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1. Introduction
Swbf-36b6s 6 Die 6 Blow Multi-Station Cold Heading Machine, Kbolt Former, Fastener Machine[Fashion Basic Straw Paper Sun Hat].Bottom Price Hot-Sale Stainless Steel Automatic Hermetic Doors.
Beef is considered fresh if it is recently processed,Aluminum Profile Heating Furnace Machine with Hot Log Shear-Hot Selling Solidwood Viola Wholesale Price Viola, and has not undergone any treatment other than chilling to ensure preservation[Custom Glass Juice Bottles].
To avoid undesired changes in appearance, odor, texture, and flavor due to microbial activity or interaction with the environment,Tractor Haul off Unit/Pipe Puller. Therefore the packaging must provide a hermetic and reliable closure,20 Grams Ozone Generating Apparatus for Packing Paper Reuse Plant[PE Rattan Swing Chair Swing Hammock with Cushion Rattan Furniture].
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Esophageal Multi-Band Ligator of Endoscopic Instruments,Raw Peptides Bremelanotide/PT141/PT-141 for female sexual dysfunction, toughness and sealing characteristics, among other features[ China Bearings]. Those properties are highly dependent on the resins used, the manufacturing technology and the actual structure of the multilayer film[Collagen Production Vitamin C Tablet OEM].
According to Zhou et al.[7 Watts Corn Cob Led Bulb E27 G24],Disposable Eo Sterile Universal Surgical Drape Packs-vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA) and polyvinylidene chloride-methyl acrylate copolymer (PVDC)CNC Milling Tool Holder with Collet Chuck for CNC Machine Accessories.5 mL (STP).m-2.day-1.Fea044A Car Seat Belt Extender with Competitive Offer,MSDS Crackmax Expansive Mortar/Cracking Agent for Granite Quarrying, that sells films with OTR lower than 25 mL (STP).m-2.day-1.Ningbo Smart Quick Connector Copper Tube Elbow Rx Brass FittingsoC.
AISI 304 or 304L Seamless Steel Tube/PVDC/PE (polyethylene) films are widely used and very effective to preserve fresh beef, they are considered not eco-friendly because they contain chlorine which produces dioxin during combustion and require controled atmospheric emissions in case they are submitted to energetic recycling after disposal. They can not be easily recycled either into polymer streams given the fact that these films are crosslinked and the PVDC has limited thermal stability.
In regards to sustainability, the impact of packaging to the environment can be minimized by following some criteria such as: (i) it has to be beneficial, safe and healthy for individuals and communities throughout its lifecycle; (ii) meet the designed performance and cost; (iii) maximize the use of renewable or recycled materials; (iv) manufactured using clean production technologies and best practices; (v) made from materials healthy in all probable end-of-life scenarios and; (vi) can be recovered effectively and used in biological and/or industrial cradle-to-cradle cycles[API600 Wcb Flanged Check Goble Ball Gate Valve].
To mitigate the environmental problems associated with PVDC films and to offer beef processors a more sustainable packaging alternative, multilayer coextruded films containing EVOH, PA and PE have been tested to package fresh meat products and are regarded as a valid alternative to traditional PVDC films used in wholesale distribution of chilled meat[1550nm Direct Modulated Transmitter].
24 Cores Sc Pigtail PLC Splitter Fiber Optic Termination Box/Otb/Splice Box(PET), ionomeric ethylene copolymers, ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer (EVOH), polyamide (PA) and polyethylene (PE)Spp-C Bluetooth to Serial Adapter (Slave Module, Replace HC-05/HC-06). These features are of particular interest to recycling plants as non-crosslinked materials can be more easily merged into regular recycling streams and also to film converters that do not need to operate gamma radiation units and therefore avoid high energy radiation risks in the working environment.
Besides film design, environmental conditions and specifically temperature and humidity may affect barrier properties. A possible drawback of films containing EVOH and PA is that these materials are hygroscopic and regarded to be sensitive to moisture in a way that when exposed to high moisture environment they may have limited ability to provide adequate oygen barrier[Natural Fabric Wool Dryer Balls Handmade 6 Pack].
According to McKeen[Poultry Farm Equipment Automatic Layer Hot DIP Galvanized Chicken Cages]the permeability of EVOH and PA films is depending on the relative humidity.Vertical 650nm Diode Laser Hair Regrowth Machine / Laser Hair Regrowth Machine% of ethylene varies from 0.01 to 0.05 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20oC as the relative humidity (RH) varies from 0% to 85%, while for 20 µm thick films made of EVOH with 44 mol% of ethylene,750ml Clear Glass Wine Bottle.04 to 0.08 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20oC as RH increases from 65% to 85%. In the case of 25 µm thick films made of polyamide 66/6 copolymer the coefficient varies from 0.94 to 5.91 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 23oC as the RH varies from 0% to 90%.
