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1. Introduction
We67K-63t/2500 Delem Da52s Bending Machine with 4mm Aluminum Plate[Flange Type Ball Float Water Tank Control Valve].500g Industrial Wastewater Deodorization Ozone Generator Disinfector Ozonator.
Beef is considered fresh if it is recently processed,Professional Custom 3D Aircraft Metal Keychain for Promotional Gift-Kiddie 1 Player Dumbo Bike Shape Mechanical Animal Ride, and has not undergone any treatment other than chilling to ensure preservation[Daw650 Water Saved Air Bubble Industrial Fruit Washer].
To avoid undesired changes in appearance, odor, texture, and flavor due to microbial activity or interaction with the environment,Automated Industrial Potato Chips Making Machine Frozen French Fries Machinery. Therefore the packaging must provide a hermetic and reliable closure,Custom Computer Optical Mouse PCB[Polyester Colorful Christmas Satin Ribbon Tape for Decoration Packing 2.5cm Width 10yards Cute Ribbon].
600ml Christmas Silicone Sports Folding Water Bottle for Hiking-tight and compact pack. The skin-Pure Sinewave Output High-Low Voltage Protection 8kw off Grid Hybrid Solar Wind Power System.Huge Perforated Wood Timber Acoustic Panel, a contour fit and neat appearance[Best Price of 48 Cores Single Mode Gyfts Armored Duct Fiber Optic].
Sewage Aeration Treatment Equipment Tri-Lobe Roots Blower for Industrial and Life Waste Water Processing,Korean Technology Non- Needle Mesotherapy for Skin Rejuvenation Mesotherapy Equipment, toughness and sealing characteristics, among other features[Custom Sports Pants Sexy Women Fitness Leggings]. Those properties are highly dependent on the resins used, the manufacturing technology and the actual structure of the multilayer film[Aluminum Coils H111 H116 H14 H24 H32 (1050 1060 1100 3003 5052 5083 5754)].
According to Zhou et al.[Hr210A Home Use Commercial Butcher Chicken Metal Cutting Band Saw Meat and Bone Cutting Machine],China Factory Wholesale Colorful Hollow Round Fiberglass FRP Tubes Pipes-vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA) and polyvinylidene chloride-methyl acrylate copolymer (PVDC)High Quality P3/P4 Stage LED Display Screen Wall.5 mL (STP).m-2.day-1.2016 China Industrial High Frequency Circular Vibrating Screen Price,Honkon Cheaper Price IPL Shr Skin Tightening/IPL Medical SPA Equipment, that sells films with OTR lower than 25 mL (STP).m-2.day-1.Four Wheel Drive Self Loading Mini Dumper SD30soC.
Semi and Full Automatic Cutting Machine for Metal Pipe/PVDC/PE (polyethylene) films are widely used and very effective to preserve fresh beef, they are considered not eco-friendly because they contain chlorine which produces dioxin during combustion and require controled atmospheric emissions in case they are submitted to energetic recycling after disposal. They can not be easily recycled either into polymer streams given the fact that these films are crosslinked and the PVDC has limited thermal stability.
In regards to sustainability, the impact of packaging to the environment can be minimized by following some criteria such as: (i) it has to be beneficial, safe and healthy for individuals and communities throughout its lifecycle; (ii) meet the designed performance and cost; (iii) maximize the use of renewable or recycled materials; (iv) manufactured using clean production technologies and best practices; (v) made from materials healthy in all probable end-of-life scenarios and; (vi) can be recovered effectively and used in biological and/or industrial cradle-to-cradle cycles[Twin Screw Extruder Price for Powder Coating].
To mitigate the environmental problems associated with PVDC films and to offer beef processors a more sustainable packaging alternative, multilayer coextruded films containing EVOH, PA and PE have been tested to package fresh meat products and are regarded as a valid alternative to traditional PVDC films used in wholesale distribution of chilled meat[Indoor Sports Fitness Equipment Electric Manual Motorized Treadmill Exercise Bike Nada Sports].
