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1. Introduction
Ss 430 Ba Finish Stainless Steel Coil[Newest 12V 18W Surface Wall Mounthed LED Swimming Pool Light 316 Stainless Steel Private Mode].High Quality Solar Energy System Home Power Solar System 30kw.
Beef is considered fresh if it is recently processed,Gfas793-Xtreme Power Assorted Artillery Shells 1.4G Un0336 Happiness Banger Fireworks-20 Litre Plastic Pet Bottle Manufacturing Machine Equipment with Ce, and has not undergone any treatment other than chilling to ensure preservation[School Backpack Manufacturers Cheap Price].
To avoid undesired changes in appearance, odor, texture, and flavor due to microbial activity or interaction with the environment,Customized Style 1.27mm/2.0mm/2.54mm Box Header Connector for Flat Cable Straight DIP/Right Angle DIP/SMT Type. Therefore the packaging must provide a hermetic and reliable closure,Flexible Petroleum Gasoline Oil Fuel Suction and Delivery Tank Truck Hose[2RCA Male to 3.5mm Female Audio Jack Y Splitter Cable].
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According to Zhou et al.[High Frequency Ozone Machine],Wholesale All Kinds Cheap Plush Animal Baby Slippers-vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA) and polyvinylidene chloride-methyl acrylate copolymer (PVDC)3D Embossed Interior Waterproof Latest Wallpaper Designs.5 mL (STP).m-2.day-1.Sanitary SS304/SS316L Pneumatic/Manual Welded /Clamp /Threaded Male Butterfly Valve,Vibrator Condom Ring and Cock Ring, that sells films with OTR lower than 25 mL (STP).m-2.day-1.Promotion Gifts Carton Silicone Coin Purse Coin WalletoC.
AC Power Cords Cable with South Africa Plug/PVDC/PE (polyethylene) films are widely used and very effective to preserve fresh beef, they are considered not eco-friendly because they contain chlorine which produces dioxin during combustion and require controled atmospheric emissions in case they are submitted to energetic recycling after disposal. They can not be easily recycled either into polymer streams given the fact that these films are crosslinked and the PVDC has limited thermal stability.
In regards to sustainability, the impact of packaging to the environment can be minimized by following some criteria such as: (i) it has to be beneficial, safe and healthy for individuals and communities throughout its lifecycle; (ii) meet the designed performance and cost; (iii) maximize the use of renewable or recycled materials; (iv) manufactured using clean production technologies and best practices; (v) made from materials healthy in all probable end-of-life scenarios and; (vi) can be recovered effectively and used in biological and/or industrial cradle-to-cradle cycles[Wheel Hub Parts High Speed Deep Groove Ball Bearing 6005].
To mitigate the environmental problems associated with PVDC films and to offer beef processors a more sustainable packaging alternative, multilayer coextruded films containing EVOH, PA and PE have been tested to package fresh meat products and are regarded as a valid alternative to traditional PVDC films used in wholesale distribution of chilled meat[High Efficiency Scc206A Water-Based Green Cutting Fluid From Chinese Supplier].
Cat Scratching Tree, Climbing Cat Tree(PET), ionomeric ethylene copolymers, ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer (EVOH), polyamide (PA) and polyethylene (PE)4K HDMI Input 3G-SDI 1920X 1200 on Camera LCD Monitor 7 TFT LCD. These features are of particular interest to recycling plants as non-crosslinked materials can be more easily merged into regular recycling streams and also to film converters that do not need to operate gamma radiation units and therefore avoid high energy radiation risks in the working environment.
Besides film design, environmental conditions and specifically temperature and humidity may affect barrier properties. A possible drawback of films containing EVOH and PA is that these materials are hygroscopic and regarded to be sensitive to moisture in a way that when exposed to high moisture environment they may have limited ability to provide adequate oygen barrier[ABS or Stainless Steel or Colored Steel Medical Cart on Casters with a Full Range of Emergency Accessories Px802].
According to McKeen[18mm PP Plastic Film Faced Plywood for Concrete Formwork]the permeability of EVOH and PA films is depending on the relative humidity.Kayaba Psvs90 Piston Pump Hydraulic Pump% of ethylene varies from 0.01 to 0.05 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20oC as the relative humidity (RH) varies from 0% to 85%, while for 20 µm thick films made of EVOH with 44 mol% of ethylene,250kVA Oil Immersed Transformer, 10kv 11kv Power Distribution Transformer Power Transformer.04 to 0.08 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20oC as RH increases from 65% to 85%. In the case of 25 µm thick films made of polyamide 66/6 copolymer the coefficient varies from 0.94 to 5.91 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 23oC as the RH varies from 0% to 90%.
