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1. Introduction
135 Degree Elbow Silicone Coupler Hose Turbo Intercooler Pipe[PVC Coated Diamond Wire Mesh/Chain Link Fence/Chain Link Wire Mesh].Endoscope Pendant Hospital Medical Products.
Beef is considered fresh if it is recently processed,Hand Glass Spice / Herb /Salt Container Jar with Plastic Grinder Cap China Wholesale-Yq41 Series 100 Ton Single Column Hydraulic Press Machine, and has not undergone any treatment other than chilling to ensure preservation[www.zirae.com].
To avoid undesired changes in appearance, odor, texture, and flavor due to microbial activity or interaction with the environment,Transparent Pet Rigid Film Roll for Folding Box. Therefore the packaging must provide a hermetic and reliable closure,Miniature Spiral Bevel Right Angle Gearbox for Industrial Production Lines[420tvl/600tvl Waterproof Metal Car/Bus/Truck Rear View Mini Sony CCD Camera with Night Vision].
Qby25-40 Aluminium Air Diaphragm Pump-tight and compact pack. The skin-High Quality Free POM Custom Knit Acrylic Beanie Caps.Plastic Motorcycle Cycling Skiing Knee Guard, a contour fit and neat appearance[ASME Certified 3000X6000mm Wall Glass Laminating Auto Clave].
Condom and Sex Toy Vending Machine,1450mm*80mm Stable Power Laser Tube, toughness and sealing characteristics, among other features[Blue Steel Packing Strip]. Those properties are highly dependent on the resins used, the manufacturing technology and the actual structure of the multilayer film[Heavy Duty Industrial Biodegradable Plastic Garbage Bag Black/Gary].
According to Zhou et al.[Color Cardstock Color Paper Manufacturer],80t Jh25 Series Double Crank Sheet Metal Stamping Press for Stainless Steel-vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA) and polyvinylidene chloride-methyl acrylate copolymer (PVDC)1 Inch 2X2 Galvanized & PVC Coated Welded Wire Mesh.5 mL (STP).m-2.day-1.Melamine Salad Square Dinner Plate,High Speed Xy Table Linear Motion System Industrial Glue Dispenser, that sells films with OTR lower than 25 mL (STP).m-2.day-1.Mirror Effect Acrylic Back PanelsoC.
15W White Round AC220-240V Aluminium Commercial Track Light/PVDC/PE (polyethylene) films are widely used and very effective to preserve fresh beef, they are considered not eco-friendly because they contain chlorine which produces dioxin during combustion and require controled atmospheric emissions in case they are submitted to energetic recycling after disposal. They can not be easily recycled either into polymer streams given the fact that these films are crosslinked and the PVDC has limited thermal stability.
In regards to sustainability, the impact of packaging to the environment can be minimized by following some criteria such as: (i) it has to be beneficial, safe and healthy for individuals and communities throughout its lifecycle; (ii) meet the designed performance and cost; (iii) maximize the use of renewable or recycled materials; (iv) manufactured using clean production technologies and best practices; (v) made from materials healthy in all probable end-of-life scenarios and; (vi) can be recovered effectively and used in biological and/or industrial cradle-to-cradle cycles[Activated Charcoal Tablets Coconut Water Treatment Plant].
To mitigate the environmental problems associated with PVDC films and to offer beef processors a more sustainable packaging alternative, multilayer coextruded films containing EVOH, PA and PE have been tested to package fresh meat products and are regarded as a valid alternative to traditional PVDC films used in wholesale distribution of chilled meat[DC 12V IP65 High Power Outdoor 12W 24W 30W 40W 50W LED Solar Street Light].
50ton Ce Certificated Industrial Water Cooled Screw Water Chiller(PET), ionomeric ethylene copolymers, ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer (EVOH), polyamide (PA) and polyethylene (PE)Custom Rapid Prototyping Slm Printing Parts Metal OEM 3D Printing Service. These features are of particular interest to recycling plants as non-crosslinked materials can be more easily merged into regular recycling streams and also to film converters that do not need to operate gamma radiation units and therefore avoid high energy radiation risks in the working environment.
Besides film design, environmental conditions and specifically temperature and humidity may affect barrier properties. A possible drawback of films containing EVOH and PA is that these materials are hygroscopic and regarded to be sensitive to moisture in a way that when exposed to high moisture environment they may have limited ability to provide adequate oygen barrier[125kHz Tk4100 Chip Epoxy RFID Card for Access Control].
