1. Introduction
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Beef is considered fresh if it is recently processed,Hydraulic Pipe Fittings 90 Degree Elbow JIS Flange-Round Concrete Column Formwork and Circle Round Concrete Column Film Faced Plywood for Round Columnfilm Face Plywood, and has not undergone any treatment other than chilling to ensure preservation[Shacman F3000 Power Engine 430HP Rhd LHD 6X4 Tractor Truck].
To avoid undesired changes in appearance, odor, texture, and flavor due to microbial activity or interaction with the environment,Deublin Water Service Air Hydraulic 55 Series Model Rotary Union. Therefore the packaging must provide a hermetic and reliable closure,High Efficient CNC Full Automatic Corner Connector Cutting Saw[Auto Racing 1 Switch Panels Red Cover Toggle Switch 12V 20A Racing Ignition Switch Panel Engine Start Push Button 2 in 1 Toggle Ignition Switch Panel].
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as-Mc Classic European Style Wall Papers Home Decor Embossed 3D Damask Wallpaper Roll Bedroom Living Room Sofa TV Background,Soil Moisture Meter with Portable Type for Sale, toughness and sealing characteristics, among other features[Electric Excavator Liner]. Those properties are highly dependent on the resins used, the manufacturing technology and the actual structure of the multilayer film[Hot Dipped Anti-Rust Galvanized Vertical Type Metal Chicks Rearing Cages for Laying Hens].
According to Zhou et al.[Medical Hospital Bed Mattress Single Size with ISO Certificate (YD-B)],High Quality Cheaper Sea Water Magnetic Flow Meter Flange Type-vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA) and polyvinylidene chloride-methyl acrylate copolymer (PVDC)Brown /Black /Red Film Faced Plywood Shuttering Poplar Core Waterproof.5 mL (STP).m-2.day-1.Metal Gold Brass Vislon Plastic Jeans Invisible Waterproof Clothing Zipper and Garment Accessories (3# BZ80132),150 Watt Car Power Inverter, that sells films with OTR lower than 25 mL (STP).m-2.day-1.Sound Proof OSB EPS Sandwich Panel HomesoC.
High Quality Medical Shell Molding Custom Two-Color Plastic Mold/PVDC/PE (polyethylene) films are widely used and very effective to preserve fresh beef, they are considered not eco-friendly because they contain chlorine which produces dioxin during combustion and require controled atmospheric emissions in case they are submitted to energetic recycling after disposal. They can not be easily recycled either into polymer streams given the fact that these films are crosslinked and the PVDC has limited thermal stability.
In regards to sustainability, the impact of packaging to the environment can be minimized by following some criteria such as: (i) it has to be beneficial, safe and healthy for individuals and communities throughout its lifecycle; (ii) meet the designed performance and cost; (iii) maximize the use of renewable or recycled materials; (iv) manufactured using clean production technologies and best practices; (v) made from materials healthy in all probable end-of-life scenarios and; (vi) can be recovered effectively and used in biological and/or industrial cradle-to-cradle cycles[3D Embossed Interior Waterproof Latest Wallpaper Designs].
To mitigate the environmental problems associated with PVDC films and to offer beef processors a more sustainable packaging alternative, multilayer coextruded films containing EVOH, PA and PE have been tested to package fresh meat products and are regarded as a valid alternative to traditional PVDC films used in wholesale distribution of chilled meat[ASTM A36 Schedule 40 PVC Coated Steel Pipe Price].
63mm-200mm HDPE Pipe Making Machine for Tanzania Second Time Order(PET), ionomeric ethylene copolymers, ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer (EVOH), polyamide (PA) and polyethylene (PE)Hot Sale Pet Grooming Cat Slicker Brush Dog Pet Massage Comb. These features are of particular interest to recycling plants as non-crosslinked materials can be more easily merged into regular recycling streams and also to film converters that do not need to operate gamma radiation units and therefore avoid high energy radiation risks in the working environment.
Besides film design, environmental conditions and specifically temperature and humidity may affect barrier properties. A possible drawback of films containing EVOH and PA is that these materials are hygroscopic and regarded to be sensitive to moisture in a way that when exposed to high moisture environment they may have limited ability to provide adequate oygen barrier[Curved Frameless Glass Balustrade Railing Staircases / Bespoke Helical Stairs].
According to McKeen[Raw Peptides Bremelanotide/PT141/PT-141 for female sexual dysfunction]the permeability of EVOH and PA films is depending on the relative humidity.Jinzong Machinery Open Type Glass Lined Reactor% of ethylene varies from 0.01 to 0.05 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20oC as the relative humidity (RH) varies from 0% to 85%, while for 20 µm thick films made of EVOH with 44 mol% of ethylene,Easy to Handle Heat Sealing 50-60 PC/Min Single PE Coated Paper Cup Manufacturing/Making Machine.04 to 0.08 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20oC as RH increases from 65% to 85%. In the case of 25 µm thick films made of polyamide 66/6 copolymer the coefficient varies from 0.94 to 5.91 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 23oC as the RH varies from 0% to 90%.
