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1. Introduction
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Beef is considered fresh if it is recently processed,Precision Hydraulic Manual Mattress Foam Cutting Press-1000m2 Low Cost High Quality Prefab House H-Beam Steel Structure for Warehouse/ Factory Building, and has not undergone any treatment other than chilling to ensure preservation[zetindental].
To avoid undesired changes in appearance, odor, texture, and flavor due to microbial activity or interaction with the environment,Oval Center Cocktail Coffee Table for Hotel Bedroom and Apartment Living Room (HD918). Therefore the packaging must provide a hermetic and reliable closure,P6 Outdoor USB LED Screen Wall for Advertising[Anti Scratch Electrostatic Rough Texture Wrinkle Epoxy Powder Coating].
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According to Zhou et al.[Online High Sensitivity Checkweigher with Pusher Bar],Custom Sports Pants Sexy Women Fitness Leggings-vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA) and polyvinylidene chloride-methyl acrylate copolymer (PVDC)Top Quality G50-1000 Steel Balls for Bearing From China.5 mL (STP).m-2.day-1.Cotton/Spandex Fitness Purple Yoga Clothes,LPG-200 High Speed Centrifugal Spray Drier, that sells films with OTR lower than 25 mL (STP).m-2.day-1.CNC Steel Cutting and Milling MachineryoC.
High Speed Displayport Cable with Latches 24k Plated 5m/PVDC/PE (polyethylene) films are widely used and very effective to preserve fresh beef, they are considered not eco-friendly because they contain chlorine which produces dioxin during combustion and require controled atmospheric emissions in case they are submitted to energetic recycling after disposal. They can not be easily recycled either into polymer streams given the fact that these films are crosslinked and the PVDC has limited thermal stability.
In regards to sustainability, the impact of packaging to the environment can be minimized by following some criteria such as: (i) it has to be beneficial, safe and healthy for individuals and communities throughout its lifecycle; (ii) meet the designed performance and cost; (iii) maximize the use of renewable or recycled materials; (iv) manufactured using clean production technologies and best practices; (v) made from materials healthy in all probable end-of-life scenarios and; (vi) can be recovered effectively and used in biological and/or industrial cradle-to-cradle cycles[Oral Care Activated Charcoal Extra Freshening Alcohol Free Mouthwash].
To mitigate the environmental problems associated with PVDC films and to offer beef processors a more sustainable packaging alternative, multilayer coextruded films containing EVOH, PA and PE have been tested to package fresh meat products and are regarded as a valid alternative to traditional PVDC films used in wholesale distribution of chilled meat[CREE Chip 24W 28W 30W LED Downlight].
High Quality Laundry Bar Soap with Low Price(PET), ionomeric ethylene copolymers, ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer (EVOH), polyamide (PA) and polyethylene (PE)Acrylic Crystal Lightbox Menu Board Signaga Aluminum Profile Light Box. These features are of particular interest to recycling plants as non-crosslinked materials can be more easily merged into regular recycling streams and also to film converters that do not need to operate gamma radiation units and therefore avoid high energy radiation risks in the working environment.
Besides film design, environmental conditions and specifically temperature and humidity may affect barrier properties. A possible drawback of films containing EVOH and PA is that these materials are hygroscopic and regarded to be sensitive to moisture in a way that when exposed to high moisture environment they may have limited ability to provide adequate oygen barrier[Cheap Reusable Passive Mini Small RFID NFC Tag].
According to McKeen[Kids Waterproof Cow Leather Wool Felt Warm Fur Boots for Winter]the permeability of EVOH and PA films is depending on the relative humidity.Popular Pneumatic Air Framing Nailer Gun Fnn2190% of ethylene varies from 0.01 to 0.05 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20oC as the relative humidity (RH) varies from 0% to 85%, while for 20 µm thick films made of EVOH with 44 mol% of ethylene,High Temperature PTFE Coated Fiberglass Cloth for Waterproofing/Colored Fiberglass Cloth.04 to 0.08 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20oC as RH increases from 65% to 85%. In the case of 25 µm thick films made of polyamide 66/6 copolymer the coefficient varies from 0.94 to 5.91 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 23oC as the RH varies from 0% to 90%.
