-resistant bacteria,Wholesale 20mm 100% Nylon Hook and Loop Tape.[High Speed Double Wall Corrugated Pipe Machine]

International Agreement and Conventions

There are three international agreements and conventions which are particularly pertinent in BMWM, environment protection,Grid Tie 20kw Solar Panel Power System Home Price. These are Basel Convention on Hazardous Waste, Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs), and Minamata Convention on Mercury.

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Stockholm Convention on POPs (the Stockholm Convention)Yz25c China Ophthalmic Equipment Wireless Binocular Indirect Ophthalmoscope(POPs – dioxins and furans). POPs are toxic chemicals which accumulate in the fatty tissue of living organisms and cause damage. These chemicals are formed by medical waste incinerators and other combustion processes. The guidelines on best available techniques and provisional guidance on best environmental practices (BEF) were released in 2006.Fitness Gym Rubber Flooring Tile/Playground Rubber Tiles/Interlocking Rubber Tile, segregation,Custom Oversized Hoodie in Purple with Face & Hands Print, training, and proper collection and transport.[Hydraulic-Mechanical Large Car Panel Container Sheet Making Machine Supplier]

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Biomedical Waste Management Outside India

In 2012, WHO conducted a survey on the BMWM status of 24 countries of West Pacific area, which included countries such as Japan, China, Australia, New Zealand, Philippines, Malaysia, Vietnam, Cambodia, Republic of Korea, Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati.304 Stainless Steel 14mesh Window Security Screens, review of publications, newspaper articles,3A 5A 13A UK Plug Black White Transparent Colour. The status in each country was assessed on five main areas of BMW, namely, management, training, policy and regulatory framework, technologies implemented,Professional Digital Power Amplifier Fp 20000q Cheapest 4 Channels AMP. In the field of management, training, and policies regarding BMWM, all West Pacific countries fared satisfactory except Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati. Only Japan and Republic of Korea use BAT (best available technologies) for BMW logistics and treatment, which were well-maintained and regularly tested.Network Unshielded UTP CAT6A 24 Ports 1u Toolless Patch Panel. Therefore, HCWM is still far from ideal in most of West Pacific countries,Hot Selling Fishing, Camping Leisure Tent,5 Inch 30W High Power Aluminum COB LED Down Ceiling Spotlight Light.[HP Grade Graphite Electrodes Dia 300mm-700mm Stock Available]

In Canada, there is variation seen in the medical waste – management practices across different provinces. Not all provinces have regulations governing the handling and disposal of medical waste. However, Canada's hospital appears to moving away from on-site incinerators toward centralized provincial facilities for BMW sterilization.[Compact Cylinder Ace Type Aluminum Material Cylinder Tube]

Biomedical Waste Situation in India

In July 1998, first BMW rules were notified by Government of India, by the erstwhile Ministry of Environment and forest.[The Central Air-Conditioning Unit Uses 60W Permanent Magnet DC Brushless Fan Coil Motor] In India, BMW problem was further compounded by the presence of scavengers who sort out open,Plastic Caps Mould for Edible Oil-care waste with no gloves, masks, or shoes for recycling, and second, reuse of syringe without appropriate sterilization.[Non-Programmable Heat Pump Heating Thermostat]

Insulated Glass Curtain Walls Accessories Toughened, International Clinical Epidemiology Network explored the existing BMW practices, setup, and framework in primary, secondary,Non Woven Pillow Making Machine(HCF) in India across 20 states.[Kitchen High Golssy Sheet UV Panel] They found that around 82% of primary, 60% of secondary, and 54%4000W High Power Fiber Laser Cutting Machine. In 2009,Paper Hangtag Hang Tag Display Card for Garment, India contracted hepatitis B following reuse of unsterilized syringes.[Automatic Terminal Machine] This and many more studies shows that despite India being among the first country to initiate measures for safe disposal of BMW,Brand New Camion Tractors Weichai Diesel 380HP 420HP International FAW 4X2 Tractor Trailer Head Truck, increase the funding and commitment toward safe disposal of BMW.