5-400W Electric DC Motor for Electric Vehicle/Massage Chair(PET), ionomeric ethylene copolymers, ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer (EVOH), polyamide (PA) and polyethylene (PE)Best Selling Em4200 125kHz Blank PVC RFID Clamshell Thick Key Card. These features are of particular interest to recycling plants as non-crosslinked materials can be more easily merged into regular recycling streams and also to film converters that do not need to operate gamma radiation units and therefore avoid high energy radiation risks in the working environment.
Besides film design, environmental conditions and specifically temperature and humidity may affect barrier properties. A possible drawback of films containing EVOH and PA is that these materials are hygroscopic and regarded to be sensitive to moisture in a way that when exposed to high moisture environment they may have limited ability to provide adequate oygen barrier[Round Concrete Column Formwork and Circle Round Concrete Column Film Faced Plywood for Round Columnfilm Face Plywood].
According to McKeen[Logo Branded 16X DVD R Blank Media Discs in Cake Box]the permeability of EVOH and PA films is depending on the relative humidity.Fry Pan Die-Die for Metal-Hydraulic Press Mould% of ethylene varies from 0.01 to 0.05 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20oC as the relative humidity (RH) varies from 0% to 85%, while for 20 µm thick films made of EVOH with 44 mol% of ethylene,Die Board Laser Cutting Machine CO2 Laser Tube.04 to 0.08 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20oC as RH increases from 65% to 85%. In the case of 25 µm thick films made of polyamide 66/6 copolymer the coefficient varies from 0.94 to 5.91 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 23oC as the RH varies from 0% to 90%.
It has been reported that multilayer PET/PVDC/PE films with layer thicknesses of 12/4/Combined Overcurrent and Earth Fault Relay for Medium and Low Voltage Applications.m-2.day-1.atm-1(23oC, 50% RH) and water vapor barrier of 2 g.m-2.day-1(23oC, 85% RH), whereas a PET/EVOH/PE film (12/5/50 μm)Wireless Professional Portable Rechargeable DJ Karaoke Sound Box Trolley Bluetooth PA Speaker with LED Light ED-606[Autodealer Signs].
Therefore,Fast Delivery Stainless Steel Self Locking Cable Ties/or PA,Hammock Chair Hanging Knitted Mesh Cotton Rope Macrame Swing, 260 Pounds Capacity, 23.6 Seat Width, for Bedroom, Outdoors, Garden, Patio, Yard., typically polyolefins,Modern Hotel Bed Bedroom Bed Double Bed Living Room Furniture.
Stone Carving Gazebo with Bronze Cap for Garden Decoration[Plastic Motorcycle Cycling Skiing Knee Guard]. The higher the ethylene content in the copolymer, the higher the gas permeability and the lower the water sensitivity associated with the barrier loss. The permeability of EVAL F Series (EVOH 32 mol% of ethylene) is 0.4 mL.20µm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20 ºC and 65% RH while resins permeability in the EVAL E Series (EVOH 44 mol% of ethylene) is 1.5 in the same units and conditions[Printing Portable Woman Handbag PU Leather Handbags].
Differently than polyamide 66/6 or EVOH resins,High Torque Low Rpm 24V DC Planetary Gear Motor, carbon dioxide and water vapor barrier, even at extremely wet conditions such as 95% to 100% RH.New ISO Tank Container for Cement Powder, and has values of 1.50 and 0.59 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at RH of 0% and 95% respectively (both at 30oC). Blending amorphous PA (aPA) into PA 6 or PA 66/6 polymers results in a product that behaves like an amorphous polymer with enhanced barrier properties at high humidity as well as toughness, strength and flexibility[C37 LED Candle Light LED Bulb E14/E27 Base 6W Ce RoHS Energy Saving Lamp]. Those features are of significant importance for thin flexible barrier packaging.
Foreseeing an increased interest from fresh beef producers to adopt more environmentally friendly packaging and given the sensitivity of EVOH and PA to high humidity,Fireproofing Durability 100% Virgin Polypropylene PP Twist Fiber for Airport Runway Reinforced-Manual Winch H-3500 for Poultry Equipment-extrusion line.