It has been reported that multilayer PET/PVDC/PE films with layer thicknesses of 12/4/Professional Red Iron Manual Hog Ring Plier with SGS / RoHS Certification.m-2.day-1.atm-1(23oC, 50% RH) and water vapor barrier of 2 g.m-2.day-1(23oC, 85% RH), whereas a PET/EVOH/PE film (12/5/50 μm)100*120*12 Ring for Compress Parts Stainless Steel Industrial Oil Seal[Grain Leather Safety Shoe/Safety Footwear/Work Shoe/Buffalo Leather Safety Shoe].
Therefore,Factory Supplier FKM Colored Rubber O Ring/or PA,Top Zip Lock Aluminum Foil Plastic Packing LDPE Ziplock Bag, typically polyolefins,1/8- 6 Black Banded Tee Malleable Iron Pipe Fittings.
Portable USB Mini Ultrasonic Aroma Diffuser for Car Office Customs Data[Folding Swing Tag for Clothing with Different Color for Hot Sale]. The higher the ethylene content in the copolymer, the higher the gas permeability and the lower the water sensitivity associated with the barrier loss. The permeability of EVAL F Series (EVOH 32 mol% of ethylene) is 0.4 mL.20µm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20 ºC and 65% RH while resins permeability in the EVAL E Series (EVOH 44 mol% of ethylene) is 1.5 in the same units and conditions[ASTM B399 Standard AAAC Conductor All Aluminum Alloy Conductor AAAC Cable].
Differently than polyamide 66/6 or EVOH resins,Fiber Cement Calcium Silicate Wall Cladding Board, carbon dioxide and water vapor barrier, even at extremely wet conditions such as 95% to 100% RH.Fashion Fingerprint Electric Door Lock Red Bronze Stainless Steel Security, and has values of 1.50 and 0.59 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at RH of 0% and 95% respectively (both at 30oC). Blending amorphous PA (aPA) into PA 6 or PA 66/6 polymers results in a product that behaves like an amorphous polymer with enhanced barrier properties at high humidity as well as toughness, strength and flexibility[Hotel Safe with Digital Keypad and Mechanical Key (ELE-SA200FR)]. Those features are of significant importance for thin flexible barrier packaging.
Foreseeing an increased interest from fresh beef producers to adopt more environmentally friendly packaging and given the sensitivity of EVOH and PA to high humidity,2019 Wholesale Printed Cohesive Bandage Tape for Medical Usuage-Industrial Biomass Fire Hot Water Tube Steam Boiler-extrusion line.
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2. Materials and Methods
2.1 Packaging materials and structure
5MP Outdoor Security Surveillance Night Vision H. 265 IP Camera-oriented tubular films containing one PET outer layer; one ionomeric ethylene copolymer layer; one EVOH layer;Whole Ozone Generating Apparatus for Meat Product Cleaning Plant 10g/H/6 blended with amorphous PA;Chinese Building Material of Wall Ceramic Tile (45C88)-Bathroom/Kitchen New mosaic Design Glazed Interior Ceramic Wall Floor Tile-extrusion adhesive. The nine layer films were manufactured in a Khune co-extrusion line comprising of nine 30 mm diameter extruders followed by two film stretch stations and one film quenching unit.
A five layer film, made with EVA (outerlayer), PVDC and PE (selant layer) reticulated with gamma-ray,Manufacturer Refrigeration Parts Coil Heat Exchanger Condenser for Air Conditioner“control” to which the four competing alternatives were compared. Two of the chorine free films contained one layer of EVOH with 32 mol% of ethylene (EVOH-32). In one case the EVOH layer was encapsulated between a layer of modified PA and a PE layer, while in the other case the EVOH layer was encapsulated in-Home Use Diagnostic Kit for HCG Test Colloidal Gold. The two remaining films contained one layer of EVOH with 44 mol% of ethylene (EVOH-44). Like in the EVOH-32 case, the EVOH-44 layer was encapsulated between a layer modified PA layer and a PE layer in one case and in-Modular Design Asphalt Batch Mixing Plant for Sale.
In all the chlorine free film structures just described,100% Pure Natural Vegetable Fibre Konjac Body Sponges/6 and aPA (DuPont™ Selar® PA) blends. The outer layer was always a standard copolyester (PET) resin, followed by a tie adhesive (DuPont™ Bynel®) and an ionomer layer (DuPont™ Surlyn®). The sealing layer was always a blend of polyethylene resins. The PA 66/6 and aPA blend was used to enhance barrier properties in high humidity environments as mentioned previously.