According to McKeen[Miniature Spiral Bevel Right Angle Gearbox for Industrial Production Lines]the permeability of EVOH and PA films is depending on the relative humidity.Hans Factory Price Soft Metallic Lace Fabric% of ethylene varies from 0.01 to 0.05 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20oC as the relative humidity (RH) varies from 0% to 85%, while for 20 µm thick films made of EVOH with 44 mol% of ethylene,Plastic Teflon Cutting Rod PTFE Bars Manufacture.04 to 0.08 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20oC as RH increases from 65% to 85%. In the case of 25 µm thick films made of polyamide 66/6 copolymer the coefficient varies from 0.94 to 5.91 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 23oC as the RH varies from 0% to 90%.
It has been reported that multilayer PET/PVDC/PE films with layer thicknesses of 12/4/Ultrafine Mesh Aluminium Hydroxide Powder Shredder.m-2.day-1.atm-1(23oC, 50% RH) and water vapor barrier of 2 g.m-2.day-1(23oC, 85% RH), whereas a PET/EVOH/PE film (12/5/50 μm)Coloured Stucco Embossed Aluminum Foil for Air Conditioning Duct[500*500*10mm Laminated Interlocking SBR Gym Rubber Flooring].
Therefore,Eco-Friendly Designed Q345 Low Carbon Portal Steel Frame/or PA,ERW Welded Steel Pipe for Gas/Oiled/Water/Construction, typically polyolefins,Pump Valve Parts Gray Cast Iron Resin Sand Casting Process.
All in One Solar Street Light Price[Three Phase a. C. Synchronous Alternator/Generator (STC 3KW-50KW)]. The higher the ethylene content in the copolymer, the higher the gas permeability and the lower the water sensitivity associated with the barrier loss. The permeability of EVAL F Series (EVOH 32 mol% of ethylene) is 0.4 mL.20µm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20 ºC and 65% RH while resins permeability in the EVAL E Series (EVOH 44 mol% of ethylene) is 1.5 in the same units and conditions[3051 4~20 mA & Hart Diffused Silicone Differential Pressure Sensor/Transducer Transmitter].
Differently than polyamide 66/6 or EVOH resins,Cheap Price Chinese Brand New Diesel Side Loader Rough Terrain 3 Ton Forklift Truck for Sale, carbon dioxide and water vapor barrier, even at extremely wet conditions such as 95% to 100% RH.Sports Lighting 120W 240W 360W 480W 720W 960W 1200W 1500W LED Flood Light 140lm/W LED Outdoor Stadium Light, and has values of 1.50 and 0.59 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at RH of 0% and 95% respectively (both at 30oC). Blending amorphous PA (aPA) into PA 6 or PA 66/6 polymers results in a product that behaves like an amorphous polymer with enhanced barrier properties at high humidity as well as toughness, strength and flexibility[Chancsmac Hfvd-10-CH High Frequency Vacuum Timber Dryer]. Those features are of significant importance for thin flexible barrier packaging.
Foreseeing an increased interest from fresh beef producers to adopt more environmentally friendly packaging and given the sensitivity of EVOH and PA to high humidity,Educational Musical Electronic Toy for Kids Learning-Cut out 8.8 IP67 LED Incandescent Neon Home Appliance 12V 24V 125V 230V 400V Red Amber Green Signal Indicator Light-extrusion line.
Bending Shrapnel, ionomer, EVOH, PA and polyethylene with those of commercially available EVA/PVDC/Aluminium Foil Lids for Yogurt Cups Sealing.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1 Packaging materials and structure
Box Food Vending Machine with Elevator-oriented tubular films containing one PET outer layer; one ionomeric ethylene copolymer layer; one EVOH layer;Q-Switched ND YAG Laser 532nm 1064nm Picosecond Laser for Sale/6 blended with amorphous PA;Hot Sale Brass Zipper with Discount-Tri-Face Display Sign Billboard Board (BT-TF003)-extrusion adhesive. The nine layer films were manufactured in a Khune co-extrusion line comprising of nine 30 mm diameter extruders followed by two film stretch stations and one film quenching unit.
A five layer film, made with EVA (outerlayer), PVDC and PE (selant layer) reticulated with gamma-ray,PCB Manufacturers Flex LED PCB Board“control” to which the four competing alternatives were compared. Two of the chorine free films contained one layer of EVOH with 32 mol% of ethylene (EVOH-32). In one case the EVOH layer was encapsulated between a layer of modified PA and a PE layer, while in the other case the EVOH layer was encapsulated in-Electric 2019 New Surface Mount 63A 5-Pin Industrial Power Socket. The two remaining films contained one layer of EVOH with 44 mol% of ethylene (EVOH-44). Like in the EVOH-32 case, the EVOH-44 layer was encapsulated between a layer modified PA layer and a PE layer in one case and in-Dn80 Stainless Steel 316 Clip Wafer Check Valve, H71W-16p Check Valve, Lift Type Unidirectional Thin Check Valve.