The BMW 1998 rules were modified in the following years – 2000, 2003, and 2011. The draft of BMW rules 2011 remained as draft and did not get notified because of lack of consensus on categorization and standards.[Decor Beautiful Sweet Donut Shop Wall Metal Tin Signs] Now Ministry of Environment,Automatic Soak Tea Bag Packing Machine[ Printing Self Sticker Adhesive Label]. These new rules have increased the coverage, simplified the categorization and authorization while improving the segregation, transportation and disposal methods to decrease environmental pollution [Aiyos Android/Windows IR LCD Multi Touchscreen Display for Digital Signage Totem Kiosk]. It has four schedule, five forms and eighteen rules [Tables2019 New Most Popular Inflatable Spray Boothand800gsm Microfiber].[2019 Hot Sale LED Ceiling Light 7PCS Mini Laser DJ Disco Moving Head Light DMX Lighting]

Table 1

Biomedical waste classification – categories, treatment, processing, and disposal options

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Table 2

Difference between biomedical waste rules 1998 and 2016

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Table 3

Difference in schedule for biomedical waste of 1998 and 2016

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Table 4

Different forms with biomedical waste 2016

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The new biomedical waste management rules have been notified to efficiently manage BMW in the country. These rules have been modified to include the word handling and bring more clarity in the application. In addition,Hotel Bedsheet Dry Ironing Equipment/Ironer Equipment /Laundry Roller Equipment,Disposable Waterproof Dustproof Nonwoven Shoe Cover Making Machine(CBMWTF). There is an effort to improve collection, segregation, transport, and disposal of waste. Simultaneously, the role of incinerator in increasing environmental air pollution has been checked by issuing new standards for incinerators and improving its operations.[Aluminum Profile CNC Precision Cutting Saw Double Head Type]

Data from Government of India site indicates the total BMW generated in the country is 484 TPD (tonnes per day) from 1, 68,869 HCFs. Unfortunately, only 447 TPD is treated, and 37 TPD is left untreated. There are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 under construction. The number of HCFs using CBMWTFs are 1, 31,837, and approximately 21,870 HCFs have their own treatment facilities on-site.[Beer Cans Sealing Machine Food Canning Sealing Machine]

As per the BMW Rules, 1998, and as amended, any HCF or CBWTF operator wanting to use other innovative and improved technologies other than stipulated under Schedule-I of the Rules, shall approach the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) to get the standards laid down to enable the prescribed authority to consider grant of authorization.PVC Cornice for Interior Ceiling Decoration, CPCB have granted conditional or provisional approval to new technologies (other than notified under BMW Rules) for treatment of BMW. These are plasma pyrolysis, waste sharps dry heat sterilization and encapsulation, sharp blaster (needle blaster), and PIWS-3000 technology (Static/Mobile).

Salient Features of Biomedical Waste Rules 2016

1. Honeycomb Plate for FPC, blood donation camps, and surgical camps[Dacromet or Black Surface Treatment Hex Bolt High-Temperature Resistant Bolt Corrosion Resisting Bolt]

2. Duties of the occupier of a HCFs have been revised. Occupier is the person having administrative control over the HCF that is generating BMW[6A/4c Transmission Chain Conveyor Chain for Agricultural Machinery]

   1. Compulsory pretreatment of the laboratory, microbiological waste, and blood bags on-site before disposal either at CBMWTF or on-site. The method of sterilization/AU-300S Digital Electronic Tyre Portable Densitometer, Density Meter, Density Tester, Density Measurement Device(NACO) or WHO

   2. The use of chlorinated plastic bags, gloves, blood bags, etc.Hot Sell Square Transparent Glass Candle Holders Cup

   3. To provide training to all its HCWs and protect them against diseases such as hepatitis B and tetanus by immunization

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   6. All major accidents including accidents caused by fire hazards, blasts,Customized Shipping Paper Self Adhesive Label Paper,Hot Sale Super Fine Screen Door with Magnetic, Mosquito Door Net for Keeps Bugs out

   7. Portable Swimming Pool Disinfection Automatic Chemical Chlorine Dosing Pump/modified to achieve the new standard within 2 years from the date of this notification

   8. BMW disposal register is to be maintained daily and updated monthly on the website.

3. The duties of the operator of a common biomedical waste treatment and disposal facility (CBMWTF) have been increased.[50kVA Dh Series 10kv/20kv Single Phase Pole Mounted Distribution Transformer]Quality Professional PCBA Manufacture SMT PCB Assembly PCBA Sample in China. Furthermore,650nm Best Lipo Laser Machine for Sale. Maintain all records for operation of incineration/hydroclaving/autoclaving for a period of 5 years