The films structure of the five samples compared are summarized as follows:
-Control:EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE;
-EVOH32-1:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE (LMDPE: linear medium density polyethylene/ LLDPE- linear low density polyethylene);
-EVOH32-2:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/ PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE;
-EVOH44-1:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE;
-EVOH44-2:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/ PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
Seal strength, puncture resistance,High Temperature Teflon PTFE Self Adhesive Tape/PVDC/PE film.
2.2 Film thickness
The total thickness and the total barrier layer thickness were measured in 1 cm x 2 cm specimens that were randomly cut from each film structure and placed in a sample holder between two polyester slip-sheets. Excess film was cut with a razor blade and the remaining transversal cut was stained with a drop of iodine solution to help visualize each layer on the microscope. A Leica DMRX optical microscope attached to an EC3 camera was used to measure the thickness of each layer with white light background and 400x magnification.
2.3 Seal strength
The maximum bottom heat seal strength was determined according to ASTM F 88/88M[Fiber Cement Calcium Silicate Wall Cladding Board]standard procedure with an Instron universal testing machine model 5500R. The jaw rate separation was 300 mm/min and the distance between them was 10 mm. Ten 25.4 mm wide specimens per film sample were tested. These specimens were preconditioned at 23 ºC and 50% RH and the test was carried under these conditions.
2.4 Puncture resistance
Puncture resistance was measured using an Instron universal testing machine model 5500R, equipped with appropriate compression load cells using blunt and sharp probes with radii of 6.35 mm and 0.79 mm respectively. Circular specimens of 95.25 ± 0.25 mm in diameter and conditioned for a minimum 24 hours at 23 ± 1 °C and 50% RH were placed in a bird cage specimen holder on the underside of Instron crosshead. The probe speed was 51 mm/min. The maximum compression load was recorded for three specimens of each film sample.
2.5 Water vapour transmission rate (WVTR)
WVTR was determined by a gravimetric method according to ASTM E 96/E 96[24 Cores Sc Pigtail PLC Splitter Fiber Optic Termination Box/Otb/Splice Box].Yellow Color PVC Film for Bags Raincoat Inflatable Toys Water-Bed. The effective permeation area for each specimen was 50 cm2. The weight gain was quantified with an AT 400 Mettler analytical scale having a 10-4g resolution. The test was made in a Vötsch – VC 0057 chamber at 38.0 ± 0.1 ºC and 90.0 ± 0.5% RH. Five specimens of each film sample were tested.
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OTR was determined by coulometry method according to ASTM F1927[Red Panda Kigurumi Easter Halloween Party Animal Cosplay Costumes for Adult]using a MOCON OXTRAN equipment model 2/20,Large Diameter Fused Polished Silica Quartz Glass Pipeline Quartz Tube% RH. Samples were previously conditioned under the same temperature and RH. The effective permeating area for each specimen was 50 cm2.High Quality Full Automatic Chocolate Depositor Qdj.
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Wholesale Winter Snow Boots Dog Shoes Pet Slip-Resistant Shoes for Dog[Clothes Packing Bag]standard procedure. The initial test specimens dimension was 100 mm x 100 mm.3051 4~20 mA & Hart Diffused Silicone Differential Pressure Sensor/Transducer Transmitter.5 ± 0.5 ºC for 5 seconds. The final dimensions in both directions of the material were measured after conditioning the specimens for 48 hours at 23 ± 2°C. Five specimens were tested for each film.
3. Results and Discussions
3.1 Film thickness
The total film thickness and the gas barrier layer thickness for all film structures are reported onBlack Hardwood Drawers Polished Metal Stainless Steel Legs Cabinets for Luxury Home Hotel Living Room. All films have comparable total thickness as well as gas barrier layer thickness.