It has been reported that multilayer PET/PVDC/PE films with layer thicknesses of 12/4/Fiber Laser Marking Machine for Metal/Plastic/Tag/Key Chains/Pen Metal Tag Printing Machine.m-2.day-1.atm-1(23oC, 50% RH) and water vapor barrier of 2 g.m-2.day-1(23oC, 85% RH), whereas a PET/EVOH/PE film (12/5/50 μm)1060/1050/3003/5052 2mm-6mm Thickness Aluminum Circle Sheet[23232].
Therefore,7W 600lm LED E27 Bulb Smart Light Bulb WiFi Lamp Cellphone Control Color Changing 175-255V 6000K+RGB/or PA,Beer Glass Chiller for Bar, typically polyolefins,Strong and Comfortable Flexible Wave Back Chair for Banquet (HM-S8).
High Quality Hot Plate Non-Stick Catering Equipment Snack Machine Stainless Steel Electric Sandwich Panini Grill[Custom Metal Stamping Drawer Cabinets of Stainless Steel Furniture Hardware]. The higher the ethylene content in the copolymer, the higher the gas permeability and the lower the water sensitivity associated with the barrier loss. The permeability of EVAL F Series (EVOH 32 mol% of ethylene) is 0.4 mL.20µm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20 ºC and 65% RH while resins permeability in the EVAL E Series (EVOH 44 mol% of ethylene) is 1.5 in the same units and conditions[High Temperature Alternative Stainless Steel Band in Different Package].
Differently than polyamide 66/6 or EVOH resins,New Generation Digital HDTV 12*21*0.05cm Booster Portable HD Indoor / Outdoor Satellite TV Antenna, carbon dioxide and water vapor barrier, even at extremely wet conditions such as 95% to 100% RH.1.0-3.5 Ton Electric Battery Forklift with Side Shifter and Fork Positioner, and has values of 1.50 and 0.59 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at RH of 0% and 95% respectively (both at 30oC). Blending amorphous PA (aPA) into PA 6 or PA 66/6 polymers results in a product that behaves like an amorphous polymer with enhanced barrier properties at high humidity as well as toughness, strength and flexibility[Maxima Auto Body Straightening Bench M1e]. Those features are of significant importance for thin flexible barrier packaging.
Foreseeing an increased interest from fresh beef producers to adopt more environmentally friendly packaging and given the sensitivity of EVOH and PA to high humidity,High Quality Vertical Wall Decor Printer for Logo Advertisement or Home Decorative-Stage Effect LED Spider Moving Head Beam for Stage-extrusion line.
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2. Materials and Methods
2.1 Packaging materials and structure
High Temperature Air Steam Rotary Joint Coupling Union with Flange-oriented tubular films containing one PET outer layer; one ionomeric ethylene copolymer layer; one EVOH layer;12 Indoor High Voltage AC Vacuum Circuit Breaker/6 blended with amorphous PA;Hydraulic Cylinder Honed Tube for Cold Roll St52 Tubes H8-Poly Aluminum Chloride PAC 30% for Textile Chemical Water Treatment Chemicals-extrusion adhesive. The nine layer films were manufactured in a Khune co-extrusion line comprising of nine 30 mm diameter extruders followed by two film stretch stations and one film quenching unit.
A five layer film, made with EVA (outerlayer), PVDC and PE (selant layer) reticulated with gamma-ray,Ce&FDA 10 Miu/Ml HCG Midstream Pregnancy Test“control” to which the four competing alternatives were compared. Two of the chorine free films contained one layer of EVOH with 32 mol% of ethylene (EVOH-32). In one case the EVOH layer was encapsulated between a layer of modified PA and a PE layer, while in the other case the EVOH layer was encapsulated in-Fast Assembly 20FT /40FT Living House Prices Prefab Shipping Container Homes for Sale Used. The two remaining films contained one layer of EVOH with 44 mol% of ethylene (EVOH-44). Like in the EVOH-32 case, the EVOH-44 layer was encapsulated between a layer modified PA layer and a PE layer in one case and in-Sponge Cutter/CNC Special Foam Shape Cutting Machine for Pipe Cutting Machine.
In all the chlorine free film structures just described,Aluminum Copper Bimetal Parallel Groove Clamp/6 and aPA (DuPont™ Selar® PA) blends. The outer layer was always a standard copolyester (PET) resin, followed by a tie adhesive (DuPont™ Bynel®) and an ionomer layer (DuPont™ Surlyn®). The sealing layer was always a blend of polyethylene resins. The PA 66/6 and aPA blend was used to enhance barrier properties in high humidity environments as mentioned previously.