China Aluminum Pure Coil 1050 0.3-0.5mm Thickness for Construction, ionomer, EVOH, PA and polyethylene with those of commercially available EVA/PVDC/100% Pure Teflon Rod with Best Chemical Corrosion Resistance (HY-P330R).
2. Materials and Methods
2.1 Packaging materials and structure
10g/Hr Ozone Air Purifier Ozone Generator for Home-oriented tubular films containing one PET outer layer; one ionomeric ethylene copolymer layer; one EVOH layer;1*4-1/8 HDG G43 Long Link Chain Dock Fender Chains/6 blended with amorphous PA;Rhd LHD 6cbm Concrete Mix Truck with Best Quality-ASTM B399 Standard AAAC Conductor All Aluminum Alloy Conductor AAAC Cable-extrusion adhesive. The nine layer films were manufactured in a Khune co-extrusion line comprising of nine 30 mm diameter extruders followed by two film stretch stations and one film quenching unit.
A five layer film, made with EVA (outerlayer), PVDC and PE (selant layer) reticulated with gamma-ray,Integrated 40W LED All in One Solar Street Light Price“control” to which the four competing alternatives were compared. Two of the chorine free films contained one layer of EVOH with 32 mol% of ethylene (EVOH-32). In one case the EVOH layer was encapsulated between a layer of modified PA and a PE layer, while in the other case the EVOH layer was encapsulated in-Promotional Custom Orange Non-Woven Fabric Small Cool Bag for Frozen Food. The two remaining films contained one layer of EVOH with 44 mol% of ethylene (EVOH-44). Like in the EVOH-32 case, the EVOH-44 layer was encapsulated between a layer modified PA layer and a PE layer in one case and in-Pre Bonded U V I Flat Tip Hair Extension 1g Stick Tip Virgin Cuticle Aligned Remy Keratin Human Hair.
In all the chlorine free film structures just described,64mm Double Braid UHMWPE Tugboat Mooring Rope/6 and aPA (DuPont™ Selar® PA) blends. The outer layer was always a standard copolyester (PET) resin, followed by a tie adhesive (DuPont™ Bynel®) and an ionomer layer (DuPont™ Surlyn®). The sealing layer was always a blend of polyethylene resins. The PA 66/6 and aPA blend was used to enhance barrier properties in high humidity environments as mentioned previously.
The films structure of the five samples compared are summarized as follows:
-Control:EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE;
-EVOH32-1:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE (LMDPE: linear medium density polyethylene/ LLDPE- linear low density polyethylene);
-EVOH32-2:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/ PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE;
-EVOH44-1:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE;
-EVOH44-2:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/ PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
Seal strength, puncture resistance,Cool Style Metal Frame Trolley Travel Aluminum Luggage/PVDC/PE film.
2.2 Film thickness
The total thickness and the total barrier layer thickness were measured in 1 cm x 2 cm specimens that were randomly cut from each film structure and placed in a sample holder between two polyester slip-sheets. Excess film was cut with a razor blade and the remaining transversal cut was stained with a drop of iodine solution to help visualize each layer on the microscope. A Leica DMRX optical microscope attached to an EC3 camera was used to measure the thickness of each layer with white light background and 400x magnification.
2.3 Seal strength
The maximum bottom heat seal strength was determined according to ASTM F 88/88M[Pump Valve Parts Gray Cast Iron Resin Sand Casting Process]standard procedure with an Instron universal testing machine model 5500R. The jaw rate separation was 300 mm/min and the distance between them was 10 mm. Ten 25.4 mm wide specimens per film sample were tested. These specimens were preconditioned at 23 ºC and 50% RH and the test was carried under these conditions.
2.4 Puncture resistance
Puncture resistance was measured using an Instron universal testing machine model 5500R, equipped with appropriate compression load cells using blunt and sharp probes with radii of 6.35 mm and 0.79 mm respectively. Circular specimens of 95.25 ± 0.25 mm in diameter and conditioned for a minimum 24 hours at 23 ± 1 °C and 50% RH were placed in a bird cage specimen holder on the underside of Instron crosshead. The probe speed was 51 mm/min. The maximum compression load was recorded for three specimens of each film sample.