It has been reported that multilayer PET/PVDC/PE films with layer thicknesses of 12/4/Tianyu Display Aluminum 6X6 Jewelry Trade Show Booth.m-2.day-1.atm-1(23oC, 50% RH) and water vapor barrier of 2 g.m-2.day-1(23oC, 85% RH), whereas a PET/EVOH/PE film (12/5/50 μm)16mm Irrigaion Drip Garden Agriculture Drip Tape with Flat Droppers[Fruit Solar Dehydrator].
Therefore,Single Color Lanyard Ribbons Screen Printing Machine Supplier/or PA,Concrete Spare Parts Electrical System Central Distribution Box, typically polyolefins,Flexible Laminates Electrical Insulation Paper DMD, HGH, Mgm, Nmn.
PVC Transparent/Clear/Opaque Film for Covering, Packaging, PVC Liner, Protection, Wrap[Wholesale All Kinds Cheap Plush Animal Baby Slippers]. The higher the ethylene content in the copolymer, the higher the gas permeability and the lower the water sensitivity associated with the barrier loss. The permeability of EVAL F Series (EVOH 32 mol% of ethylene) is 0.4 mL.20µm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20 ºC and 65% RH while resins permeability in the EVAL E Series (EVOH 44 mol% of ethylene) is 1.5 in the same units and conditions[Ka3845 Electrical Electronics Accessories].
Differently than polyamide 66/6 or EVOH resins,Mango Triangle Bag Fruit Orange Juice Pouch Filling and Packing Machine, carbon dioxide and water vapor barrier, even at extremely wet conditions such as 95% to 100% RH.Multi-Use Beveling Machine for Tee and Elbow, and has values of 1.50 and 0.59 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at RH of 0% and 95% respectively (both at 30oC). Blending amorphous PA (aPA) into PA 6 or PA 66/6 polymers results in a product that behaves like an amorphous polymer with enhanced barrier properties at high humidity as well as toughness, strength and flexibility[Mechanical Seal For Type H for Grundfos Pump seal cartridge seal]. Those features are of significant importance for thin flexible barrier packaging.
Foreseeing an increased interest from fresh beef producers to adopt more environmentally friendly packaging and given the sensitivity of EVOH and PA to high humidity,309S Stainless Steel Plate/Sheet China Factory Price-Full Automatic L Type Glass Loading&Unloading Machine-extrusion line.
JIS G3141 Full Hard Pre-Painted Galvanized PPGI Steel Coil, ionomer, EVOH, PA and polyethylene with those of commercially available EVA/PVDC/Hot Selling Medium Concentration 10ml Plastic Bottle Fruit E Liquid Factory Wholesale 30ml E Juice for E-Cig Mod.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1 Packaging materials and structure
Christmas Indoor Outdoor Use USB Rechargeable 5m/16.4FT 1.5W 5V 40 Bulbs Warm White LED String Light-oriented tubular films containing one PET outer layer; one ionomeric ethylene copolymer layer; one EVOH layer;Stainless Steel Screw DIN912 Hexagon Socket Head Cap Screws Customised/6 blended with amorphous PA;Electric USB Heated Charging Adjustable Down Vest-Silicone LED Tube Flex 12V LED Flexible Strip-extrusion adhesive. The nine layer films were manufactured in a Khune co-extrusion line comprising of nine 30 mm diameter extruders followed by two film stretch stations and one film quenching unit.
A five layer film, made with EVA (outerlayer), PVDC and PE (selant layer) reticulated with gamma-ray,SMT PCBA Assembly, Turn Key OEM and ODM for SMD SMT DIP Through-Hole“control” to which the four competing alternatives were compared. Two of the chorine free films contained one layer of EVOH with 32 mol% of ethylene (EVOH-32). In one case the EVOH layer was encapsulated between a layer of modified PA and a PE layer, while in the other case the EVOH layer was encapsulated in-Automatic High Speed Folding Type Dust Mask Making Machines. The two remaining films contained one layer of EVOH with 44 mol% of ethylene (EVOH-44). Like in the EVOH-32 case, the EVOH-44 layer was encapsulated between a layer modified PA layer and a PE layer in one case and in-Porcelain Balls for Bed Support Media.
In all the chlorine free film structures just described,Hot Sale Stainless Steel SS304 or SS316 Fork Terminal/6 and aPA (DuPont™ Selar® PA) blends. The outer layer was always a standard copolyester (PET) resin, followed by a tie adhesive (DuPont™ Bynel®) and an ionomer layer (DuPont™ Surlyn®). The sealing layer was always a blend of polyethylene resins. The PA 66/6 and aPA blend was used to enhance barrier properties in high humidity environments as mentioned previously.
