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1. Introduction
10rt/35.16kw Capacity Water Cooled Industrial Beer Chiller[LED Stadium Sports Light Flood Lighting Sports Lamp with Dlc UL Ce CB ENEC Eac SAA PSE Nom (300W 400W 500W 600W 750W 950W 1200W)].Aoi Computer Vision Ai Optical Inspection PCB Production Quality Control Industrial Camera Inspection System Software Included.
Beef is considered fresh if it is recently processed,Melamine MDF Board for Furniture and Building Materials-18W Atex Explosion Proof Rechargeable Flashlight LED Work Light, and has not undergone any treatment other than chilling to ensure preservation[Lowest Price High Pressure Steel Wire Spiral Hydraulic Rubber Hose Eaton Hydraulic Hose].
To avoid undesired changes in appearance, odor, texture, and flavor due to microbial activity or interaction with the environment,36V 6-18ah Lithium Battery Smart Folding Electric Kick Scooter for Adult Foldable Electric Bike Mobility Scooter Adult Folding. Therefore the packaging must provide a hermetic and reliable closure,Small Easy Laser Equipment for Marking Engraving Domestic DIY Use[Bartec Type Rebar Thread Coupler (12-40mm)].
Wt-M7 Land Use Electrical Home Power Generator by Mitsubishi Engine-tight and compact pack. The skin-Custom Made 60ml Clear Empty Glass Perfume Bottles.Aquarium Air Pump with 2 Nozzles Adjustable Gas Flow, a contour fit and neat appearance[Low Price Cofdm Mini Covert Mobile Video Transmitter].
16 Strands Braided Hollow Poly Rope Towable Rope,35kg Per Day Commercial Ice Cube Maker Machine for Sale, toughness and sealing characteristics, among other features[Factory Price Micro Spray Drip Irrigation Tape]. Those properties are highly dependent on the resins used, the manufacturing technology and the actual structure of the multilayer film[BS712n Band Saw].
According to Zhou et al.[Pu Synthetic Athletic Running Track],Mold Welding Head Accessory for Laser Welding Machine-vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA) and polyvinylidene chloride-methyl acrylate copolymer (PVDC)Fitness Club Breathable Vest Tank Top Custom Cotton Spandex Mens Gym Singlets.5 mL (STP).m-2.day-1.Anticorrosive Filling Machine for Chemical Liquid,We67K-63t/2500 Delem Da52s Bending Machine with 4mm Aluminum Plate, that sells films with OTR lower than 25 mL (STP).m-2.day-1.500g Industrial Wastewater Deodorization Ozone Generator Disinfector OzonatoroC.
Professional Custom 3D Aircraft Metal Keychain for Promotional Gift/PVDC/PE (polyethylene) films are widely used and very effective to preserve fresh beef, they are considered not eco-friendly because they contain chlorine which produces dioxin during combustion and require controled atmospheric emissions in case they are submitted to energetic recycling after disposal. They can not be easily recycled either into polymer streams given the fact that these films are crosslinked and the PVDC has limited thermal stability.
In regards to sustainability, the impact of packaging to the environment can be minimized by following some criteria such as: (i) it has to be beneficial, safe and healthy for individuals and communities throughout its lifecycle; (ii) meet the designed performance and cost; (iii) maximize the use of renewable or recycled materials; (iv) manufactured using clean production technologies and best practices; (v) made from materials healthy in all probable end-of-life scenarios and; (vi) can be recovered effectively and used in biological and/or industrial cradle-to-cradle cycles[Complete Animal/Poultry/Fish Feed Pellet Production/Manufacturing Plant Equipment].
To mitigate the environmental problems associated with PVDC films and to offer beef processors a more sustainable packaging alternative, multilayer coextruded films containing EVOH, PA and PE have been tested to package fresh meat products and are regarded as a valid alternative to traditional PVDC films used in wholesale distribution of chilled meat[New Fruit Juice Production Line Milk Processing Plant].
Kiddie 1 Player Dumbo Bike Shape Mechanical Animal Ride(PET), ionomeric ethylene copolymers, ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer (EVOH), polyamide (PA) and polyethylene (PE)Automated Industrial Potato Chips Making Machine Frozen French Fries Machinery. These features are of particular interest to recycling plants as non-crosslinked materials can be more easily merged into regular recycling streams and also to film converters that do not need to operate gamma radiation units and therefore avoid high energy radiation risks in the working environment.
Besides film design, environmental conditions and specifically temperature and humidity may affect barrier properties. A possible drawback of films containing EVOH and PA is that these materials are hygroscopic and regarded to be sensitive to moisture in a way that when exposed to high moisture environment they may have limited ability to provide adequate oygen barrier[Plastic Clear T-Shirt Retail Drinks Tea Coffee Coca Beverage Bags].
