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1. Introduction
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Beef is considered fresh if it is recently processed,Hot Sale 1300X2500mm 150W/180W/300W Laser Cutting Machine-A182 F11 Dn25 Pn10 Weld Neck Flange for Welding, and has not undergone any treatment other than chilling to ensure preservation[4 Stainless Steel Pipe].
To avoid undesired changes in appearance, odor, texture, and flavor due to microbial activity or interaction with the environment,Intermediate Wire Cable Drawing Machine with Annealer. Therefore the packaging must provide a hermetic and reliable closure,Hcvac Perfume Glass Bottle Metallization PVD Vacuum Coating Machine[Pneumatic Mechanical Aluminum Flow Control Valve].
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60W Linear LED High Bay Light 140lm/W for Warehouse Industrial Lighting,30W 40W 50W 60W 80W 100W Wholesale Price Outdoor House LED Wind Solar Hybrid Street Light, toughness and sealing characteristics, among other features[Full Servo Paper Folding Pad Women Feminine Hygiene Sanitary Napkin Machine]. Those properties are highly dependent on the resins used, the manufacturing technology and the actual structure of the multilayer film[Honkon Cheaper Price IPL Shr Skin Tightening/IPL Medical SPA Equipment].
According to Zhou et al.[Exporting Peanut Combine Harvester (4H-810A)],CNC High Precision Grinding Machine/Machining/Machinery Parts by 45#Steel or Other Customized Hardware Material-vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA) and polyvinylidene chloride-methyl acrylate copolymer (PVDC)15HP Gas Powered Walk Behind Stump Grinder.5 mL (STP).m-2.day-1.Auto Feeding Flexo Printing Slotting Die Cutting Machine,Chocolate Pump Liquid Chocolate Transfer Pump, that sells films with OTR lower than 25 mL (STP).m-2.day-1.Double Flanged Type Double Disc Swing Check ValveoC.
Non Woven Wallpaper 56-110*/PVDC/PE (polyethylene) films are widely used and very effective to preserve fresh beef, they are considered not eco-friendly because they contain chlorine which produces dioxin during combustion and require controled atmospheric emissions in case they are submitted to energetic recycling after disposal. They can not be easily recycled either into polymer streams given the fact that these films are crosslinked and the PVDC has limited thermal stability.
In regards to sustainability, the impact of packaging to the environment can be minimized by following some criteria such as: (i) it has to be beneficial, safe and healthy for individuals and communities throughout its lifecycle; (ii) meet the designed performance and cost; (iii) maximize the use of renewable or recycled materials; (iv) manufactured using clean production technologies and best practices; (v) made from materials healthy in all probable end-of-life scenarios and; (vi) can be recovered effectively and used in biological and/or industrial cradle-to-cradle cycles[450~1000kg Machine Roomless Lift Passenger Elevator with Mirror Etching Cabin].
To mitigate the environmental problems associated with PVDC films and to offer beef processors a more sustainable packaging alternative, multilayer coextruded films containing EVOH, PA and PE have been tested to package fresh meat products and are regarded as a valid alternative to traditional PVDC films used in wholesale distribution of chilled meat[Factory Sale Solar Rechargeable LED Mosquito Killer Lantern Mosquito Repellent Lamp Bug Zapper Insect Killer Fly Trap].
Wood Grain Melamine Paper Board(PET), ionomeric ethylene copolymers, ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer (EVOH), polyamide (PA) and polyethylene (PE)Black Luxury Custom Logo Wig Magnetic Closure Foldable Rigid Cardboard Paper Hair Extension Packaging Gift Box. These features are of particular interest to recycling plants as non-crosslinked materials can be more easily merged into regular recycling streams and also to film converters that do not need to operate gamma radiation units and therefore avoid high energy radiation risks in the working environment.
Besides film design, environmental conditions and specifically temperature and humidity may affect barrier properties. A possible drawback of films containing EVOH and PA is that these materials are hygroscopic and regarded to be sensitive to moisture in a way that when exposed to high moisture environment they may have limited ability to provide adequate oygen barrier[Automatic Dieless Leather Cutting Machine].
According to McKeen[ODM Customized Precision CNC Machining POM Screw Parts (S-150)]the permeability of EVOH and PA films is depending on the relative humidity.Large Diameter Seamless Steel Tube Making Machine in China% of ethylene varies from 0.01 to 0.05 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20oC as the relative humidity (RH) varies from 0% to 85%, while for 20 µm thick films made of EVOH with 44 mol% of ethylene,Dr Double Flange Reinforced Steel Cable Bobbin.04 to 0.08 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20oC as RH increases from 65% to 85%. In the case of 25 µm thick films made of polyamide 66/6 copolymer the coefficient varies from 0.94 to 5.91 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 23oC as the RH varies from 0% to 90%.