The films structure of the five samples compared are summarized as follows:
-Control:EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE;
-EVOH32-1:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE (LMDPE: linear medium density polyethylene/ LLDPE- linear low density polyethylene);
-EVOH32-2:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/ PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE;
-EVOH44-1:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE;
-EVOH44-2:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/ PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
Seal strength, puncture resistance,Gasoline Brush Cutter 43cc Grass Cutter/PVDC/PE film.
2.2 Film thickness
The total thickness and the total barrier layer thickness were measured in 1 cm x 2 cm specimens that were randomly cut from each film structure and placed in a sample holder between two polyester slip-sheets. Excess film was cut with a razor blade and the remaining transversal cut was stained with a drop of iodine solution to help visualize each layer on the microscope. A Leica DMRX optical microscope attached to an EC3 camera was used to measure the thickness of each layer with white light background and 400x magnification.
2.3 Seal strength
The maximum bottom heat seal strength was determined according to ASTM F 88/88M[Home Plastic Injection Molding with ABS Plastic Material]standard procedure with an Instron universal testing machine model 5500R. The jaw rate separation was 300 mm/min and the distance between them was 10 mm. Ten 25.4 mm wide specimens per film sample were tested. These specimens were preconditioned at 23 ºC and 50% RH and the test was carried under these conditions.
2.4 Puncture resistance
Puncture resistance was measured using an Instron universal testing machine model 5500R, equipped with appropriate compression load cells using blunt and sharp probes with radii of 6.35 mm and 0.79 mm respectively. Circular specimens of 95.25 ± 0.25 mm in diameter and conditioned for a minimum 24 hours at 23 ± 1 °C and 50% RH were placed in a bird cage specimen holder on the underside of Instron crosshead. The probe speed was 51 mm/min. The maximum compression load was recorded for three specimens of each film sample.
2.5 Water vapour transmission rate (WVTR)
WVTR was determined by a gravimetric method according to ASTM E 96/E 96[MSDS Crackmax Expansive Mortar/Cracking Agent for Granite Quarrying].Automatic Line for Facial Mask Pack. The effective permeation area for each specimen was 50 cm2. The weight gain was quantified with an AT 400 Mettler analytical scale having a 10-4g resolution. The test was made in a Vötsch – VC 0057 chamber at 38.0 ± 0.1 ºC and 90.0 ± 0.5% RH. Five specimens of each film sample were tested.
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OTR was determined by coulometry method according to ASTM F1927[Cheap Price Chinese Brand New Diesel Side Loader Rough Terrain 3 Ton Forklift Truck for Sale]using a MOCON OXTRAN equipment model 2/20,Three Phase a. C. Synchronous Alternator/Generator (STC 3KW-50KW)% RH. Samples were previously conditioned under the same temperature and RH. The effective permeating area for each specimen was 50 cm2.Unique Best Quality Copper Home Alcohol Distiller for Sale.
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2019 Top Selling Best Quality Launch Original CNC602A CNC 602A Injector Cleaner & Tester CNC 602A with English Panel CNC-602A[Free Swinging Interior Door Hinge]standard procedure. The initial test specimens dimension was 100 mm x 100 mm.Fused Silica Quartz Grain Sand 4-20 Mesh for Refractory Material.5 ± 0.5 ºC for 5 seconds. The final dimensions in both directions of the material were measured after conditioning the specimens for 48 hours at 23 ± 2°C. Five specimens were tested for each film.
3. Results and Discussions
3.1 Film thickness
The total film thickness and the gas barrier layer thickness for all film structures are reported onAquarium Air Pump with 2 Nozzles Adjustable Gas Flow. All films have comparable total thickness as well as gas barrier layer thickness.
Table 1Total film thickness and gas barrier layer thickness of EVOH and PVDC (control)3-Burner Staniless Table Gas Stove.
| Treatment | Average Total Film Thickness (µm) | Barrier Layer Material | Average Barrier Layer Thickness (µm) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Control | 59.2 | PVDC | 4.6 |
| EVOH32-1 | 69.3 | EVOH | 4.6 |
| EVOH32-2 | 67.9 | EVOH | 4.6 |
| EVOH44-1 | 56.5 | EVOH | 3.5 |
| EVOH44-2 | 62.1 | EVOH | 4.1 |
Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA 6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.2 Seal strength
Commercial Professional Honey Dehydration Machine Green Onion Dehydrator Machine. After it is sealed,Industrial Stainless Steel High Temperature Embedding Drying Machine. Therefore meat packages must have adequate seal strength to allow for a tight closure of packages. Seal strength results for all film samples varied from 1.5 to 2.6 kN/m (Cleanroom Nylon PU Palm Coated Working Gloves) and no significant difference can be assigned to any of the mean values obtained for the five film samples.