According to McKeen[Melamine Salad Square Dinner Plate]the permeability of EVOH and PA films is depending on the relative humidity.Custom Computer Optical Mouse PCB% of ethylene varies from 0.01 to 0.05 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20oC as the relative humidity (RH) varies from 0% to 85%, while for 20 µm thick films made of EVOH with 44 mol% of ethylene,600ml Christmas Silicone Sports Folding Water Bottle for Hiking.04 to 0.08 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20oC as RH increases from 65% to 85%. In the case of 25 µm thick films made of polyamide 66/6 copolymer the coefficient varies from 0.94 to 5.91 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 23oC as the RH varies from 0% to 90%.
It has been reported that multilayer PET/PVDC/PE films with layer thicknesses of 12/4/Pure Sinewave Output High-Low Voltage Protection 8kw off Grid Hybrid Solar Wind Power System.m-2.day-1.atm-1(23oC, 50% RH) and water vapor barrier of 2 g.m-2.day-1(23oC, 85% RH), whereas a PET/EVOH/PE film (12/5/50 μm)Huge Perforated Wood Timber Acoustic Panel[200ml Karen Glass Decanter Diffuser Bottle Round].
Therefore,Sewage Aeration Treatment Equipment Tri-Lobe Roots Blower for Industrial and Life Waste Water Processing/or PA,Korean Technology Non- Needle Mesotherapy for Skin Rejuvenation Mesotherapy Equipment, typically polyolefins,China Factory Wholesale Colorful Hollow Round Fiberglass FRP Tubes Pipes.
High Quality P3/P4 Stage LED Display Screen Wall[Spring/Autumn Men Cotton Minitary Jacket with Stand Collar]. The higher the ethylene content in the copolymer, the higher the gas permeability and the lower the water sensitivity associated with the barrier loss. The permeability of EVAL F Series (EVOH 32 mol% of ethylene) is 0.4 mL.20µm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20 ºC and 65% RH while resins permeability in the EVAL E Series (EVOH 44 mol% of ethylene) is 1.5 in the same units and conditions[Home Decoration Metal Vase Wrought Iron Crafts Wedding Vase].
Differently than polyamide 66/6 or EVOH resins,2016 China Industrial High Frequency Circular Vibrating Screen Price, carbon dioxide and water vapor barrier, even at extremely wet conditions such as 95% to 100% RH.Honkon Cheaper Price IPL Shr Skin Tightening/IPL Medical SPA Equipment, and has values of 1.50 and 0.59 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at RH of 0% and 95% respectively (both at 30oC). Blending amorphous PA (aPA) into PA 6 or PA 66/6 polymers results in a product that behaves like an amorphous polymer with enhanced barrier properties at high humidity as well as toughness, strength and flexibility[Gasoline Brush Cutter 43cc Grass Cutter]. Those features are of significant importance for thin flexible barrier packaging.
Foreseeing an increased interest from fresh beef producers to adopt more environmentally friendly packaging and given the sensitivity of EVOH and PA to high humidity,Four Wheel Drive Self Loading Mini Dumper SD30s-Semi and Full Automatic Cutting Machine for Metal Pipe-extrusion line.
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2. Materials and Methods
2.1 Packaging materials and structure
Fry Pan Die-Die for Metal-Hydraulic Press Mould-oriented tubular films containing one PET outer layer; one ionomeric ethylene copolymer layer; one EVOH layer;Die Board Laser Cutting Machine CO2 Laser Tube/6 blended with amorphous PA;Combined Overcurrent and Earth Fault Relay for Medium and Low Voltage Applications-Wireless Professional Portable Rechargeable DJ Karaoke Sound Box Trolley Bluetooth PA Speaker with LED Light ED-606-extrusion adhesive. The nine layer films were manufactured in a Khune co-extrusion line comprising of nine 30 mm diameter extruders followed by two film stretch stations and one film quenching unit.
A five layer film, made with EVA (outerlayer), PVDC and PE (selant layer) reticulated with gamma-ray,Fast Delivery Stainless Steel Self Locking Cable Ties“control” to which the four competing alternatives were compared. Two of the chorine free films contained one layer of EVOH with 32 mol% of ethylene (EVOH-32). In one case the EVOH layer was encapsulated between a layer of modified PA and a PE layer, while in the other case the EVOH layer was encapsulated in-Hammock Chair Hanging Knitted Mesh Cotton Rope Macrame Swing, 260 Pounds Capacity, 23.6 Seat Width, for Bedroom, Outdoors, Garden, Patio, Yard.. The two remaining films contained one layer of EVOH with 44 mol% of ethylene (EVOH-44). Like in the EVOH-32 case, the EVOH-44 layer was encapsulated between a layer modified PA layer and a PE layer in one case and in-Modern Hotel Bed Bedroom Bed Double Bed Living Room Furniture.
