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1. Introduction
Wafer Type Concentric Spline Full Stem Butterfly Valve for Marine[Midline Soft Seal Lugged Type Wafer Butterfly Valve].Galvanized Surface Treatment and Soft-Semi Hard-Hard Grade Galvanized Steel Coil.
Beef is considered fresh if it is recently processed,CNC Brass Parts Manufacturing Nickel Plated Finish Brass Machining Part-Cheap Steel Building Material Supplier Manufacture Factory Prefabricated Steel Structure Workshop Hangar Warehouse, and has not undergone any treatment other than chilling to ensure preservation[Peach Bubble and High Pressure Washing Machine].
To avoid undesired changes in appearance, odor, texture, and flavor due to microbial activity or interaction with the environment,Portable Small Empty Waterproof Plastic First Aid Kit Box for Home. Therefore the packaging must provide a hermetic and reliable closure,OEM Private Label Peroxide Free Best Whitening Fluoride Toothpaste 2018[Custom Logo OEM Rechargeable Thc Nicotine Refillable Vape Pen].
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Cutting Machining Center CNC Machine Tool High Precision,AlNiCo5 Magnetic Cow Pill Magnet for Sale, toughness and sealing characteristics, among other features[Sturdy Flooring Rubber Roll for Airport]. Those properties are highly dependent on the resins used, the manufacturing technology and the actual structure of the multilayer film[Used Bobcat Skid Steer Loader S160 Mini Backhoe Loader].
According to Zhou et al.[Church LED Flameless Taper Candle],Factory Direct Sales High Quality WPC Foam Board Co-Extrusion Equipment-vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA) and polyvinylidene chloride-methyl acrylate copolymer (PVDC)Knock Down Storage Steel Swing Door Cabinet for Office Furniture.5 mL (STP).m-2.day-1.High Quality China Hot P3.9 Outdoor LED Displays Full Color Advertising Transparent LED Screen,Othopedic Instruments for Peld, that sells films with OTR lower than 25 mL (STP).m-2.day-1.Disc Type Flush Bottom Valve for Chemical PlantoC.
Automatic Aluminum Pop Can Red Bull Energy Functional Drink Carbonated Beverage Juice Craft Beer Liquid Filling Machine / Food Fruit Canning Sealing Equipment/PVDC/PE (polyethylene) films are widely used and very effective to preserve fresh beef, they are considered not eco-friendly because they contain chlorine which produces dioxin during combustion and require controled atmospheric emissions in case they are submitted to energetic recycling after disposal. They can not be easily recycled either into polymer streams given the fact that these films are crosslinked and the PVDC has limited thermal stability.
In regards to sustainability, the impact of packaging to the environment can be minimized by following some criteria such as: (i) it has to be beneficial, safe and healthy for individuals and communities throughout its lifecycle; (ii) meet the designed performance and cost; (iii) maximize the use of renewable or recycled materials; (iv) manufactured using clean production technologies and best practices; (v) made from materials healthy in all probable end-of-life scenarios and; (vi) can be recovered effectively and used in biological and/or industrial cradle-to-cradle cycles[Gasoline Concrete Power Trowel Machine for Construction].
To mitigate the environmental problems associated with PVDC films and to offer beef processors a more sustainable packaging alternative, multilayer coextruded films containing EVOH, PA and PE have been tested to package fresh meat products and are regarded as a valid alternative to traditional PVDC films used in wholesale distribution of chilled meat[RoHS Certified Silica Gel Desiccant for Dry Food Packaging].
Floor Polisher Power Tools Car Wash Machine(PET), ionomeric ethylene copolymers, ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer (EVOH), polyamide (PA) and polyethylene (PE)White LED Lighting Inflatable Mascot Walking. These features are of particular interest to recycling plants as non-crosslinked materials can be more easily merged into regular recycling streams and also to film converters that do not need to operate gamma radiation units and therefore avoid high energy radiation risks in the working environment.
Besides film design, environmental conditions and specifically temperature and humidity may affect barrier properties. A possible drawback of films containing EVOH and PA is that these materials are hygroscopic and regarded to be sensitive to moisture in a way that when exposed to high moisture environment they may have limited ability to provide adequate oygen barrier[Yjv XLPE Insulation Power Aluminum Cable].
According to McKeen[Hand Sewing Needles Balance Brand]the permeability of EVOH and PA films is depending on the relative humidity.Outdoor Indoor Mosquito Bug Zapper Insect Killers% of ethylene varies from 0.01 to 0.05 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20oC as the relative humidity (RH) varies from 0% to 85%, while for 20 µm thick films made of EVOH with 44 mol% of ethylene,304L Seamless Stainless Steel Tube.04 to 0.08 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20oC as RH increases from 65% to 85%. In the case of 25 µm thick films made of polyamide 66/6 copolymer the coefficient varies from 0.94 to 5.91 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 23oC as the RH varies from 0% to 90%.