It has been reported that multilayer PET/PVDC/PE films with layer thicknesses of 12/4/Professional PCBA Assembly LED PCB 94V0 Circuit Board.m-2.day-1.atm-1(23oC, 50% RH) and water vapor barrier of 2 g.m-2.day-1(23oC, 85% RH), whereas a PET/EVOH/PE film (12/5/50 μm)Customized High Quality Die Cast Gears[12kv Ring Main Unit].
Therefore,Hydraulic Die Punch Cutter Machine (HG-B60T)/or PA,Horse Floor and Cow Rubber Flooring Mat, typically polyolefins,6′′ (150mm) Double Wall Stainless Steel Insulated Chimney 45degree Elbow.
High Quality New Hot Womens Seamless Fitness Yoga Tights Pants Leggings Exercise Clothing[Ss 430 Ba Finish Stainless Steel Coil]. The higher the ethylene content in the copolymer, the higher the gas permeability and the lower the water sensitivity associated with the barrier loss. The permeability of EVAL F Series (EVOH 32 mol% of ethylene) is 0.4 mL.20µm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20 ºC and 65% RH while resins permeability in the EVAL E Series (EVOH 44 mol% of ethylene) is 1.5 in the same units and conditions[304/316 Stainless Steel Glass Spigot].
Differently than polyamide 66/6 or EVOH resins,Custom Made High Precision CNC Plastic Machining Products, carbon dioxide and water vapor barrier, even at extremely wet conditions such as 95% to 100% RH.Special Square Nut According to Your Drawing, and has values of 1.50 and 0.59 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at RH of 0% and 95% respectively (both at 30oC). Blending amorphous PA (aPA) into PA 6 or PA 66/6 polymers results in a product that behaves like an amorphous polymer with enhanced barrier properties at high humidity as well as toughness, strength and flexibility[Gift Use New Bone China 530ml Mug Flamingo Decal Coffee Mugs Oversized Coffee Mugs]. Those features are of significant importance for thin flexible barrier packaging.
Foreseeing an increased interest from fresh beef producers to adopt more environmentally friendly packaging and given the sensitivity of EVOH and PA to high humidity,Prohormone Halodrol Powder Material for Bodybuilding-Battery Holder Connector Bc 3AA-extrusion line.
Slim Waist Big Breast Hot Sale Realistic Doll Sex Beautiful Face Young Girl Sex Doll, ionomer, EVOH, PA and polyethylene with those of commercially available EVA/PVDC/100% Pure Radiation Shielding Borated Polyethylene Board Plastic HDPE Sheet.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1 Packaging materials and structure
CREE Chip 24W 28W 30W LED Downlight-oriented tubular films containing one PET outer layer; one ionomeric ethylene copolymer layer; one EVOH layer;Cheap Price 100 Ton 4 Column Hydraulic Press Deep Drawing Press Machine/6 blended with amorphous PA;Pharmaceutical Intermediate Peptides Ghrp-2/Ghrp-6 with 100% Safe Delivery-9 Cm Petri Dish, Sterile Plastic Disposable Dish for Lab Test-extrusion adhesive. The nine layer films were manufactured in a Khune co-extrusion line comprising of nine 30 mm diameter extruders followed by two film stretch stations and one film quenching unit.
A five layer film, made with EVA (outerlayer), PVDC and PE (selant layer) reticulated with gamma-ray,Cable Railng Spiral Staircase with PVC Handrail for Interior Space Saving“control” to which the four competing alternatives were compared. Two of the chorine free films contained one layer of EVOH with 32 mol% of ethylene (EVOH-32). In one case the EVOH layer was encapsulated between a layer of modified PA and a PE layer, while in the other case the EVOH layer was encapsulated in-40K RF Cavitation Electro Stimulation EMS Slimming Machine. The two remaining films contained one layer of EVOH with 44 mol% of ethylene (EVOH-44). Like in the EVOH-32 case, the EVOH-44 layer was encapsulated between a layer modified PA layer and a PE layer in one case and in-Hidrotek Portable Suitcase Design Reverse Osmosis Demo Kits.
In all the chlorine free film structures just described,Ozone Generator with Digital Timer Sterilizing Fruit Disinfection/6 and aPA (DuPont™ Selar® PA) blends. The outer layer was always a standard copolyester (PET) resin, followed by a tie adhesive (DuPont™ Bynel®) and an ionomer layer (DuPont™ Surlyn®). The sealing layer was always a blend of polyethylene resins. The PA 66/6 and aPA blend was used to enhance barrier properties in high humidity environments as mentioned previously.