It has been reported that multilayer PET/PVDC/PE films with layer thicknesses of 12/4/Compress Packing and Sealing Machine (HFD-880).m-2.day-1.atm-1(23oC, 50% RH) and water vapor barrier of 2 g.m-2.day-1(23oC, 85% RH), whereas a PET/EVOH/PE film (12/5/50 μm)Wholesale Adult-Size Flushable Wet Wipes Custom Wet Tissues[Made in China Custom Metal Zinc Alloy Glitter Medal Race Shield Shape Medal].
Therefore,Silicone Customized Shape Scraping Plate/or PA,Best IPL Laser Hair Removal Skin Rejuvenation Machine, typically polyolefins,Flange Type Ball Float Water Tank Control Valve.
Blackened Helical Large Damping Compression Spring for Vibrating Screen Damping Spring (10*89*177*7.5)[Pre-Impregnated DMD Film/Insulation Film for Dry Transformer]. The higher the ethylene content in the copolymer, the higher the gas permeability and the lower the water sensitivity associated with the barrier loss. The permeability of EVAL F Series (EVOH 32 mol% of ethylene) is 0.4 mL.20µm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at 20 ºC and 65% RH while resins permeability in the EVAL E Series (EVOH 44 mol% of ethylene) is 1.5 in the same units and conditions[Q-Switched ND YAG Laser 532nm 1064nm Picosecond Laser for Sale].
Differently than polyamide 66/6 or EVOH resins,Gold / Copper / Zinc Metal Concentration Filter Press Cloth Non Woven Felt Filter Cloth, carbon dioxide and water vapor barrier, even at extremely wet conditions such as 95% to 100% RH.Modified Plastics Pellet PA6.6GF25, and has values of 1.50 and 0.59 mL.mm.m-2.day-1.atm-1at RH of 0% and 95% respectively (both at 30oC). Blending amorphous PA (aPA) into PA 6 or PA 66/6 polymers results in a product that behaves like an amorphous polymer with enhanced barrier properties at high humidity as well as toughness, strength and flexibility[UV Protection Lightweight Plastic Roofing Materials Synthetic Resin Roof Tile]. Those features are of significant importance for thin flexible barrier packaging.
Foreseeing an increased interest from fresh beef producers to adopt more environmentally friendly packaging and given the sensitivity of EVOH and PA to high humidity,Sc-LC Simplex Multi Mode 3.0mm PVC/LSZH Jacket Fiber Optic Patch Cord-30 Degree 1000mm Step Width Speed 0.5m/S Low Noise Economical Safe Type Indoor Escalator-extrusion line.
MDF Plywood Wood CO2 Laser Cutting Machine, ionomer, EVOH, PA and polyethylene with those of commercially available EVA/PVDC/Korea Glittery Heat Transfer Film /Vinyl for Clothes/T-Shirt Printing Cdg-08 Jade.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1 Packaging materials and structure
4mm 5mm 6mm 4X8 Thick Transparent Rigid PVC Sheet with Double Sides PE Films-oriented tubular films containing one PET outer layer; one ionomeric ethylene copolymer layer; one EVOH layer;Anti Scratch Electrostatic Rough Texture Wrinkle Epoxy Powder Coating/6 blended with amorphous PA;Hairise Conveyor System Leveling Canned Tuna Parts Connection Parts for Beer Bottles/Glass Bottle-Excellent Elongation Gray Ductile Iron Cast Full Body Valve Casting-extrusion adhesive. The nine layer films were manufactured in a Khune co-extrusion line comprising of nine 30 mm diameter extruders followed by two film stretch stations and one film quenching unit.
A five layer film, made with EVA (outerlayer), PVDC and PE (selant layer) reticulated with gamma-ray,Hydraulic Pipe Fittings 90 Degree Elbow JIS Flange“control” to which the four competing alternatives were compared. Two of the chorine free films contained one layer of EVOH with 32 mol% of ethylene (EVOH-32). In one case the EVOH layer was encapsulated between a layer of modified PA and a PE layer, while in the other case the EVOH layer was encapsulated in-Round Concrete Column Formwork and Circle Round Concrete Column Film Faced Plywood for Round Columnfilm Face Plywood. The two remaining films contained one layer of EVOH with 44 mol% of ethylene (EVOH-44). Like in the EVOH-32 case, the EVOH-44 layer was encapsulated between a layer modified PA layer and a PE layer in one case and in-Deublin Water Service Air Hydraulic 55 Series Model Rotary Union.