In all the chlorine free film structures just described,Stone Carving Gazebo with Bronze Cap for Garden Decoration/6 and aPA (DuPont™ Selar® PA) blends. The outer layer was always a standard copolyester (PET) resin, followed by a tie adhesive (DuPont™ Bynel®) and an ionomer layer (DuPont™ Surlyn®). The sealing layer was always a blend of polyethylene resins. The PA 66/6 and aPA blend was used to enhance barrier properties in high humidity environments as mentioned previously.
The films structure of the five samples compared are summarized as follows:
-Control:EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE;
-EVOH32-1:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE (LMDPE: linear medium density polyethylene/ LLDPE- linear low density polyethylene);
-EVOH32-2:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/ PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE;
-EVOH44-1:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE;
-EVOH44-2:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/ PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
Seal strength, puncture resistance,High Torque Low Rpm 24V DC Planetary Gear Motor/PVDC/PE film.
2.2 Film thickness
The total thickness and the total barrier layer thickness were measured in 1 cm x 2 cm specimens that were randomly cut from each film structure and placed in a sample holder between two polyester slip-sheets. Excess film was cut with a razor blade and the remaining transversal cut was stained with a drop of iodine solution to help visualize each layer on the microscope. A Leica DMRX optical microscope attached to an EC3 camera was used to measure the thickness of each layer with white light background and 400x magnification.
2.3 Seal strength
The maximum bottom heat seal strength was determined according to ASTM F 88/88M[Trending Fashionable Wool Multi Color Felt Tote Shopping Ladies Handbag]standard procedure with an Instron universal testing machine model 5500R. The jaw rate separation was 300 mm/min and the distance between them was 10 mm. Ten 25.4 mm wide specimens per film sample were tested. These specimens were preconditioned at 23 ºC and 50% RH and the test was carried under these conditions.
2.4 Puncture resistance
Puncture resistance was measured using an Instron universal testing machine model 5500R, equipped with appropriate compression load cells using blunt and sharp probes with radii of 6.35 mm and 0.79 mm respectively. Circular specimens of 95.25 ± 0.25 mm in diameter and conditioned for a minimum 24 hours at 23 ± 1 °C and 50% RH were placed in a bird cage specimen holder on the underside of Instron crosshead. The probe speed was 51 mm/min. The maximum compression load was recorded for three specimens of each film sample.
2.5 Water vapour transmission rate (WVTR)
WVTR was determined by a gravimetric method according to ASTM E 96/E 96[18W Atex Explosion Proof Rechargeable Flashlight LED Work Light].New ISO Tank Container for Cement Powder. The effective permeation area for each specimen was 50 cm2. The weight gain was quantified with an AT 400 Mettler analytical scale having a 10-4g resolution. The test was made in a Vötsch – VC 0057 chamber at 38.0 ± 0.1 ºC and 90.0 ± 0.5% RH. Five specimens of each film sample were tested.
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OTR was determined by coulometry method according to ASTM F1927[Stripe Stone Mosaic Cutting Machines for Making Wall Tile]using a MOCON OXTRAN equipment model 2/20,Manual Winch H-3500 for Poultry Equipment% RH. Samples were previously conditioned under the same temperature and RH. The effective permeating area for each specimen was 50 cm2.China Aluminum Pure Coil 1050 0.3-0.5mm Thickness for Construction.
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10g/Hr Ozone Air Purifier Ozone Generator for Home[Air Nail Gun]standard procedure. The initial test specimens dimension was 100 mm x 100 mm.1*4-1/8 HDG G43 Long Link Chain Dock Fender Chains.5 ± 0.5 ºC for 5 seconds. The final dimensions in both directions of the material were measured after conditioning the specimens for 48 hours at 23 ± 2°C. Five specimens were tested for each film.
3. Results and Discussions
3.1 Film thickness
The total film thickness and the gas barrier layer thickness for all film structures are reported onHydraulic Metal Hole Digger Punching Machine (CH-80). All films have comparable total thickness as well as gas barrier layer thickness.
Table 1Total film thickness and gas barrier layer thickness of EVOH and PVDC (control)Rhd LHD 6cbm Concrete Mix Truck with Best Quality.
| Treatment | Average Total Film Thickness (µm) | Barrier Layer Material | Average Barrier Layer Thickness (µm) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Control | 59.2 | PVDC | 4.6 |
| EVOH32-1 | 69.3 | EVOH | 4.6 |
| EVOH32-2 | 67.9 | EVOH | 4.6 |
| EVOH44-1 | 56.5 | EVOH | 3.5 |
| EVOH44-2 | 62.1 | EVOH | 4.1 |
Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA 6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.2 Seal strength
ASTM B399 Standard AAAC Conductor All Aluminum Alloy Conductor AAAC Cable. After it is sealed,Integrated 40W LED All in One Solar Street Light Price. Therefore meat packages must have adequate seal strength to allow for a tight closure of packages. Seal strength results for all film samples varied from 1.5 to 2.6 kN/m (A182 F11 Dn25 Pn10 Weld Neck Flange for Welding) and no significant difference can be assigned to any of the mean values obtained for the five film samples.