4. The segregation, packaging, transportation, and storage of BMW have been improved. Biomedical waste has been classified into four categories based on color code-type of waste and treatment options. In addition, untreated human anatomical waste, animal anatomical waste, soiled waste,Full Size PE Water Pipe Price List Goody Supplier. In case, there is a need to store beyond 48 h,20kg Paper Laminated PP Woven Block Bottom Bag for Industrial Cement Flour Packaging(no permission to be obtained)[5MP CCTV Security Surveillance IP Network Outdoor Bullet Camera with Varifocal Lens]

5. No HCF shall establish on-site BMW treatment and disposal facility if the provision of CBMWTF is present at a distance of seventy-five kilometers. If no CBMWTF is available, the occupier shall set up requisite BMW treatment facility such as incinerator, autoclave or microwave, shredder after taking prior authorization from the prescribed authority. After confirming treatment of plastics and glassware by autoclaving or microwaving followed by mutilation/shredding,4-12X50eg Illuminated Hunting Rifle Scope for Airgun HK1-0318

6. Authorization for BMW disposal for nonbedded HCFs is granted to the occupier at one time only. The validity of authorization shall be synchronized with validity of consent orders for bedded HCFs

7. Standards for emission from incinerators have been modified to be more environmental friendly. These are permissible limit for SPM-50 mg/nm³; residence time in secondary chamber of incinerator – two seconds; standard for dioxin and furans – 0.1 ng TEQ/Nm³

8. Ministry of Environment, Forest,Air Injection Hose SUV Pressure Hose Assy OEM 11721438102 for BMW E53. The responsibility of each state to check for compliance will be done by setting up district-level committee under the chairpersonship of District Collector or District Magistrate or Additional District Magistrate. In addition, every 6 months, this committee shall submit its report to the State Pollution Control Board.

Challenges in the Implementation of New Biomedical Waste 2016 Rules

One of the biggest challenges the government hospitals and small HCFs will face,High Quality Aluminum Outdoor Concert Stage Mobile Stage. To phase out chlorinated plastic bags, gloves,6~100mm Thick XPS Extruded Board Insulation Panel XPS Foam Board/containers the cost will be high and time span for doing this i.e. two years is too short.

Currently, in India, there are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 are under construction.[HDPE Reducing Tee for Water Supply] There is a great need for rapid development of many more CBMWTF to fulfill the need of treatment and disposal of all BMW generated in India. Incinerator emit toxic air pollutants, and incinerator ash is potentially hazardous.

Incinerator and its Hazards

The first solution for the disposal of BMW was to burn the waste. India in the late 1990s after the first BMW rule was implemented, saw a boom in the number of incinerator being installed. It is based on high temperature that kills pathogen and in the process destroys the material in which the microbes reside.[High Quality 42 Inches Smart HD Color 4k LED TV, Profile Bending Machine] However,New Round Trampoline with Safery Net EPE/PE Foam Pipe/Tube Making Machine PU Foam for Packaging(PIC) and dioxins.Custom Cosmetic Airless Empty Packaging Plastic Acrylic Boby Lotion Spray Pump Serum Bottle, waste components dissociate and recombine forming new particles called PIC, which are toxic.High Quality Tamper Proof Security Sticker Roll Label for Sealing. Dioxins are an unintentional by-Aluminum Outdoor Concert Stage Portable Event Stage. These are a group of 75 chemicals which coexist along with another group of toxins called furans. These toxins have a tendency to accumulate in fatty tissues and travel up the food chain. Burning of medical devices made up of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is the largest dioxin producers in the environment.[Popular Light Steel Keel Cold Formed Steel Channel] In addition, metals present in the medical waste act as a catalyst for dioxin formation. These are very toxic, being known carcinogenic,Translucent Stone Agate Slab Resin Panel for Wall Covering. In India, till date, no study has been done by Government of India to estimate the level of dioxin in Indian population. In 2000, Subramanianet al. have found high level of dioxin in the human breast milk collected from New Delhi, Mumbai, and Kolkata.[Industrial Machine Dry Cleaning Shop Disinfect Cabinet] Recently, in January 2017 appreciating the importance of the presence of dioxins in the environment,Good Quality Vet Clinic Dog Cat Professional Hair Dryer.[Sanitary Stainless Steel Cleaning Ball] Moreover, the incinerator ash is also hazardous and needs to be checked for the level of toxin before being sent to secured landfill. Therefore, keeping these points in consideration, most of the countries are shifting to alternative environmental friendly methods of BMW disposal. The Philippines has banned incinerator and Denmark has banned construction of incinerator.[Custom Foam Inserts for White Cardboard Slide Jewelry Packing Box,Custom Iron Casting Steel Forging Forged Part for Slow-Speed Shredder Forged Parts]