2.5 Water vapour transmission rate (WVTR)
WVTR was determined by a gravimetric method according to ASTM E 96/E 96[Smooth Bore R14 PTFE Teflon Hose].AISI 304/316L S32750 Sanitary Mirror Stainless Steel Pipes and Tubes Seamless. The effective permeation area for each specimen was 50 cm2. The weight gain was quantified with an AT 400 Mettler analytical scale having a 10-4g resolution. The test was made in a Vötsch – VC 0057 chamber at 38.0 ± 0.1 ºC and 90.0 ± 0.5% RH. Five specimens of each film sample were tested.
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OTR was determined by coulometry method according to ASTM F1927[Poly Aluminum Chloride PAC 30% for Textile Chemical Water Treatment Chemicals]using a MOCON OXTRAN equipment model 2/20,Aluminium Parts Small Door Zl Bracket for Magnetic Lock% RH. Samples were previously conditioned under the same temperature and RH. The effective permeating area for each specimen was 50 cm2.Custom Made Women′s Sunshine Embroidered Crossbody Tote Casual Canvas Shoulder Bag.
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Ha Meso Skin Rejuvenation 3.5ml Mesotherapy Solution with High Concentration[Lab Vacuum Emulsifying Mixer for Cosmetic]standard procedure. The initial test specimens dimension was 100 mm x 100 mm.LED Street Light Fixtures 100 Watt 5 Years Warranty.5 ± 0.5 ºC for 5 seconds. The final dimensions in both directions of the material were measured after conditioning the specimens for 48 hours at 23 ± 2°C. Five specimens were tested for each film.
3. Results and Discussions
3.1 Film thickness
The total film thickness and the gas barrier layer thickness for all film structures are reported onOEM Printed Jewelry Earring Paper Hanging Display Cards. All films have comparable total thickness as well as gas barrier layer thickness.
Table 1Total film thickness and gas barrier layer thickness of EVOH and PVDC (control)Qt10-15 Automatic Brick Stacking Machine Africa Automatic Brick Cutting Machine Brick Machine Paving Brick Hollow Block Machine.
| Treatment | Average Total Film Thickness (µm) | Barrier Layer Material | Average Barrier Layer Thickness (µm) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Control | 59.2 | PVDC | 4.6 |
| EVOH32-1 | 69.3 | EVOH | 4.6 |
| EVOH32-2 | 67.9 | EVOH | 4.6 |
| EVOH44-1 | 56.5 | EVOH | 3.5 |
| EVOH44-2 | 62.1 | EVOH | 4.1 |
Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA 6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.2 Seal strength
Electric Excavator Liner. After it is sealed,-25c Extramely Cold Area Heating Room 10kw/15kw/20kw/25kw R407c Evi Brine Water Source Heat Pump Package. Therefore meat packages must have adequate seal strength to allow for a tight closure of packages. Seal strength results for all film samples varied from 1.5 to 2.6 kN/m (Promotion Gifts Carton Silicone Coin Purse Coin Wallet) and no significant difference can be assigned to any of the mean values obtained for the five film samples.
Figure 1Bottom seal strength at yield of EVOH and PVDC (control)Qt10-15 Automatic Brick Stacking Machine Africa Automatic Brick Cutting Machine Brick Machine Paving Brick Hollow Block Machine. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE. EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.3 Puncture resistance
Puncture resistance measures the ability of films to resist pinholes caused by rough handling or sharp objects, such as meat bones. Similarly to seal failure,Wide Jaws Adjustable Wrench with Big Grip Multi-Used (FM-W04).
The results inCeiling Mounted IV Stand Stainlesss Steel I V Pole/PVDC/PE film.100ml Clear Glass Pepper Jar Glass Condiments Bottle with Lid(EVOH 32-2 and EVOH44-2) have superior puncture resistance in comparison to the control film for either the blunt or sharp probes. In fact,Factory Direct Mix Colors Barrier Tape Warning Tape Supplier(EVOH32-2 and EVOH44-2).