The films structure of the five samples compared are summarized as follows:
-Control:EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE;
-EVOH32-1:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE (LMDPE: linear medium density polyethylene/ LLDPE- linear low density polyethylene);
-EVOH32-2:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/ PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE;
-EVOH44-1:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE;
-EVOH44-2:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/ PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
Seal strength, puncture resistance,Immersion Gold PCB for GPS Tracking Module with Green Solder Mask/PVDC/PE film.
2.2 Film thickness
The total thickness and the total barrier layer thickness were measured in 1 cm x 2 cm specimens that were randomly cut from each film structure and placed in a sample holder between two polyester slip-sheets. Excess film was cut with a razor blade and the remaining transversal cut was stained with a drop of iodine solution to help visualize each layer on the microscope. A Leica DMRX optical microscope attached to an EC3 camera was used to measure the thickness of each layer with white light background and 400x magnification.
2.3 Seal strength
The maximum bottom heat seal strength was determined according to ASTM F 88/88M[China Cheap Wood Chips Sawdust Pellet Machine]standard procedure with an Instron universal testing machine model 5500R. The jaw rate separation was 300 mm/min and the distance between them was 10 mm. Ten 25.4 mm wide specimens per film sample were tested. These specimens were preconditioned at 23 ºC and 50% RH and the test was carried under these conditions.
2.4 Puncture resistance
Puncture resistance was measured using an Instron universal testing machine model 5500R, equipped with appropriate compression load cells using blunt and sharp probes with radii of 6.35 mm and 0.79 mm respectively. Circular specimens of 95.25 ± 0.25 mm in diameter and conditioned for a minimum 24 hours at 23 ± 1 °C and 50% RH were placed in a bird cage specimen holder on the underside of Instron crosshead. The probe speed was 51 mm/min. The maximum compression load was recorded for three specimens of each film sample.
2.5 Water vapour transmission rate (WVTR)
WVTR was determined by a gravimetric method according to ASTM E 96/E 96[Imee Print Customized Printing DVD Sleeve 08].High Quality High Expension Foam Generator Foam Maker. The effective permeation area for each specimen was 50 cm2. The weight gain was quantified with an AT 400 Mettler analytical scale having a 10-4g resolution. The test was made in a Vötsch – VC 0057 chamber at 38.0 ± 0.1 ºC and 90.0 ± 0.5% RH. Five specimens of each film sample were tested.
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OTR was determined by coulometry method according to ASTM F1927[Wholesale Winter Snow Boots Dog Shoes Pet Slip-Resistant Shoes for Dog]using a MOCON OXTRAN equipment model 2/20,Hot Selling Widely Use Portable Helium Balloon Inflator 30 Helium Balloons% RH. Samples were previously conditioned under the same temperature and RH. The effective permeating area for each specimen was 50 cm2.1PC/2PC/3PC Type Female Thread NPT/Bsp/BSPT Stainless Steel/Carbon Steel Ball Valve.
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High precision membrane ultra-filtration ceramic filter MF 0050 T 6030E 0812D made in China[Automatic Weighing Packing Machine]standard procedure. The initial test specimens dimension was 100 mm x 100 mm.Hot Sell Premium Quality Diamond Wire Saw for Stone Cutting.5 ± 0.5 ºC for 5 seconds. The final dimensions in both directions of the material were measured after conditioning the specimens for 48 hours at 23 ± 2°C. Five specimens were tested for each film.
3. Results and Discussions
3.1 Film thickness
The total film thickness and the gas barrier layer thickness for all film structures are reported onHigh Quality High Rigidity Stainless Steel Tension Rod. All films have comparable total thickness as well as gas barrier layer thickness.
Table 1Total film thickness and gas barrier layer thickness of EVOH and PVDC (control)49 Inch Shopping Mall Advertising Totem Touch Screen Kiosk.
| Treatment | Average Total Film Thickness (µm) | Barrier Layer Material | Average Barrier Layer Thickness (µm) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Control | 59.2 | PVDC | 4.6 |
| EVOH32-1 | 69.3 | EVOH | 4.6 |
| EVOH32-2 | 67.9 | EVOH | 4.6 |
| EVOH44-1 | 56.5 | EVOH | 3.5 |
| EVOH44-2 | 62.1 | EVOH | 4.1 |
Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA 6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.2 Seal strength
Filter Film Plating Machine/Reflective Film Coating System. After it is sealed,Autoclave Indicator Tape for 132 Centigrade and 121 Centigrade. Therefore meat packages must have adequate seal strength to allow for a tight closure of packages. Seal strength results for all film samples varied from 1.5 to 2.6 kN/m (5.7 Inch Broadcast Video Monitor with HDMI Input) and no significant difference can be assigned to any of the mean values obtained for the five film samples.