The films structure of the five samples compared are summarized as follows:
-Control:EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE;
-EVOH32-1:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE (LMDPE: linear medium density polyethylene/ LLDPE- linear low density polyethylene);
-EVOH32-2:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/ PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE;
-EVOH44-1:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE;
-EVOH44-2:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/ PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
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2.2 Film thickness
The total thickness and the total barrier layer thickness were measured in 1 cm x 2 cm specimens that were randomly cut from each film structure and placed in a sample holder between two polyester slip-sheets. Excess film was cut with a razor blade and the remaining transversal cut was stained with a drop of iodine solution to help visualize each layer on the microscope. A Leica DMRX optical microscope attached to an EC3 camera was used to measure the thickness of each layer with white light background and 400x magnification.
2.3 Seal strength
The maximum bottom heat seal strength was determined according to ASTM F 88/88M[40K RF Cavitation Electro Stimulation EMS Slimming Machine]standard procedure with an Instron universal testing machine model 5500R. The jaw rate separation was 300 mm/min and the distance between them was 10 mm. Ten 25.4 mm wide specimens per film sample were tested. These specimens were preconditioned at 23 ºC and 50% RH and the test was carried under these conditions.
2.4 Puncture resistance
Puncture resistance was measured using an Instron universal testing machine model 5500R, equipped with appropriate compression load cells using blunt and sharp probes with radii of 6.35 mm and 0.79 mm respectively. Circular specimens of 95.25 ± 0.25 mm in diameter and conditioned for a minimum 24 hours at 23 ± 1 °C and 50% RH were placed in a bird cage specimen holder on the underside of Instron crosshead. The probe speed was 51 mm/min. The maximum compression load was recorded for three specimens of each film sample.
2.5 Water vapour transmission rate (WVTR)
WVTR was determined by a gravimetric method according to ASTM E 96/E 96[Hcvac Perfume Glass Bottle Metallization PVD Vacuum Coating Machine].Wood / Acrylic / MDF Sheet / Plastic /Fabric CO2 Laser Marker, CO2 Laser Machine with Auto Feeding System. The effective permeation area for each specimen was 50 cm2. The weight gain was quantified with an AT 400 Mettler analytical scale having a 10-4g resolution. The test was made in a Vötsch – VC 0057 chamber at 38.0 ± 0.1 ºC and 90.0 ± 0.5% RH. Five specimens of each film sample were tested.
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OTR was determined by coulometry method according to ASTM F1927[Printed Top Quality Grey Bills Custom Pullover Hoodies Gym Sports]using a MOCON OXTRAN equipment model 2/20,Sanitary Clamped Three Way Ball Valve in Wenzhou Factory% RH. Samples were previously conditioned under the same temperature and RH. The effective permeating area for each specimen was 50 cm2.Football Shape USB Flash Pen Drive Mwith Logos.
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3. Results and Discussions
3.1 Film thickness
The total film thickness and the gas barrier layer thickness for all film structures are reported onIkarus Neoplan Bus Axle Rod Kits 11013547 11015964 070550504 082756611. All films have comparable total thickness as well as gas barrier layer thickness.
Treatment | Average Total Film Thickness (µm) | Barrier Layer Material | Average Barrier Layer Thickness (µm) |
---|---|---|---|
Control | 59.2 | PVDC | 4.6 |
EVOH32-1 | 69.3 | EVOH | 4.6 |
EVOH32-2 | 67.9 | EVOH | 4.6 |
EVOH44-1 | 56.5 | EVOH | 3.5 |
EVOH44-2 | 62.1 | EVOH | 4.1 |
Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA 6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.2 Seal strength
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3.3 Puncture resistance
Puncture resistance measures the ability of films to resist pinholes caused by rough handling or sharp objects, such as meat bones. Similarly to seal failure,Teflon Tape with Competitive Price.
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3.4 Water vapour transmission rate (WVTR)
Although the WVTR is not a primary concern in fresh beef packages,Best Price Hollow Section Ms ERW Welded Black Steel Pipe for Furniture.
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4. Conclusions
We concluded that film samples containing EVOH 32%Ce Approved Ring Die Ball Shaper Organic Fertilizer Machine% mol. Furthermore, the EVOH32-2,Sintered Stainless Steel Micro Bubble Diffuser/6+aPA blend, shows the lowest OTR values, supporting the positive roll played by the aPA in the blend to improve the gas and moisture barrier under high moisture.
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In summary, the results obtained under controlled conditions indicate that the nine layer films containing EVOH 32% mol of ethylene, ionomer and PA 66/6+aPA blend in its composition, and especially the structure with EVOH 32%Police Warning Car Emergency LED Dash Visor Light,Dia 28mm-128mm 12 Strand Polypropylene /Nylon/Polyester/Polyamide/Mixed Mooring Rope, in addition to be chlorine free and not requiring the radiation crosslinking used in the production of films made with EVA, PVDC and PE.
The authors recognize that although the promising results obtained showing that the EVOH32-2 film structure might perform adequately to preserve fresh beef, in actual production, storage and transportation, a final conclusion would require to repeat this work in actual meat production lines and subjecting the packages to conventional transportation and storage conditions. Therefore, further studies must be carried out to evaluate the performance of such films in a large scale experiment.