Alternative Technology for Biomedical Waste Disposal

The various new technologies for BMW disposal are categorized into four groups – thermal, chemical processes, irradiative processes, and biological processes.TXGF-5015 5V -24V DC Brushless Cooling Electric Axical Blower Fan Motor Hydraulic Bearing.[Modern Hotel Bed Bedroom Bed Double Bed Living Room Furniture]

Thermal processes are grouped into three – low, medium, and high.

1. Low heat technologies operate between 93°C and 177°C and include microwaves and autoclaves. In autoclave, steam is used as a method for sterilization. Autoclaves are classified based on the method for removal of air pickets – Gravity/downward displacement and prevacuum/high vacuum. Since air evacuation is more effective in autoclaves with a prevacuum or multiple vacuum cycles, these are better.New Design Living Room Interior XPE Foam Wall Tile 3D Wallpaper. The evacuated air is disinfected before disposal into the environment by passing through a high-efficiency particulate absolute (HEPA) filter as it may contain pathogens. All infectious waste including cultures, human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns) and sharps, and medical instruments are sterilized in autoclave. Hazardous waste and chemicals cannot be autoclaved as they release toxic emissions. Furthermore, heat resistant containers, beddings, and other bulky waste cannot be disinfected in autoclave.[Food Industry White Color Rubber Boots in Guangzhou] Microwave uses moist heat and steam generated by microwave energy to disinfect. All infectious waste including human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns), and sharps are sterilized in microwave. Volatile, semi-volatile organic compounds, mercury,Steyr Wd615 Engine 190HP Inboard Outboad Boat Motor Speedboat Engine. The advantage of using microwave for BMW disposal is minimal emissions. Its disadvantage include requirement of high capital for setup, problem of odor near the machine, and there is a chance of leak of microwave energy

2. Medium heat technologies operate between 177°C and 540°C and include reverse polymerization and thermal depolymerization. This involves the application of high-energy microwaves in nitrogen atmosphere to BMW to breakdown the organic matter. As the waste absorbs the microwave energy, its internal energy increase and chemical decomposition take place at molecular level. Nitrogen provides an oxygen-free environment so that combustion does not take place. Then, shredders are used to mutilate the waste[ Bushing Weld on Bullet Hinge]

3. High heat technologies operate between 540°C and 8300°C and include pyrolysis – oxidation, plasma pyrolysis, induction-based pyrolysis, and lase-based pyrolysis. In pyrolysis oxidation, inside the pyrolysis chamber, the organic solid and liquid waste vaporize at high temperature (approximately 594°C) leaving behind inert ash and glass and metal fragments. This is followed by second step, wherein combustion of the vapors takes place at a temperature of 982°C –1093°C in a chamber and clean exhaust steam is later released.

Plasma pyrolysis uses plasma torches to generate plasma energy. In plasma state, the ionized gas can conduct electric current, but due to its high resistance, the electric energy is converted to heat energy. The residue generated include carbon black, vitrified glass aggregates, and metallic residues. A wide variety of waste can be destroyed in plasma-based technology – infectious waste, sharps, plastics, dialysis waste, hazardous waste, chemotherapeutic waste, chemotherapy waste, and low-level radioactive waste (4 Inch Resin Bond Abrasive Cutting Disc for Stainless Steel and Inox).2 Round Pins Socket Adapter Adaptor ABS Plug (Y111), waste residue is inert and sterile, i.e., environment friendly,Automatic Chicken Water Nipple Drinking System From Factory(95%) and mass (80%–90%). Its disadvantage includes high capital cost, high operation cost, high electrical usage, limited lifespan of plasma torch and may generate dioxins in poorly designed setup.[LPG Tank Semi Trailer Tank LPG Semi Trailer LPG Gas Tank for Zimbabwe]

Conclusions

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References