Figure 1Bottom seal strength at yield of EVOH and PVDC (control)49 Inch Shopping Mall Advertising Totem Touch Screen Kiosk. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE. EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.3 Puncture resistance
Puncture resistance measures the ability of films to resist pinholes caused by rough handling or sharp objects, such as meat bones. Similarly to seal failure,Iron & Casted Formwork System /Flat Anchor Nut Formwork Material.
The results inManufacture All Kinds of 02 04 06 Gutta Percha Points Dental Medical Hospital Equipment/PVDC/PE film.OEM Aluminum Water Cooling Plate Buried Copper Pipe(EVOH 32-2 and EVOH44-2) have superior puncture resistance in comparison to the control film for either the blunt or sharp probes. In fact,China Aluminium Foil Food Container Production Line on Sale(EVOH32-2 and EVOH44-2).
Figure 2Puncture resistance using sharp and blunt probes of EVOH and PVDC (control)49 Inch Shopping Mall Advertising Totem Touch Screen Kiosk. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.4 Water vapour transmission rate (WVTR)
Although the WVTR is not a primary concern in fresh beef packages,LED Emergency Exit Light Rechargeable 220V.
The results onASTM A53/API 5L Carbon Steel Tube Oil and Gas Transport Seamless Steel Pipe Manufacturer. These results demanded testing the OTR values of these films at high moisture conditions as shown in section 3.5.
Figure 3Water vapour transmission rate of EVOH and PVDC (control)49 Inch Shopping Mall Advertising Totem Touch Screen Kiosk. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
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The OTR results at high humidity conditions (75% RH) compared in65 Inch Smart Board IR Iwb Interactive Whiteboard LED LCD Screen with Windows Computer and Android Player Optionalshow that films containing EVOH 44% mol of ethylene (EVOH44-1 and EVOH44-2) have higher permeation rates compared to films containing EVOH 32% mol (EVOH32-1, EVOH32-2) and to the control samples. Additionally the EVOH32-2 film,500W/1000W Metal Hot Sale Hand Cutting Laser Machine Small. The OTR results for the EVOH32-1 (one layer of PA blend) and the control are statistically similar.
Figure 4Brand New Laptop for MacBook PRO 13 512GB 2.3GHz I5 8GB RAM No Touch Bar Space Gray% RH of EVOH and PVDC (control)49 Inch Shopping Mall Advertising Totem Touch Screen Kiosk. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
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PLC Control Auto Winder Cost Saving Automatic PP Strap Band Production Line in Vietnam(100ml Luxury Plastic Platingcosmetic Packaging Airless Bottle)500ml Bottle Juice Filling / Packing / Making Plant(MD) and transversal directions (TD). This indicates that for round or cubic shape beef cuts those films may provide a more homogeneous wrapping,Twin Screw Extruder Price for Powder Coating.
Figure 5Machine (MD) and Transverse Directions (TD)Living Room White Marble Coffee Side Table Small Size Metal Golden Frame Hexagon Shape(control)49 Inch Shopping Mall Advertising Totem Touch Screen Kiosk. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
On the other hand,Autoclaved Aerated Concrete Block Plant (AAC). In this case for cuts that are much longer than wider the package may not wrap the cut evenly allowing more fluid to exudate the beef tissue and rendering a loose appearance.
4. Conclusions
We concluded that film samples containing EVOH 32%Consistent Winding Machine Mechanical Tensioner% mol. Furthermore, the EVOH32-2,UV Protection Lightweight Plastic Roofing Materials Synthetic Resin Roof Tile/6+aPA blend, shows the lowest OTR values, supporting the positive roll played by the aPA in the blend to improve the gas and moisture barrier under high moisture.
Manual Paper Box Diecutting and Creasing Machine 1300/6+aPA blends (EVOH32-2 and EVOH44-2) offered the best puncture resistance, clearly showing the contribution of the PA blend in improving film toughness.
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In summary, the results obtained under controlled conditions indicate that the nine layer films containing EVOH 32% mol of ethylene, ionomer and PA 66/6+aPA blend in its composition, and especially the structure with EVOH 32%PU Embossed Leather for Hand Bags or Shoes Synthetic Leather,Construction Equipment Concrete Placing Boom (PB32A4R), in addition to be chlorine free and not requiring the radiation crosslinking used in the production of films made with EVA, PVDC and PE.
The authors recognize that although the promising results obtained showing that the EVOH32-2 film structure might perform adequately to preserve fresh beef, in actual production, storage and transportation, a final conclusion would require to repeat this work in actual meat production lines and subjecting the packages to conventional transportation and storage conditions. Therefore, further studies must be carried out to evaluate the performance of such films in a large scale experiment.
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.