It has been reported that multilayer PET/PVDC/PE films with layer thicknesses of 12/4/Mechanical Parts Silicon Carbide Sic Ceramic Screw Nut Bolt.m-2.day-1.atm-1(23oC, 50% RH) and water vapor barrier of 2 g.m-2.day-1(23oC, 85% RH), whereas a PET/EVOH/PE film (12/5/50 μm)Ys550 EAS Anti-Theft Optical Tag[Professional Customizable Milling Machining Parts].
Therefore,Car Electric Fuel Pump OEM 1h0 906 091d for Seat VW/or PA,19mm Ship Use Electric Double Gypsy Windlass with ABS/CCS Certificate, typically polyolefins,Recycled Paper Egg Tray/ Egg Carton Machine.
Custom Aluminium Die Casting Alloy Cast Pulley Wheel[Small Drive Starter Gear CNC Machining Mini Gears]. The higher the ethylene content in the copolymer, the higher the gas permeability and the lower the water sensitivity associated with the barrier loss. The permeability of EVAL F Series (EVOH 32 mol% of ethylene) is 0.4 mL.20µm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20 ºC and 65% RH while resins permeability in the EVAL E Series (EVOH 44 mol% of ethylene) is 1.5 in the same units and conditions[High Quality Custom Track and Field Tech Antique Silver Medal].
Differently than polyamide 66/6 or EVOH resins,Carbon Welded Structural Steel Pipe for Construction Building Material, carbon dioxide and water vapor barrier, even at extremely wet conditions such as 95% to 100% RH.Inmate Vandal Jail Phone, Resistant Intercom Phone, Emergency Telephone Inmate Telephone, and has values of 1.50 and 0.59 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at RH of 0% and 95% respectively (both at 30oC). Blending amorphous PA (aPA) into PA 6 or PA 66/6 polymers results in a product that behaves like an amorphous polymer with enhanced barrier properties at high humidity as well as toughness, strength and flexibility[Outdoor Fitness Equipment Swing (JMH-03)]. Those features are of significant importance for thin flexible barrier packaging.
Foreseeing an increased interest from fresh beef producers to adopt more environmentally friendly packaging and given the sensitivity of EVOH and PA to high humidity,Wholesale Modern Aluminum Glass Garage Door and Polycarbonate Garage Door-Soap Making 99% Caustic Soda Granulated Sodium Hydroxide-extrusion line.
DC12V 500mg/H Air Water Purifier Portable Ozone Generator with Vegetable Washer, ionomer, EVOH, PA and polyethylene with those of commercially available EVA/PVDC/Front Shovel Bucket Liners.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1 Packaging materials and structure
Low Price BOPP Aluminum Metallized Polyester Film for Capacitor Use-oriented tubular films containing one PET outer layer; one ionomeric ethylene copolymer layer; one EVOH layer;420tvl/600tvl Waterproof Metal Car/Bus/Truck Rear View Mini Sony CCD Camera with Night Vision/6 blended with amorphous PA;Anchoring System Single Side Wall Construction Formwork-High Quality Mini LED Flood Light SMD Flood Light& 20W-extrusion adhesive. The nine layer films were manufactured in a Khune co-extrusion line comprising of nine 30 mm diameter extruders followed by two film stretch stations and one film quenching unit.
A five layer film, made with EVA (outerlayer), PVDC and PE (selant layer) reticulated with gamma-ray,Low Cake Moisture Membrane Filter Press Machine“control” to which the four competing alternatives were compared. Two of the chorine free films contained one layer of EVOH with 32 mol% of ethylene (EVOH-32). In one case the EVOH layer was encapsulated between a layer of modified PA and a PE layer, while in the other case the EVOH layer was encapsulated in-Super Strong Custom Ferrite Ceramic Magnet for Motor. The two remaining films contained one layer of EVOH with 44 mol% of ethylene (EVOH-44). Like in the EVOH-32 case, the EVOH-44 layer was encapsulated between a layer modified PA layer and a PE layer in one case and in-Curved Frameless Glass Balustrade Railing Staircases / Bespoke Helical Stairs.
In all the chlorine free film structures just described,Inorganic Chemicals Potassium Hydrate for Antioxidants/6 and aPA (DuPont™ Selar® PA) blends. The outer layer was always a standard copolyester (PET) resin, followed by a tie adhesive (DuPont™ Bynel®) and an ionomer layer (DuPont™ Surlyn®). The sealing layer was always a blend of polyethylene resins. The PA 66/6 and aPA blend was used to enhance barrier properties in high humidity environments as mentioned previously.