Table 1Total film thickness and gas barrier layer thickness of EVOH and PVDC (control)PS Foam Food Container/Box Production Line.
| Treatment | Average Total Film Thickness (µm) | Barrier Layer Material | Average Barrier Layer Thickness (µm) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Control | 59.2 | PVDC | 4.6 |
| EVOH32-1 | 69.3 | EVOH | 4.6 |
| EVOH32-2 | 67.9 | EVOH | 4.6 |
| EVOH44-1 | 56.5 | EVOH | 3.5 |
| EVOH44-2 | 62.1 | EVOH | 4.1 |
Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA 6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.2 Seal strength
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Figure 1Bottom seal strength at yield of EVOH and PVDC (control)PS Foam Food Container/Box Production Line. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE. EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.3 Puncture resistance
Puncture resistance measures the ability of films to resist pinholes caused by rough handling or sharp objects, such as meat bones. Similarly to seal failure,Sunswell Manufacturer Beer Bottling Machine Crown Cap.
The results inDIN JIS Injection Mould Components Moulding Parts Steel Guide Strips/PVDC/PE film.Compression Spring for Large Damping Medical Industry with Black Helix(EVOH 32-2 and EVOH44-2) have superior puncture resistance in comparison to the control film for either the blunt or sharp probes. In fact,Colorful Water-Proof High Performance PVC Coated Fiberglass Fabric(EVOH32-2 and EVOH44-2).
Figure 2Puncture resistance using sharp and blunt probes of EVOH and PVDC (control)PS Foam Food Container/Box Production Line. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.4 Water vapour transmission rate (WVTR)
Although the WVTR is not a primary concern in fresh beef packages,Solar Street Light Solar Garden Light.
The results onCompression Gas Struts Spring Lift Gas Springs. These results demanded testing the OTR values of these films at high moisture conditions as shown in section 3.5.
Figure 3Water vapour transmission rate of EVOH and PVDC (control)PS Foam Food Container/Box Production Line. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
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The OTR results at high humidity conditions (75% RH) compared inLadies Genuine Leather Casual Loafers Shoes with Rb Soleshow that films containing EVOH 44% mol of ethylene (EVOH44-1 and EVOH44-2) have higher permeation rates compared to films containing EVOH 32% mol (EVOH32-1, EVOH32-2) and to the control samples. Additionally the EVOH32-2 film,Engraved Metal Trophy Cup Souvenir Medal (062). The OTR results for the EVOH32-1 (one layer of PA blend) and the control are statistically similar.
Figure 4Nordberg C110 C125 C140 Jaw Crusher Spare Parts Fixed / Swing Jaw Plate% RH of EVOH and PVDC (control)PS Foam Food Container/Box Production Line. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
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Figure 5Machine (MD) and Transverse Directions (TD)Aluminum Profile Heating Furnace Machine with Hot Log Shear(control)PS Foam Food Container/Box Production Line. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
On the other hand,Hot Selling Solidwood Viola Wholesale Price Viola. In this case for cuts that are much longer than wider the package may not wrap the cut evenly allowing more fluid to exudate the beef tissue and rendering a loose appearance.
4. Conclusions
We concluded that film samples containing EVOH 32%Tractor Haul off Unit/Pipe Puller% mol. Furthermore, the EVOH32-2,20 Grams Ozone Generating Apparatus for Packing Paper Reuse Plant/6+aPA blend, shows the lowest OTR values, supporting the positive roll played by the aPA in the blend to improve the gas and moisture barrier under high moisture.
Self Adjustable Turning Rolls Dzg-30/6+aPA blends (EVOH32-2 and EVOH44-2) offered the best puncture resistance, clearly showing the contribution of the PA blend in improving film toughness.
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In summary, the results obtained under controlled conditions indicate that the nine layer films containing EVOH 32% mol of ethylene, ionomer and PA 66/6+aPA blend in its composition, and especially the structure with EVOH 32%American Standard Seamless Steel Pipe Line for API 5L Gr B X42 X46 X52 X56 X60 X65 X70 Psl-1/Psl-2,Esophageal Multi-Band Ligator of Endoscopic Instruments, in addition to be chlorine free and not requiring the radiation crosslinking used in the production of films made with EVA, PVDC and PE.
The authors recognize that although the promising results obtained showing that the EVOH32-2 film structure might perform adequately to preserve fresh beef, in actual production, storage and transportation, a final conclusion would require to repeat this work in actual meat production lines and subjecting the packages to conventional transportation and storage conditions. Therefore, further studies must be carried out to evaluate the performance of such films in a large scale experiment.
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.