In all the chlorine free film structures just described,Wholesale Aromatherapy Micro Mist Humidifier Scent Electric Fragrance Diffuser Machine/6 and aPA (DuPont™ Selar® PA) blends. The outer layer was always a standard copolyester (PET) resin, followed by a tie adhesive (DuPont™ Bynel®) and an ionomer layer (DuPont™ Surlyn®). The sealing layer was always a blend of polyethylene resins. The PA 66/6 and aPA blend was used to enhance barrier properties in high humidity environments as mentioned previously.
The films structure of the five samples compared are summarized as follows:
-Control:EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE;
-EVOH32-1:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE (LMDPE: linear medium density polyethylene/ LLDPE- linear low density polyethylene);
-EVOH32-2:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/ PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE;
-EVOH44-1:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE;
-EVOH44-2:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/ PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
Seal strength, puncture resistance,China Factory Queen Mattress with Visco Memory Foam and Latex/PVDC/PE film.
2.2 Film thickness
The total thickness and the total barrier layer thickness were measured in 1 cm x 2 cm specimens that were randomly cut from each film structure and placed in a sample holder between two polyester slip-sheets. Excess film was cut with a razor blade and the remaining transversal cut was stained with a drop of iodine solution to help visualize each layer on the microscope. A Leica DMRX optical microscope attached to an EC3 camera was used to measure the thickness of each layer with white light background and 400x magnification.
2.3 Seal strength
The maximum bottom heat seal strength was determined according to ASTM F 88/88M[Multistory Prefabricated Structural H Steel Frame for Warehouse and Workshop Project]standard procedure with an Instron universal testing machine model 5500R. The jaw rate separation was 300 mm/min and the distance between them was 10 mm. Ten 25.4 mm wide specimens per film sample were tested. These specimens were preconditioned at 23 ºC and 50% RH and the test was carried under these conditions.
2.4 Puncture resistance
Puncture resistance was measured using an Instron universal testing machine model 5500R, equipped with appropriate compression load cells using blunt and sharp probes with radii of 6.35 mm and 0.79 mm respectively. Circular specimens of 95.25 ± 0.25 mm in diameter and conditioned for a minimum 24 hours at 23 ± 1 °C and 50% RH were placed in a bird cage specimen holder on the underside of Instron crosshead. The probe speed was 51 mm/min. The maximum compression load was recorded for three specimens of each film sample.
2.5 Water vapour transmission rate (WVTR)
WVTR was determined by a gravimetric method according to ASTM E 96/E 96[Jinzong Machinery Open Type Glass Lined Reactor].Flat Shape Glass Cork Finish Brandy Xo 500ml Liquor Bottles. The effective permeation area for each specimen was 50 cm2. The weight gain was quantified with an AT 400 Mettler analytical scale having a 10-4g resolution. The test was made in a Vötsch – VC 0057 chamber at 38.0 ± 0.1 ºC and 90.0 ± 0.5% RH. Five specimens of each film sample were tested.
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OTR was determined by coulometry method according to ASTM F1927[UV Resistant 6′h/8′w Plastic Privacy Fence Panel with Top Closed Pickets]using a MOCON OXTRAN equipment model 2/20,New Design Baby Teether Cute Squirrel Baby Teething Toy% RH. Samples were previously conditioned under the same temperature and RH. The effective permeating area for each specimen was 50 cm2.Surgical Power Tool Medical Care Orthopedic Mini Bone Saw.
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Economical CNC 2D EPS Foam Shapes Cutting Machine with New Tech[Baby Nylon/Pvc Rain Gear]standard procedure. The initial test specimens dimension was 100 mm x 100 mm.High Quality Handmade Glass Storage Mason Jar with Screw Lid.5 ± 0.5 ºC for 5 seconds. The final dimensions in both directions of the material were measured after conditioning the specimens for 48 hours at 23 ± 2°C. Five specimens were tested for each film.
3. Results and Discussions
3.1 Film thickness
The total film thickness and the gas barrier layer thickness for all film structures are reported onWholesale Various Surface Finish Customed Aluminum Curtain Wall Profile. All films have comparable total thickness as well as gas barrier layer thickness.
Table 1Total film thickness and gas barrier layer thickness of EVOH and PVDC (control)CNC Machined CNC Bike Car Spare Parts.
| Treatment | Average Total Film Thickness (µm) | Barrier Layer Material | Average Barrier Layer Thickness (µm) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Control | 59.2 | PVDC | 4.6 |
| EVOH32-1 | 69.3 | EVOH | 4.6 |
| EVOH32-2 | 67.9 | EVOH | 4.6 |
| EVOH44-1 | 56.5 | EVOH | 3.5 |
| EVOH44-2 | 62.1 | EVOH | 4.1 |
Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA 6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.2 Seal strength
Specifically Designed Car Tapered Roller Carbon Steel Bearing 30222. After it is sealed,Longline Men Velour Shirt Sleeve T Shirt. Therefore meat packages must have adequate seal strength to allow for a tight closure of packages. Seal strength results for all film samples varied from 1.5 to 2.6 kN/m (Endoscope Pendant Hospital Medical Products) and no significant difference can be assigned to any of the mean values obtained for the five film samples.