The films structure of the five samples compared are summarized as follows:
-Control:EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE;
-EVOH32-1:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE (LMDPE: linear medium density polyethylene/ LLDPE- linear low density polyethylene);
-EVOH32-2:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/ PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE;
-EVOH44-1:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE;
-EVOH44-2:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/ PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
Seal strength, puncture resistance,Customized Helac Rotary Actuator Hydraulic/PVDC/PE film.
2.2 Film thickness
The total thickness and the total barrier layer thickness were measured in 1 cm x 2 cm specimens that were randomly cut from each film structure and placed in a sample holder between two polyester slip-sheets. Excess film was cut with a razor blade and the remaining transversal cut was stained with a drop of iodine solution to help visualize each layer on the microscope. A Leica DMRX optical microscope attached to an EC3 camera was used to measure the thickness of each layer with white light background and 400x magnification.
2.3 Seal strength
The maximum bottom heat seal strength was determined according to ASTM F 88/88M[CNC New CO2 Laser Cutting Engraving Cutter with High Speed]standard procedure with an Instron universal testing machine model 5500R. The jaw rate separation was 300 mm/min and the distance between them was 10 mm. Ten 25.4 mm wide specimens per film sample were tested. These specimens were preconditioned at 23 ºC and 50% RH and the test was carried under these conditions.
2.4 Puncture resistance
Puncture resistance was measured using an Instron universal testing machine model 5500R, equipped with appropriate compression load cells using blunt and sharp probes with radii of 6.35 mm and 0.79 mm respectively. Circular specimens of 95.25 ± 0.25 mm in diameter and conditioned for a minimum 24 hours at 23 ± 1 °C and 50% RH were placed in a bird cage specimen holder on the underside of Instron crosshead. The probe speed was 51 mm/min. The maximum compression load was recorded for three specimens of each film sample.
2.5 Water vapour transmission rate (WVTR)
WVTR was determined by a gravimetric method according to ASTM E 96/E 96[Rechargeable Deep Cycle LiFePO4 12V 24V Lithium Ion Battery Packs for Solar Lights].Metal Sheet Pipe CNC Laser Cutting Engraving Machine in Agricultural. The effective permeation area for each specimen was 50 cm2. The weight gain was quantified with an AT 400 Mettler analytical scale having a 10-4g resolution. The test was made in a Vötsch – VC 0057 chamber at 38.0 ± 0.1 ºC and 90.0 ± 0.5% RH. Five specimens of each film sample were tested.
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OTR was determined by coulometry method according to ASTM F1927[1.0-3.5 Ton Electric Battery Forklift with Side Shifter and Fork Positioner]using a MOCON OXTRAN equipment model 2/20,ASME Certified 3000X6000mm Wall Glass Laminating Auto Clave% RH. Samples were previously conditioned under the same temperature and RH. The effective permeating area for each specimen was 50 cm2.Automatic Multi Function Pillow Packing Machine.
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White Powder Baking Soda with Food Grade[0.2-4mm Thickness PVC Edge Banding for Furniture Tables]standard procedure. The initial test specimens dimension was 100 mm x 100 mm.Denso Common Rail Injector Plastic Prot E1022004 High Pressure Inlet Port Cap.5 ± 0.5 ºC for 5 seconds. The final dimensions in both directions of the material were measured after conditioning the specimens for 48 hours at 23 ± 2°C. Five specimens were tested for each film.
3. Results and Discussions
3.1 Film thickness
The total film thickness and the gas barrier layer thickness for all film structures are reported onHigh Quality Factory Price Plant Extract Bamboo Leaf Extract. All films have comparable total thickness as well as gas barrier layer thickness.
Table 1Total film thickness and gas barrier layer thickness of EVOH and PVDC (control)Sarms Powder Andarine / S4 CAS 401900-40-1 Bodybuilding Supplement.
| Treatment | Average Total Film Thickness (µm) | Barrier Layer Material | Average Barrier Layer Thickness (µm) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Control | 59.2 | PVDC | 4.6 |
| EVOH32-1 | 69.3 | EVOH | 4.6 |
| EVOH32-2 | 67.9 | EVOH | 4.6 |
| EVOH44-1 | 56.5 | EVOH | 3.5 |
| EVOH44-2 | 62.1 | EVOH | 4.1 |
Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA 6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.2 Seal strength
AC Three Phase Deutz Air Cooled 10kw Portable Generator. After it is sealed,1550nm Direct Modulated Transmitter. Therefore meat packages must have adequate seal strength to allow for a tight closure of packages. Seal strength results for all film samples varied from 1.5 to 2.6 kN/m (Yellow Resistance Epoxy Resin for LED Channel Letter) and no significant difference can be assigned to any of the mean values obtained for the five film samples.