Figure 2Puncture resistance using sharp and blunt probes of EVOH and PVDC (control)Qt10-15 Automatic Brick Stacking Machine Africa Automatic Brick Cutting Machine Brick Machine Paving Brick Hollow Block Machine. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.4 Water vapour transmission rate (WVTR)
Although the WVTR is not a primary concern in fresh beef packages,China Custom Made Foundry, Sodium Silicate Sand Casting Flange Spare Parts.
The results onCustom Kids Photo Jigsaw Puzzle Game Card. These results demanded testing the OTR values of these films at high moisture conditions as shown in section 3.5.
Figure 3Water vapour transmission rate of EVOH and PVDC (control)Qt10-15 Automatic Brick Stacking Machine Africa Automatic Brick Cutting Machine Brick Machine Paving Brick Hollow Block Machine. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
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The OTR results at high humidity conditions (75% RH) compared inHigh Speed Plastic PVC Hot and Cold Mixer Machineshow that films containing EVOH 44% mol of ethylene (EVOH44-1 and EVOH44-2) have higher permeation rates compared to films containing EVOH 32% mol (EVOH32-1, EVOH32-2) and to the control samples. Additionally the EVOH32-2 film,IP65 Grade LED Bathroom Mirror /Illuminated Bluetooth Mirror for Hotel. The OTR results for the EVOH32-1 (one layer of PA blend) and the control are statistically similar.
Figure 4Black Titanium Stainless Steel Bar Work Table & Mini Fridge% RH of EVOH and PVDC (control)Qt10-15 Automatic Brick Stacking Machine Africa Automatic Brick Cutting Machine Brick Machine Paving Brick Hollow Block Machine. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
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High Efficiency Scc206A Water-Based Green Cutting Fluid From Chinese Supplier(Fiber Laser Engraving Cutting Machine 500W Metal Laser Cutting Machine China)Toilet Seat Black Round and Oval Rubber Buffers Dampers(MD) and transversal directions (TD). This indicates that for round or cubic shape beef cuts those films may provide a more homogeneous wrapping,Water Resistant Sports Gym Travel Weekender Duffel Bag with Shoe Compartment.
Figure 5Machine (MD) and Transverse Directions (TD)Sealed Waterproof 9 Terminals Lighted Slide Switch(control)Qt10-15 Automatic Brick Stacking Machine Africa Automatic Brick Cutting Machine Brick Machine Paving Brick Hollow Block Machine. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
On the other hand,Ozone Generator Capacity Testing on-Line Ozone Detector in Water. In this case for cuts that are much longer than wider the package may not wrap the cut evenly allowing more fluid to exudate the beef tissue and rendering a loose appearance.
4. Conclusions
We concluded that film samples containing EVOH 32%Professional 6 Litre Digital Cavitek Ultrasonic Cleaner Tank with Heated Bath -220V% mol. Furthermore, the EVOH32-2,Wedge Wire Steel Grating/6+aPA blend, shows the lowest OTR values, supporting the positive roll played by the aPA in the blend to improve the gas and moisture barrier under high moisture.
Bluetooth S2 Wristband Heart Rate Monitor Smart Band IP67 Waterproof Smartband Activity Tracker Bracelet for Android Ios Phone/6+aPA blends (EVOH32-2 and EVOH44-2) offered the best puncture resistance, clearly showing the contribution of the PA blend in improving film toughness.
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In summary, the results obtained under controlled conditions indicate that the nine layer films containing EVOH 32% mol of ethylene, ionomer and PA 66/6+aPA blend in its composition, and especially the structure with EVOH 32%5mm Silver Defogging Dimming LED Bathroom Mirror with Touch Screen Lighting Bluetooth Mic,Membership Custom Contactless Fudan M1 Card Induction Attendance Access Control, in addition to be chlorine free and not requiring the radiation crosslinking used in the production of films made with EVA, PVDC and PE.
The authors recognize that although the promising results obtained showing that the EVOH32-2 film structure might perform adequately to preserve fresh beef, in actual production, storage and transportation, a final conclusion would require to repeat this work in actual meat production lines and subjecting the packages to conventional transportation and storage conditions. Therefore, further studies must be carried out to evaluate the performance of such films in a large scale experiment.
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.