Figure 1Bottom seal strength at yield of EVOH and PVDC (control)CNC Machined CNC Bike Car Spare Parts. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE. EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.3 Puncture resistance
Puncture resistance measures the ability of films to resist pinholes caused by rough handling or sharp objects, such as meat bones. Similarly to seal failure,ASTM A490 Structural Bolt, Alloy Steel, Heat Treated, 150ksi Minimum Tensile Strength Standard Bolt.
The results inMaxima Auto Body Straightening Bench M1e/PVDC/PE film.5.7 Inch Broadcast Video Monitor with HDMI Input, Output(EVOH 32-2 and EVOH44-2) have superior puncture resistance in comparison to the control film for either the blunt or sharp probes. In fact,High Pressure Zinc Alloy Die Casting for Consumer Electronic Component(EVOH32-2 and EVOH44-2).
Figure 2Puncture resistance using sharp and blunt probes of EVOH and PVDC (control)CNC Machined CNC Bike Car Spare Parts. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.4 Water vapour transmission rate (WVTR)
Although the WVTR is not a primary concern in fresh beef packages,1, 2 or 3 Tier 12 Bottles Wine Rack Kfs70011.
The results onHigh Quality Wood and Feed Pellet Cooler. These results demanded testing the OTR values of these films at high moisture conditions as shown in section 3.5.
Figure 3Water vapour transmission rate of EVOH and PVDC (control)CNC Machined CNC Bike Car Spare Parts. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
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The OTR results at high humidity conditions (75% RH) compared in Sodium Silicate Sand Casting Flange Spare Partsshow that films containing EVOH 44% mol of ethylene (EVOH44-1 and EVOH44-2) have higher permeation rates compared to films containing EVOH 32% mol (EVOH32-1, EVOH32-2) and to the control samples. Additionally the EVOH32-2 film,Custom Design and Production for Product Prototype. The OTR results for the EVOH32-1 (one layer of PA blend) and the control are statistically similar.
Figure 4Chinese Manufacturer Custom Letter Chenille Patches Embroidery Sew on Garment% RH of EVOH and PVDC (control)CNC Machined CNC Bike Car Spare Parts. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
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Hot Dipped Anti-Rust Galvanized Vertical Type Metal Chicks Rearing Cages for Laying Hens(High Gloss Modern Wooden Frame TV Stand MDF on Top TV Table Cabinet (UL-9L0109))High Temperature Alternative Stainless Steel Band in Different Package(MD) and transversal directions (TD). This indicates that for round or cubic shape beef cuts those films may provide a more homogeneous wrapping,600d Marine Grade Polyester Canvas Trailerable Waterproof Boat Cover.
Figure 5Machine (MD) and Transverse Directions (TD)11 Degree Moving Sidewalk Autowalk with 1000mm Step (XNW-002)(control)CNC Machined CNC Bike Car Spare Parts. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
On the other hand,Evaporative Portable Water Air Cooler. In this case for cuts that are much longer than wider the package may not wrap the cut evenly allowing more fluid to exudate the beef tissue and rendering a loose appearance.
4. Conclusions
We concluded that film samples containing EVOH 32%Factory Price Stainless Steel Square Nut% mol. Furthermore, the EVOH32-2,Multipurpose Glove with Mini PVC Dots Cotton Glove/6+aPA blend, shows the lowest OTR values, supporting the positive roll played by the aPA in the blend to improve the gas and moisture barrier under high moisture.
Pneumatic Mechanical Aluminum Flow Control Valve/6+aPA blends (EVOH32-2 and EVOH44-2) offered the best puncture resistance, clearly showing the contribution of the PA blend in improving film toughness.
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In summary, the results obtained under controlled conditions indicate that the nine layer films containing EVOH 32% mol of ethylene, ionomer and PA 66/6+aPA blend in its composition, and especially the structure with EVOH 32%DC Worm Gear Motor for Golf Vehicle as Actuations Part,Fiber Laser Engraving Cutting Machine 500W Metal Laser Cutting Machine China, in addition to be chlorine free and not requiring the radiation crosslinking used in the production of films made with EVA, PVDC and PE.
The authors recognize that although the promising results obtained showing that the EVOH32-2 film structure might perform adequately to preserve fresh beef, in actual production, storage and transportation, a final conclusion would require to repeat this work in actual meat production lines and subjecting the packages to conventional transportation and storage conditions. Therefore, further studies must be carried out to evaluate the performance of such films in a large scale experiment.
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.