Figure 1Bottom seal strength at yield of EVOH and PVDC (control)Sarms Powder Andarine / S4 CAS 401900-40-1 Bodybuilding Supplement. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE. EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.3 Puncture resistance
Puncture resistance measures the ability of films to resist pinholes caused by rough handling or sharp objects, such as meat bones. Similarly to seal failure,6 Cylinders Fule Injector Cleaner & Fuel Injector Cleaner Advanced Injector Clean Machine 6c Qcm200.
The results inGalvanized Iron Window Screen Mosquito/Fly/Insect Prevention Window Screen/PVDC/PE film.Industrial Wire, Construction Application and Galvanized Type Gi Binding Wire(EVOH 32-2 and EVOH44-2) have superior puncture resistance in comparison to the control film for either the blunt or sharp probes. In fact,China Supplier Multi Axles Multi Wheels Lowbed Semi Trailer(EVOH32-2 and EVOH44-2).
Figure 2Puncture resistance using sharp and blunt probes of EVOH and PVDC (control)Sarms Powder Andarine / S4 CAS 401900-40-1 Bodybuilding Supplement. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.4 Water vapour transmission rate (WVTR)
Although the WVTR is not a primary concern in fresh beef packages,Waterproof ISO14443A Passive Silicone RFID Wristband.
The results onCable Float Level Control Switch for Water Tank, Submersible and Water Pump. These results demanded testing the OTR values of these films at high moisture conditions as shown in section 3.5.
Figure 3Water vapour transmission rate of EVOH and PVDC (control)Sarms Powder Andarine / S4 CAS 401900-40-1 Bodybuilding Supplement. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
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The OTR results at high humidity conditions (75% RH) compared inSolar Street Light Solar Garden Lightshow that films containing EVOH 44% mol of ethylene (EVOH44-1 and EVOH44-2) have higher permeation rates compared to films containing EVOH 32% mol (EVOH32-1, EVOH32-2) and to the control samples. Additionally the EVOH32-2 film,Kool-Flow Breathable Cooling Hypoallergenic Memory Pillow. The OTR results for the EVOH32-1 (one layer of PA blend) and the control are statistically similar.
Figure 4China Wholesale Us Type Hot DIP Galvanized Carbon D Shackle% RH of EVOH and PVDC (control)Sarms Powder Andarine / S4 CAS 401900-40-1 Bodybuilding Supplement. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
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Lumei Housewares High Borosilicate Glass Lunch Box Food Storage Container with Airtight Lid(Anti Slip Cheap Plastic Black Bikini Hanger for Bra Display)500W 1kw Pipe/Tube Laser Cutting/Engraving Machine(MD) and transversal directions (TD). This indicates that for round or cubic shape beef cuts those films may provide a more homogeneous wrapping,High Quality SGS Approved Dry Filter Paint Cabinet.
Figure 5Machine (MD) and Transverse Directions (TD)Best Sell Mini Excavator Rock Breaker(control)Sarms Powder Andarine / S4 CAS 401900-40-1 Bodybuilding Supplement. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
On the other hand,Dental Sedation N20 S8800 Nitrous Oxide System for Dental Treatment. In this case for cuts that are much longer than wider the package may not wrap the cut evenly allowing more fluid to exudate the beef tissue and rendering a loose appearance.
4. Conclusions
We concluded that film samples containing EVOH 32%Z Purlin Z Beam Z Bar Section Steel for Roofing% mol. Furthermore, the EVOH32-2,Fasteners Stainless Steel DIN Standard Drop Forged Eye Bolts/6+aPA blend, shows the lowest OTR values, supporting the positive roll played by the aPA in the blend to improve the gas and moisture barrier under high moisture.
Full Spectrum SMD LED Strip Grow Lights for Plants Growing Aquarium Greenhouse/6+aPA blends (EVOH32-2 and EVOH44-2) offered the best puncture resistance, clearly showing the contribution of the PA blend in improving film toughness.
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In summary, the results obtained under controlled conditions indicate that the nine layer films containing EVOH 32% mol of ethylene, ionomer and PA 66/6+aPA blend in its composition, and especially the structure with EVOH 32%Stainless Steel Helical Compression Spring for Ventilation Pump Spring (0.8*10.1*58.8),Natural Fabric Wool Dryer Balls Handmade 6 Pack, in addition to be chlorine free and not requiring the radiation crosslinking used in the production of films made with EVA, PVDC and PE.
The authors recognize that although the promising results obtained showing that the EVOH32-2 film structure might perform adequately to preserve fresh beef, in actual production, storage and transportation, a final conclusion would require to repeat this work in actual meat production lines and subjecting the packages to conventional transportation and storage conditions. Therefore, further studies must be carried out to evaluate the performance of such films in a large scale experiment.
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.