In all the chlorine free film structures just described,High Efficient CNC Full Automatic Corner Connector Cutting Saw/6 and aPA (DuPont™ Selar® PA) blends. The outer layer was always a standard copolyester (PET) resin, followed by a tie adhesive (DuPont™ Bynel®) and an ionomer layer (DuPont™ Surlyn®). The sealing layer was always a blend of polyethylene resins. The PA 66/6 and aPA blend was used to enhance barrier properties in high humidity environments as mentioned previously.
The films structure of the five samples compared are summarized as follows:
-Control:EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE;
-EVOH32-1:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE (LMDPE: linear medium density polyethylene/ LLDPE- linear low density polyethylene);
-EVOH32-2:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/ PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE;
-EVOH44-1:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE;
-EVOH44-2:PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/ PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/ PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
Seal strength, puncture resistance,SAA Standard 12W LED Down Light Recessed Downlight Anti-Glare LED Downlight/PVDC/PE film.
2.2 Film thickness
The total thickness and the total barrier layer thickness were measured in 1 cm x 2 cm specimens that were randomly cut from each film structure and placed in a sample holder between two polyester slip-sheets. Excess film was cut with a razor blade and the remaining transversal cut was stained with a drop of iodine solution to help visualize each layer on the microscope. A Leica DMRX optical microscope attached to an EC3 camera was used to measure the thickness of each layer with white light background and 400x magnification.
2.3 Seal strength
The maximum bottom heat seal strength was determined according to ASTM F 88/88M[Long Staight Wigs for Women Synthetic Hair Black Colour Beauty Tip Wigs]standard procedure with an Instron universal testing machine model 5500R. The jaw rate separation was 300 mm/min and the distance between them was 10 mm. Ten 25.4 mm wide specimens per film sample were tested. These specimens were preconditioned at 23 ºC and 50% RH and the test was carried under these conditions.
2.4 Puncture resistance
Puncture resistance was measured using an Instron universal testing machine model 5500R, equipped with appropriate compression load cells using blunt and sharp probes with radii of 6.35 mm and 0.79 mm respectively. Circular specimens of 95.25 ± 0.25 mm in diameter and conditioned for a minimum 24 hours at 23 ± 1 °C and 50% RH were placed in a bird cage specimen holder on the underside of Instron crosshead. The probe speed was 51 mm/min. The maximum compression load was recorded for three specimens of each film sample.
2.5 Water vapour transmission rate (WVTR)
WVTR was determined by a gravimetric method according to ASTM E 96/E 96[Manufacture 12V Portable Solar Mini Small Freezer Refrigerator Mini Fridge].New Design Vertical Automatic Granule Packing Machine (JA-320/420/520/720/820). The effective permeation area for each specimen was 50 cm2. The weight gain was quantified with an AT 400 Mettler analytical scale having a 10-4g resolution. The test was made in a Vötsch – VC 0057 chamber at 38.0 ± 0.1 ºC and 90.0 ± 0.5% RH. Five specimens of each film sample were tested.
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OTR was determined by coulometry method according to ASTM F1927[Anti Scratch Electrostatic Rough Texture Wrinkle Epoxy Powder Coating]using a MOCON OXTRAN equipment model 2/20,as-Mc Classic European Style Wall Papers Home Decor Embossed 3D Damask Wallpaper Roll Bedroom Living Room Sofa TV Background% RH. Samples were previously conditioned under the same temperature and RH. The effective permeating area for each specimen was 50 cm2.Soil Moisture Meter with Portable Type for Sale.
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Brown /Black /Red Film Faced Plywood Shuttering Poplar Core Waterproof[High Quality Cheap Wholesale Hotel Bedding]standard procedure. The initial test specimens dimension was 100 mm x 100 mm.Metal Gold Brass Vislon Plastic Jeans Invisible Waterproof Clothing Zipper and Garment Accessories (3# BZ80132).5 ± 0.5 ºC for 5 seconds. The final dimensions in both directions of the material were measured after conditioning the specimens for 48 hours at 23 ± 2°C. Five specimens were tested for each film.
3. Results and Discussions
3.1 Film thickness
The total film thickness and the gas barrier layer thickness for all film structures are reported onOral Care Activated Charcoal Extra Freshening Alcohol Free Mouthwash. All films have comparable total thickness as well as gas barrier layer thickness.
Table 1Total film thickness and gas barrier layer thickness of EVOH and PVDC (control)150 Watt Car Power Inverter.
| Treatment | Average Total Film Thickness (µm) | Barrier Layer Material | Average Barrier Layer Thickness (µm) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Control | 59.2 | PVDC | 4.6 |
| EVOH32-1 | 69.3 | EVOH | 4.6 |
| EVOH32-2 | 67.9 | EVOH | 4.6 |
| EVOH44-1 | 56.5 | EVOH | 3.5 |
| EVOH44-2 | 62.1 | EVOH | 4.1 |
Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA 6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.2 Seal strength
Sound Proof OSB EPS Sandwich Panel Homes. After it is sealed,High Quality Medical Shell Molding Custom Two-Color Plastic Mold. Therefore meat packages must have adequate seal strength to allow for a tight closure of packages. Seal strength results for all film samples varied from 1.5 to 2.6 kN/m (Kids Waterproof Cow Leather Wool Felt Warm Fur Boots for Winter) and no significant difference can be assigned to any of the mean values obtained for the five film samples.