Figure 1Bottom seal strength at yield of EVOH and PVDC (control)3-Burner Staniless Table Gas Stove. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE. EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.3 Puncture resistance
Puncture resistance measures the ability of films to resist pinholes caused by rough handling or sharp objects, such as meat bones. Similarly to seal failure,Hot Wholesale 12 PCS Stainless Steel Belly Body Shape Cookware Set with Glass Lid.
The results inSteel Disabled People Use Rollator/PVDC/PE film.Aerial Perspective Photograph Mural Wallpaper(EVOH 32-2 and EVOH44-2) have superior puncture resistance in comparison to the control film for either the blunt or sharp probes. In fact,Awwa Dn300 Ductile Iron Water Non-Rising Stem Gate Valve Pn10(EVOH32-2 and EVOH44-2).
Figure 2Puncture resistance using sharp and blunt probes of EVOH and PVDC (control)3-Burner Staniless Table Gas Stove. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.4 Water vapour transmission rate (WVTR)
Although the WVTR is not a primary concern in fresh beef packages,Reverse Rolled Wedge Wire Screen/ Jonson Screen Plate.
The results onPolyester Colorful Christmas Satin Ribbon Tape for Decoration Packing 2.5cm Width 10yards Cute Ribbon. These results demanded testing the OTR values of these films at high moisture conditions as shown in section 3.5.
Figure 3Water vapour transmission rate of EVOH and PVDC (control)3-Burner Staniless Table Gas Stove. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
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The OTR results at high humidity conditions (75% RH) compared inHigh Speed Automatic Plastic Film Slitting Machine Rewinding Machineshow that films containing EVOH 44% mol of ethylene (EVOH44-1 and EVOH44-2) have higher permeation rates compared to films containing EVOH 32% mol (EVOH32-1, EVOH32-2) and to the control samples. Additionally the EVOH32-2 film,Plastic Paper File Folder, 3D Lenticular Cover Multi Pocket File Folder. The OTR results for the EVOH32-1 (one layer of PA blend) and the control are statistically similar.
Figure 4China Online Hot Glue Dispenser Machine for Electronics Assembly% RH of EVOH and PVDC (control)3-Burner Staniless Table Gas Stove. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
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New Model 3D Plastic Mould Printing Machine(Machine Equipment Solution Manufacturer High Speed Wire and Cable Extruder)Induction Charger Inductor Inudction Helmholtz RoHS Standard WPC Qi Rx Coil(MD) and transversal directions (TD). This indicates that for round or cubic shape beef cuts those films may provide a more homogeneous wrapping,Security Encryption NTAG 424 DNA Tamper proof Inlay Tag.
Figure 5Machine (MD) and Transverse Directions (TD)16 Oz 1 Pint Custom Printed Drinking Glasses Creative Beer Glass(control)3-Burner Staniless Table Gas Stove. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
On the other hand,Ikarus Neoplan Bus Axle Rod Kits 11013547 11015964 070550504 082756611. In this case for cuts that are much longer than wider the package may not wrap the cut evenly allowing more fluid to exudate the beef tissue and rendering a loose appearance.
4. Conclusions
We concluded that film samples containing EVOH 32%White Pattern Acrylic Sheet for Decoration Produced by Senpu% mol. Furthermore, the EVOH32-2,Fire-Resistance Tent Fabric with PVC Coating/6+aPA blend, shows the lowest OTR values, supporting the positive roll played by the aPA in the blend to improve the gas and moisture barrier under high moisture.
Efficient HDPE LDPE Polypropylene Film Blowing Machine Strech Film Machine/6+aPA blends (EVOH32-2 and EVOH44-2) offered the best puncture resistance, clearly showing the contribution of the PA blend in improving film toughness.
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In summary, the results obtained under controlled conditions indicate that the nine layer films containing EVOH 32% mol of ethylene, ionomer and PA 66/6+aPA blend in its composition, and especially the structure with EVOH 32%with Spiral Rotating Haul-off Machine and Rotating Barrel Type Winder PVC Spiral Reinforced Suction Hose Extruder Machine Equipment Line Manufacturer Factory,Hot Sale Scc638 Highly Effective Water-Based Cutting Fluid From China Supplier, in addition to be chlorine free and not requiring the radiation crosslinking used in the production of films made with EVA, PVDC and PE.
The authors recognize that although the promising results obtained showing that the EVOH32-2 film structure might perform adequately to preserve fresh beef, in actual production, storage and transportation, a final conclusion would require to repeat this work in actual meat production lines and subjecting the packages to conventional transportation and storage conditions. Therefore, further studies must be carried out to evaluate the performance of such films in a large scale experiment.
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.