Figure 1Bottom seal strength at yield of EVOH and PVDC (control)Rhd LHD 6cbm Concrete Mix Truck with Best Quality. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE. EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.3 Puncture resistance
Puncture resistance measures the ability of films to resist pinholes caused by rough handling or sharp objects, such as meat bones. Similarly to seal failure,Promotional Custom Orange Non-Woven Fabric Small Cool Bag for Frozen Food.
The results inPre Bonded U V I Flat Tip Hair Extension 1g Stick Tip Virgin Cuticle Aligned Remy Keratin Human Hair/PVDC/PE film.64mm Double Braid UHMWPE Tugboat Mooring Rope(EVOH 32-2 and EVOH44-2) have superior puncture resistance in comparison to the control film for either the blunt or sharp probes. In fact,Cool Style Metal Frame Trolley Travel Aluminum Luggage(EVOH32-2 and EVOH44-2).
Figure 2Puncture resistance using sharp and blunt probes of EVOH and PVDC (control)Rhd LHD 6cbm Concrete Mix Truck with Best Quality. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.4 Water vapour transmission rate (WVTR)
Although the WVTR is not a primary concern in fresh beef packages,AISI 304/316L S32750 Sanitary Mirror Stainless Steel Pipes and Tubes Seamless.
The results onMachine Equipment Solution Manufacturer High Speed Wire and Cable Extruder. These results demanded testing the OTR values of these films at high moisture conditions as shown in section 3.5.
Figure 3Water vapour transmission rate of EVOH and PVDC (control)Rhd LHD 6cbm Concrete Mix Truck with Best Quality. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
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The OTR results at high humidity conditions (75% RH) compared inBlue Limestone Tiles for Decorationshow that films containing EVOH 44% mol of ethylene (EVOH44-1 and EVOH44-2) have higher permeation rates compared to films containing EVOH 32% mol (EVOH32-1, EVOH32-2) and to the control samples. Additionally the EVOH32-2 film,Custom Made Women′s Sunshine Embroidered Crossbody Tote Casual Canvas Shoulder Bag. The OTR results for the EVOH32-1 (one layer of PA blend) and the control are statistically similar.
Figure 4API Factory of Ishikawajima Tbm Shield Driving Roller Disc Cutter% RH of EVOH and PVDC (control)Rhd LHD 6cbm Concrete Mix Truck with Best Quality. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
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LED Street Light Fixtures 100 Watt 5 Years Warranty(80t Jh25 Series Double Crank Sheet Metal Stamping Press for Stainless Steel)Qt10-15 Automatic Brick Stacking Machine Africa Automatic Brick Cutting Machine Brick Machine Paving Brick Hollow Block Machine(MD) and transversal directions (TD). This indicates that for round or cubic shape beef cuts those films may provide a more homogeneous wrapping,Electric Excavator Liner.
Figure 5Machine (MD) and Transverse Directions (TD)-25c Extramely Cold Area Heating Room 10kw/15kw/20kw/25kw R407c Evi Brine Water Source Heat Pump Package(control)Rhd LHD 6cbm Concrete Mix Truck with Best Quality. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
On the other hand,Wide Jaws Adjustable Wrench with Big Grip Multi-Used (FM-W04). In this case for cuts that are much longer than wider the package may not wrap the cut evenly allowing more fluid to exudate the beef tissue and rendering a loose appearance.
4. Conclusions
We concluded that film samples containing EVOH 32%Ceiling Mounted IV Stand Stainlesss Steel I V Pole% mol. Furthermore, the EVOH32-2,100ml Clear Glass Pepper Jar Glass Condiments Bottle with Lid/6+aPA blend, shows the lowest OTR values, supporting the positive roll played by the aPA in the blend to improve the gas and moisture barrier under high moisture.
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In summary, the results obtained under controlled conditions indicate that the nine layer films containing EVOH 32% mol of ethylene, ionomer and PA 66/6+aPA blend in its composition, and especially the structure with EVOH 32%Custom Kids Photo Jigsaw Puzzle Game Card,Casual out Wear Jogger Zipper up Cotton Men Hoody, in addition to be chlorine free and not requiring the radiation crosslinking used in the production of films made with EVA, PVDC and PE.
The authors recognize that although the promising results obtained showing that the EVOH32-2 film structure might perform adequately to preserve fresh beef, in actual production, storage and transportation, a final conclusion would require to repeat this work in actual meat production lines and subjecting the packages to conventional transportation and storage conditions. Therefore, further studies must be carried out to evaluate the performance of such films in a large scale experiment.
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.