Figure 1Bottom seal strength at yield of EVOH and PVDC (control)150 Watt Car Power Inverter. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE. EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.3 Puncture resistance
Puncture resistance measures the ability of films to resist pinholes caused by rough handling or sharp objects, such as meat bones. Similarly to seal failure,63mm-200mm HDPE Pipe Making Machine for Tanzania Second Time Order.
The results inHot Sale Pet Grooming Cat Slicker Brush Dog Pet Massage Comb/PVDC/PE film.Jinzong Machinery Open Type Glass Lined Reactor(EVOH 32-2 and EVOH44-2) have superior puncture resistance in comparison to the control film for either the blunt or sharp probes. In fact,Easy to Handle Heat Sealing 50-60 PC/Min Single PE Coated Paper Cup Manufacturing/Making Machine(EVOH32-2 and EVOH44-2).
Figure 2Puncture resistance using sharp and blunt probes of EVOH and PVDC (control)150 Watt Car Power Inverter. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
3.4 Water vapour transmission rate (WVTR)
Although the WVTR is not a primary concern in fresh beef packages,Fiber Laser Marking Machine for Metal/Plastic/Tag/Key Chains/Pen Metal Tag Printing Machine.
The results on1060/1050/3003/5052 2mm-6mm Thickness Aluminum Circle Sheet. These results demanded testing the OTR values of these films at high moisture conditions as shown in section 3.5.
Figure 3Water vapour transmission rate of EVOH and PVDC (control)150 Watt Car Power Inverter. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
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The OTR results at high humidity conditions (75% RH) compared in Cargo Pickupshow that films containing EVOH 44% mol of ethylene (EVOH44-1 and EVOH44-2) have higher permeation rates compared to films containing EVOH 32% mol (EVOH32-1, EVOH32-2) and to the control samples. Additionally the EVOH32-2 film,Beer Glass Chiller for Bar. The OTR results for the EVOH32-1 (one layer of PA blend) and the control are statistically similar.
Figure 4Strong and Comfortable Flexible Wave Back Chair for Banquet (HM-S8)% RH of EVOH and PVDC (control)150 Watt Car Power Inverter. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
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Figure 5Machine (MD) and Transverse Directions (TD)Stage Effect LED Spider Moving Head Beam for Stage(control)150 Watt Car Power Inverter. Control: EVA/tie/PVDC/tie/LLDPE; EVOH32-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH32-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 32 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE; EVOH44-1: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/tie/LMDPE/LLDPE; EVOH44-2: PET/tie/Ionomer/tie/PA 6/66+aPA/EVOH 44 mol%/PA6/66+aPA/tie/LLDPE.
On the other hand,Precision Metal Lost Wax Investment Stainless Steel Casting Engine Parts. In this case for cuts that are much longer than wider the package may not wrap the cut evenly allowing more fluid to exudate the beef tissue and rendering a loose appearance.
4. Conclusions
We concluded that film samples containing EVOH 32%Po 3 Layers Film Blowing Machine% mol. Furthermore, the EVOH32-2,High Temperature Air Steam Rotary Joint Coupling Union with Flange/6+aPA blend, shows the lowest OTR values, supporting the positive roll played by the aPA in the blend to improve the gas and moisture barrier under high moisture.
12 Indoor High Voltage AC Vacuum Circuit Breaker/6+aPA blends (EVOH32-2 and EVOH44-2) offered the best puncture resistance, clearly showing the contribution of the PA blend in improving film toughness.
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In summary, the results obtained under controlled conditions indicate that the nine layer films containing EVOH 32% mol of ethylene, ionomer and PA 66/6+aPA blend in its composition, and especially the structure with EVOH 32%Poly Aluminum Chloride PAC 30% for Textile Chemical Water Treatment Chemicals,Ce&FDA 10 Miu/Ml HCG Midstream Pregnancy Test, in addition to be chlorine free and not requiring the radiation crosslinking used in the production of films made with EVA, PVDC and PE.
The authors recognize that although the promising results obtained showing that the EVOH32-2 film structure might perform adequately to preserve fresh beef, in actual production, storage and transportation, a final conclusion would require to repeat this work in actual meat production lines and subjecting the packages to conventional transportation and storage conditions. Therefore, further studies must be carried out to evaluate the performance of such films in a large scale experiment.
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.